Schmidt v. Pearson, Evans and Chadwick , 326 Ark. 499 ( 1996 )

931 S.W.2d 774 (1996) 326 Ark. 499

Paul A. SCHMIDT, Pauline B. Schmidt, Paul G. Schmidt and Acro Corporation, Appellants,
v.
PEARSON, EVANS AND CHADWICK, A Partnership; C. Thomas Pearson, Jr.; Marshall Dale Evans; Charles R. Chadwick; Stephen R. Bigger; Steven Tennant, P.A.; and Steven Tennant, Appellees.

No. 95-519.

Supreme Court of Arkansas.

November 4, 1996.

Harry McDermott, Fayetteville, for appellants.

Constance G. Clark, Fayetteville, for appellees Pearson, Evans and Chadwick, Marshall Dale Evans.

Walter B. Cox, Don A. Taylor, Fayetteville, G. Alan Wooten, Kathryn Stocks Campbell, Fort Smith, for appellees.

GLAZE, Justice.

The appellants, Paul A., Pauline B., and Paul G. Schmidt, bring this legal malpractice suit against attorneys C. Thomas Pearson, Jr., and Steven Tennant for their alleged negligence committed in Schmidt v. McIlroy Bank & Trust, 306 Ark. 28, 811 S.W.2d 281 (1991).^[1]Schmidt involved the Schmidts' lender-liability action against McIlroy Bank & Trust. This court affirmed an award of summary judgment dismissing the Schmidts' suit against McIlroy Bank because they failed to make a timely amendment to their complaint alleging their status or standing as guarantors of their corporation's (Acro's) debts. In other words, the Schmidts had not pled any individual cause of action under their separate guaranty contract against the Bank. Presented with a case of first impression in Schmidt, this court held that filing a motion to amend the pleadings was unnecessary under Ark. R. Civ. P. 15(a), and that until the pleadings were amended and a request was made to strike a pleading, the trial court was not required to determine whether prejudice or undue delay would result from the amendment. Because the Schmidts had had ample time to amend their pleadings to allege their guarantor status, but had failed to do so, we upheld the trial court's granting of McIlroy Bank's second request for summary judgment, which dismissed the Schmidts' action.

We believe a recitation of the facts leading up to the present legal malpractice action might be helpful. The Schmidts were the sole shareholders of Acro Corporation,^[2] a family farming and egg-producing business. The Schmidts had had a business relationship with McIlroy Bank & Trust since 1976. At the time the lender-liability cause of action arose, McIlroy Bank held Acro's secured notes, mortgage, and checking accounts. The notes and the mortgage were secured by the personal guarantees of the Schmidts. In 1986, the Bank's employees were replaced by employees of Bancshares, which was in the process of purchasing the Bank. The evidence showed the Bank agreed to extend payments under the secured notes and to allow the Schmidts to temporarily overdraw on Acro's checking accounts. However, after Acro overdrew its checking accounts, the Bank closed the accounts, filed a foreclosure suit in chancery court, and made demand for payment under the secured notes. The Schmidts filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcies, but voluntarily dismissed them later.

The Schmidts, through their original attorney, Larry Froelich, then filed their lender-liability complaint in circuit court against the Bank, seeking $15 million in compensatory and $1 million in punitive damages for Acro and themselves as shareholders. However, as previously noted in our discussion of Schmidt, the Schmidts failed to request relief as guarantors. While those actions in circuit and chancery court were pending, the Schmidts employed attorney, C. Thomas Pearson, Jr., to pursue their lender-liability suit and to defend the Bank's foreclosure action. With the Schmidts' approval, Pearson engaged the assistance of Steven Tennant as co-counsel.

In 1988, the appellants' original counsel, Larry Froelich, withdrew, leaving Pearson and Tennant as attorneys of record in the lender-liability suit and Tennant as attorney of record in the foreclosure case. See McIlroy Bank & Trust v. Acro Corp., 30 Ark.App. 189, 785 S.W.2d 47 (1990) (where judgment for the Bank was reversed and remanded, because the chancellor signed the foreclosure consent decree in error). On retrial of the foreclosure action, the Bank was awarded $634,279.20 plus 10% attorney's fee. The Schmidts' property was sold at foreclosure for $30,000, leaving an outstanding judgment against them.

On August 3, 1990, the Schmidts filed a complaint against their attorneys for breach of contract and for legal malpractice in both the lender-liability and foreclosure actions. Specifically, the Schmidts alleged, among other things, that Pearson and Tennant willfully and negligently allowed Acro's corporate charter to be revoked, failed to properly dissolve Acro and preserve its cause of action against the Bank, and failed to properly amend the lender-liability complaint to include the Schmidts as guarantors. The Schmidts sought in excess of $7 million in damages and refund of all amounts paid to Pearson and Tennant. A jury trial was held on August 9-11, and September 15-16, 1994, and by interrogatories the ten-member jury found both Pearson and Tennant negligent. On September 26, the trial court entered judgment against Pearson and Tennant for damages of $880,609.74 in favor of the Schmidts and $3.1 million in favor of Acro. On that same date, Pearson and Tennant filed a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, and in the alternative, for new trial and stay of judgment.

On October 25, the trial court entered its order granting Pearson and Tennant their motion for JNOV finding there was insubstantial evidence to support the verdict. The trial court also conditionally granted them a new trial because of other irregularities in the proceedings. On appeal from that order, the Schmidts argue the trial court abused its discretion in granting Pearson's and Tennant's motions for JNOV and new trial, and they also argue the trial court abused its discretion in finding it had erred by (1) failing to strike two veniremen; (2) failing to exclude hearsay evidence; and (3) allowing introduction of testimony regarding Pearson's and Tennant's expenditure of monies advanced for litigation costs. Because we find the Schmidts failed to show Pearson and Tennant negligently and proximately caused the Schmidts' damages, we affirm.

In reviewing this matter on appeal, we are guided by the rule that a trial court may enter judgment notwithstanding the verdict only if there is no substantial evidence to support the verdict of the jury and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. McLaughlin v. Cox, 324 Ark. 361, 922 S.W.2d 327 (1996). Furthermore, a trial court may not substitute its view for that of the jury, and the jury's verdict must be clearly against the preponderance of the evidence in order to be set aside. The standard regarding a motion for a new trial is the same. See Ark. R. Civ. P. 50(b). Also, on appeal, this court views the evidence and all reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the party for whom the original judgment was entered. McLaughlin, 324 Ark. at 368, 922 S.W.2d 327.

We next turn to those principles that control in legal malpractice actions, and we are met by the rule that an attorney is negligent if he or she fails to exercise reasonable diligence and skill on behalf of the client. Anthony v. Kaplan, 324 Ark. 52, 918 S.W.2d 174 (1996). And, in order to prevail under a claim of legal malpractice, a plaintiff must prove that the attorney's conduct fell below the generally accepted standard of practice and that this conduct proximately caused the plaintiff damages. To show damages and proximate cause, the plaintiff must show that but for the alleged negligence of the attorney, the result in the underlying action would have been different. Id.; see also Tyson Foods, Inc. v. Adams, 326 Ark. 300, 930 S.W.2d 374 (1996); Callahan v. Clark, 321 Ark. 376, 901 S.W.2d 842 (1995); Shaffer v. Wilkes, 65 F.3d 115 (8th Cir.1995); Vanderford v. Penix, 39 F.3d 209 (8th Cir.1994).

In deciding this case, we can assume the Schmidts presented sufficient proof to have prevailed in their underlying lender-liability action against McIlroy Bank. Even so, we conclude their evidence falls short in showing Pearson's and Tennant's actions negligently and proximately caused the Schmidts' damages. The Schmidts point to five instances where Pearson and Tennant negligently performed, causing the Schmidts to sustain damages. We consider each instance in the order the Schmidts discussed them in their brief.

The Schmidts first complain of Pearson's and Tennant's use of a $11,000 nonrefundable retainer for payment to themselves, other attorneys, and secretaries, rather than for discovery and copying costs. The Schmidts contend that they entered an oral, contingency contract with Pearson and Tennant, and agreed to provide them with an initial $10,000 retainer for discovery, deposition, and copying costs; apparently, an additional $1000 was paid later. The Schmidts argue Pearson and Tennant were negligent in the use of this retainer.

Whether Pearson and Tennant spent the retainer as the parties agreed is an issue dealing with breach of contract, and not one of negligence. See Robertson v. White, 633 F. Supp. 954 (W.D.Ark.1986) (the failure to perform a promise implied in a professional relationship sounds in contract, rather than tort). On this point, we note that Paul G. Schmidt testified and conceded the $10,000 paid Pearson and Tennant was nonrefundable and, as a consequence, the evidence reflects there was no duty to return any portion of the retainer to the Schmidts. And while the Schmidts offered some testimony that the retainer should have been spent for depositions, they failed to show what depositions should have been taken or what depositions may have made a difference in proving their case. In addition, from the record as abstracted, the jury was not given an interrogatory on the Schmidts' breach-of-contract claim, nor did the jury return a finding that a breach of the retainer contract occurred. When the issues are submitted to the jury on interrogatories, failure to request a finding on one issue is a waiver of that issue on appeal, and this court cannot say what the jury would have found. Olmstead v. Moody, 311 Ark. 163, 842 S.W.2d 26 (1992). Further, even if the retainer was negligently used, the Schmidts fail to show that the misapplied expenditures proximately caused the loss of their lender-liability suit.

The Schmidts also complain that even though they paid this retainer on January 5, 1988, Pearson and Tennant did not enter their appearance until three months later in April. We note that the Schmidts made no argument on this issue, and this court will not consider assignments of error that are unsupported by convincing argument or authority. Fayetteville Sch. Dist. v. Ark. State Bd. of Education, 313 Ark. 1, 852 S.W.2d 122 (1993).

Second, the Schmidts contend Pearson and Tennant ignored the Bank's settlement offer of $500,000 in the foreclosure action, and did no evaluation or investigation of their lender-liability case until after the offer was withdrawn on November 21, 1988. The Schmidts point to Tennant's testimony that he waited so he could use the Bank's evidence presented in the foreclosure hearing to get a "free shot" at what the Bank's testimony would be in the lender-liability case. Tennant testified after he heard the Bank's evidence, he "decided we had a hard, hard row to hoe." The Schmidts contend Pearson and Tennant were negligent in not deposing the Bank's employees while the foreclosure settlement-offer was still viable. In response, Pearson maintains the settlement offer was discussed between the parties, and ultimately rejected.

The Schmidts presented no evidence showing the Bank's settlement offer in the foreclosure action should have been accepted, nor if it had been accepted that its acceptance would have caused them to prevail in the lender-liability action. In fact, the Schmidts' expert testified he had no opinion regarding whether the Bank's settlement offer should have been accepted. Instead, the Schmidts merely assert the deficiency judgment against them would have been less had the settlement offer been accepted.

An attorney is not a guarantor that his judgment is infallible and is not liable for an error of judgment made in good faith. Spivack, Shulman & Goldman v. Foremost Liquor Store, Inc., 124 Ill.App.3d 676, 80 Ill. Dec. 388, 465 N.E.2d 500 (1 Dist.1984). Finally, from the record as abstracted, the jury was not asked to return a finding as to whether Pearson and Tennant were negligent in the foreclosure action. Without more, the Schmidts cannot claim on appeal that the attorneys' acts in one cause of action were the proximate cause of their loss in a different cause of action.

Third, the Schmidts maintain Pearson was negligent in not dissolving Acro pursuant to Ark.Code Ann. § 4-26-1101 -1109 (Repl.1991), thereby preserving Acro's only asset of any value, namely, its lender-liability action against the Bank. For support, the Schmidts point to the statements of their legal expert, Richard Downing, who testified that a reasonable attorney would have paid Acro's back franchise taxes and filed a certificate of dissolution, thus allowing Acro to wind down its affairs and pursue its suit against the Bank in its corporate name. Then, Downing testified, the reasonable attorney would have amended the complaint to include the Schmidts as guarantors.

But Pearson contends dissolving Acro would have resulted in the very thing the Schmidts did not want, that is the appointment of a receiver, thereby depriving the Schmidts of their assets. Pearson cites Downing's testimony acknowledging that dissolution would have allowed Acro's creditors to force the Schmidts into a receivership. Additionally, Pearson points out the Schmidts voluntarily withdrew from Chapter 11 bankruptcy because of the threat of receivership, and Paul G. Schmidt testified that a receivership was not an option. Finally, Pearson contends the issue of whether to dissolve Acro was a question of professional judgment made after discussing the issue with his clients, and after considering the consequences and whether such action would serve the best interest of his clients.

An attorney is not liable to a client when acting in good faith, he makes mere errors of judgment. Cianbro Corporation v. Jeffcoat & Martin, 804 F. Supp. 784 (D.S.C. 1992); Martinson Manufacturing Co., Inc. v. Seery, 351 N.W.2d 772 (Iowa 1984); Spivack, Shulman & Goldman, 124 Ill.App.3d 676, 80 Ill. Dec. 388, 465 N.E.2d 500 (1 Dist.1984); George v. Caton, 93 N.M. 370, 600 P.2d 822 (1979); Herston v. Whitesell, 348 So. 2d 1054 (Ala.1977); Talbot v. Schroeder, 13 Ariz.App. 230, 475 P.2d 520 (1970); Meagher v. Kavli, 256 Minn. 54, 97 N.W.2d 370 (1959). In the present case, the evidence showed Pearson used his best judgment in not dissolving Acro, which might then be forced into receivership and liquidation. See § 4-26-1103(2) and (3).

Fourth, the Schmidts contend Pearson and Tennant should have amended the lender-liability complaint to include the Schmidts as guarantors of Acro's debts. The Schmidts note the Bank apprised Pearson and Tennant of this deficiency in the Bank's second motion for summary judgment, yet Pearson and Tennant failed to respond properly. See Schmidt v. McIlroy Bank & Trust, 306 Ark. 28, 811 S.W.2d 281 (1991). The Schmidts point to the testimony of their legal expert who testified Pearson and Tennant were negligent in waiting until the hearing on the summary judgment motion to request an amendment to the complaint. Pearson and Tennant countered with testimony from their own legal expert.

As a matter of law, attorneys are not liable for mistaken opinion on a point of law that has not been settled by a court of highest jurisdiction, and on which reasonable attorneys may differ. Cianbro Corp. v. Jeffcoat & Martin, 804 F. Supp. 784 (D.S.C.1992); Martinson Manufacturing Co., Inc. v. Seery, 351 N.W.2d 772 (Iowa 1984); Brown v. Gitlin, 19 Ill.App.3d 1018, 313 N.E.2d 180 (1 Dist.1974); Martin v. Burns, 102 Ariz. 341, 429 P.2d 660 (1967); Meagher v. Kavli, 256 Minn. 54, 97 N.W.2d 370 (1959). As Pearson and Tennant point out, the disagreement between their legal expert and the Schmidts' was sufficient evidence that, as a matter of law, Pearson and Tennant were not negligent in failing to amend the Schmidts' complaint before the summary-judgment hearing. Further, they note this court's split decision in Schmidt reflects that the issue was unsettled and reasonably subject to differing opinions among the experts. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court here was within its authority to determine, as a matter of law, that Pearson and Tennant were not negligent in failing to amend the complaint before the summary judgment hearing since whether Pearson and Tennant should have filed an amendment in these circumstances involved an unsettled legal issue over which experts could reasonably disagree.

Finally, the Schmidts contend it was negligent of Pearson and Tennant to request $1000 to appeal the foreclosure action when they had $4000 of the Schmidts' money remaining in the attorneys' trust accounts. Further, the Schmidts contend Pearson and Tennant were negligent in failing to appeal the foreclosure decree or, alternatively, return the $1000 to them. But as Pearson and Tennant point out, the issue of the $1000 is a contract issue and not one sounding in tort. Pearson also notes even if they had appealed the foreclosure decree, no evidence was presented at trial that the Schmidts would have prevailed and obtained reversal of the decree. Ultimately, the issue of the $1000 and appeal of the foreclosure decree is not a proximate cause of the Schmidts' failure to prevail in their lender-liability action.

We hold the trial court was correct in finding no substantial evidence to support the verdict against Pearson and Tennant for legal malpractice. None of the issues presented by the Schmidts was the proximate cause of the loss of their lender-liability claim against the Bank. Therefore, attorneys Pearson and Tennant were entitled to judgment notwithstanding the verdict as a matter of law. Because of our holding, it is unnecessary to discuss the trial court's alternative grant of a new trial based on questions of procedural irregularities. We affirm.

JESSON, C.J., DUDLEY and NEWBERN, JJ., not participating.

CAROLYN B. WITHERSPOON, Special Chief Justice, joins this opinion.

HANI W. HASHEM and JOHN HARRIS JONES, Special Justices, concur.

JOHN HARRIS JONES, Special Justice, concurring.

Jury verdicts in favor of appellants for approximately $4.86 million were set aside by the trial judge and judgment notwithstanding the verdicts rendered in favor of appellees, dismissing the appellants' claims for malpractice for lack of substantial evidence.

The claims against appellee attorneys Pearson and Tennant arose out of a lender-liability action on behalf of appellants against McIlroy Bank & Trust. In February 1986, McIlroy, under new ownership, terminated its lending relationship with appellants which had extended over the preceding ten years and in March 1986 sued to foreclose on its collateral.

Appellants filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy and in August 1986 filed a lender-liability suit against McIlroy in the bankruptcy court. The following month appellants dismissed without prejudice their lender-liability claim. Appellants withdrew from bankruptcy in September 1988.

October 30, 1987, lender-liability suit was filed in Washington County Circuit Court for appellants against McIlroy. On January 9, 1987, the charter of Acro Corporation was revoked for nonpayment of its franchise tax.

Appellees were brought into the lender-liability action as attorneys for appellants in January 1988. At that time Acro's charter had been revoked, and the second suit on the lender-liability claims had been filed.

In the present action by Acro and its only stockholders, the individual appellants, filed August 3, 1990, the burden was upon the appellants to prove that if their attorneys, Pearson and Tennant, had not been negligent they would have recovered against McIlroy Bank and that the negligence of their attorneys prevented such recovery. In effect, appellants had to prove two cases: one against McIlroy Bank, the other against their former attorneys. Callahan v. Clark, 321 Ark. 376, 901 S.W.2d 842 (1995).

A careful review of the extensive record reflects substantial evidence from which the jury could find that if such evidence had been presented in their suit against McIlroy Bank, a verdict against the bank would have been justified. Such evidence presented a jury issue from which a jury could find either for the bank or for appellants.

On the second issue, whether appellees failed to apply the degree of skill and learning ordinarily possessed and used by attorneys in good standing in the locality and that such failure was a proximate cause of appellants' damages, appellants' proof was not substantial.

Appellants' expert was critical of some actions and failure to act by appellees. Only one of such decisions could have caused or contributed to appellants' loss of their claim against the bank. That claim was lost because, as the witness was aware, "the corporation has to have its franchise tax current at the time it brings this lawsuit."

At the time appellees assumed responsibility for representing appellants in the lender-liability case, Acro's charter had been revoked. In June 1989, McIlroy Bank filed a motion for summary judgment against Acro, citing Acro's lack of status to sue because its charter had been revoked. Appellees could not dismiss, reinstate the charter, and refile the claim. The one such nonsuit allowed by Ark.Code Ann. § 16-56-126 (1987) had been used after the nonsuit in the bankruptcy court action against McIlroy.

Appellees were in the position of trying to salvage the lender-liability claim. The trial court granted summary judgment dismissing Acro's claim against McIlroy and later granted a second motion for summary judgment dismissing the individual appellants' claim against McIlroy. The circuit court's decision was affirmed, Schmidt v. McIlroy Bank & Trust, 306 Ark. 28, 811 S.W.2d 281 (1991).

Tennant and Pearson on behalf of the Schmidts had urged that since officers and stockholders are subjected to individual liability as partners for actions in the name of the corporation during any period of corporate franchise revocation, as partners doing business in the name of the corporation they should have the right to assert corporate claims. This court held that the Schmidts "had no standing as shareholders to sue for injuries to the corporation." Id.

Appellants' expert witness testified that the appellees when confronted with the motion for summary judgment should have paid the franchise tax and dissolved the Acro Corporation. Such procedure had been suggested in McIlroy's motion for summary judgment. Appellees considered that possibility.

Among cases cited by this court in affirming the summary judgment against Acro was Sulphur Springs Recreational Park v. City of Camden, 247 Ark. 713, 715-716, 447 S.W.2d 844, 845 (1969), which held:

Appellant did not have corporate status at the time the suit was filed. Not being in existence it possessed no capacity to sue. The subsequent reinstatement did not vest it with continuing existence from date of origin. Moore v. Rommel, 233 Ark. 989, 350 S.W.2d 190 (1961). The restoration of corporate status before trial creates no right to prosecute the initial complaint. Clark Estate Co. v. Gentry [362 Mo. 80], 240 S.W.2d 124 (1951).

Had dissolution been undertaken with payment of the past due franchise taxes the fact would have remained that at the time the suit was filed for lender-liability Acro had lost its corporate status. Appellants' expert witness in charging appellees with negligence in failing to reinstate and dissolve Acro did not explain (nor can I) how Acro's nonexistence when suit was filed could be overcome by its dissolution.

Even though appellees' argument to treat the shareholders as partners was rejected by this court it must be remembered that appellees made a good faith and skillful effort to salvage a claim submerged before they were ever made responsible for its survival and prosecution.

For the appellees at the time the motion for summary judgment as to Acro was filed it could well have appeared that the rule quoted from Sulphur Springs Recreational Park could not be avoided while the possibility that the shareholders could be treated as partners for purposes of pursuing the corporate claim had not been refuted in the case law.

The rule that an attorney is not liable for an error of judgment on an unsettled proposition of law is universally recognized and is developed concurrently with the concept of liability for legal malpractice.

Mellon and Smith, Legal Malpractice, sec. 14.1, I at 812-813 (3d ed., 1989).

The Supreme Court of Iowa in its 1984 decision of Martinson v. Seery, 351 N.W.2d 772, 775, stated:

An attorney is not liable ... for a mistake in opinion on a point of law that has not been settled by a court of last resort and on which reasonable doubt may well be entertained by informed lawyers.

Appellate courts generally have supported trial courts that, upon the required degree of proof, have applied the above principle in ruling the attorney free from liability as a matter of law. (Citations omitted.)

In this case, the record supports the circuit judge in setting aside the verdicts because of lack of substantial evidence of legal malpractice.

Over objection, appellants' expert was permitted to testify at length about expenditures from the $10,000 retainer paid by appellants, and despite the lack of evidence that the appellees failed to pay any appropriate expenses from that fund, testified that expenditures from the fund were not within a reasonable standard of care. Expenditures from the retainer did not materially affect the problem of dismissal of Acro's action or of the claims of its stockholders against McIlroy. Such testimony was highly prejudicial against appellees as the trial judge found in his order setting aside the verdicts.

From the record, it is apparent that appellants have been represented zealously and competently by their former attorneys as well as by their attorney in this action. By an odd concurrence of circumstances, failure to pay the franchise tax and the earlier nonsuit on their claims, appellants were cut off from their claims against the bank. However, appellees neither caused nor contributed to such unfortunate result.

Loss of their right to pursue the claim against the bank is an extreme penalty for failure to pay the corporate franchise tax taking into consideration that a monetary penalty is added to the delinquent taxes to regain reinstatement to corporate status.

The reinstatement statute before the court in the 1961 decision of Moore v. Rommel, 233 Ark. 989, 350 S.W.2d 190 (1961), provided that the delinquent corporation "may be reinstated to all its rights, powers and property" upon payment of back taxes and penalty, and "Thereafter, such corporation shall stand in all respects as though its name had never been included in" the forfeiture proclamation. This court interpreted the statute to mean that corporate status was restored at the time of payment of the taxes and penalty but not retroactive to the time it became delinquent.

Sulphur Springs Recreational Park v. City of Camden, 247 Ark. 713, 447 S.W.2d 844 (1970), held that corporate status must exist at the time the suit is filed. The General Assembly has amended or rewritten the reinstatement statute three times since 1970 without any indication of overruling Moore or Sulphur Springs. The relevant portion of the statute, now Ark.Code Ann. § 26-54-112 (Supp.1995), concludes with language almost identical to that in Moore, "Thereafter, the corporation shall stand in all respects as though its name had never been declared forfeited."

If the Arkansas laws on forfeiture and reinstatement of corporate status unjustly deprive shareholders of their day in court, the solution lies with the General Assembly, not in placing the blame for the loss on the shareholders' attorneys.

For the above reasons, I believe the judgment of the circuit court in granting judgment notwithstanding the verdicts should be affirmed.

HANI W. HASHEM, Special Justice, concurring.

I concur with the result reached by the majority. However, I write this separate opinion to bring attention to an earlier error of this court. Here, the most troubling allegation made by appellants relates to their prior lender-liability claim. See Schmidt v. McIlroy Bank & Trust, 306 Ark. 28, 811 S.W.2d 281 (1991). Appellants contend that the appellees, acting as their attorneys, failed to amend their complaint in the lender-liability case to allege a separate cause of action on behalf of the Schmidts as guarantors of the notes of Acro Corporation.

In Schmidt v. McIlroy Bank, the appellees herein represented appellants in a lender-liability action against McIlroy Bank. In their complaint appellees alleged damages on behalf of Acro Corporation and damages for the Schmidts as stockholders, but did not ask relief for the Schmidts as guarantors of the notes owed by Acro Corporation. The trial court granted summary judgment against Acro Corporation on the ground that its charter had been revoked for failure to pay franchise taxes. McIlroy Bank filed a subsequent motion for summary judgment against the Schmidts individually. In their response to the second motion for summary judgment the appellee attorneys stated, "The plaintiffs should be allowed to amend their complaint to permit the real parties to prosecute the action." At the hearing on the second motion for summary judgment, the appellee attorneys sought to amend their complaint. "We ask the court to allow the plaintiffs to amend the complaint for the sole purpose to include the individuals as guarantors and state a cause of action that would not leave any question ..." The trial court recognized the appellee attorneys' request to amend the complaint, however, the trial court stated that it would deny the oral motion to amend the complaint as being untimely. The trial court then granted summary judgment against the Schmidts. This court affirmed the decision of the trial court in Schmidt v. McIlroy Bank & Trust, 306 Ark. 28, 811 S.W.2d 281 (1991).

In the current appeal, the appellants contend that their attorneys were negligent in the lender-liability action in requesting permission to amend their complaint to state a separate cause of action for the Schmidts as guarantors, as opposed to simply going forward and filing an amended complaint. ARCP 15(a) allows a party to amend its pleadings at any time without permission of the court. The corresponding federal rule requires leave of the court before an amended complaint can be filed under similar circumstances. See FRCP 15. The point that is most troubling to me, irrespective of this technical distinction, is that the trial court, in ruling on the motion for summary judgment, recognized that the appellee attorneys had requested permission to amend their complaint, yet denied the oral motion to do so. The supreme court affirmed, holding that the oral motion to amend the complaint was unnecessary and the trial court ruling was invited error. See Schmidt v. McIlroy Bank & Trust. The dissent by Justice Brown in Schmidt v. McIlroy Bank & Trust states with greater eloquence than I am able to muster the problems attendant in following this strict interpretation of ARCP 15 regarding amendment of pleadings. The decision in Schmidt v. McIlroy Bank & Trust is bad law. This court should take its earliest opportunity to reverse that decision, and adopt the position of Justice Brown's dissent in that case.

In spite of the fact that the appellee attorneys could have simply filed an amended complaint in the lender-liability action, without asking permission of the court, I do not find this sufficient basis to support a finding of legal malpractice. Schmidt v. McIlroy Bank & Trust was a case of first impression, with two justices of the supreme court, including the chief justice, dissenting. As stated earlier in the majority opinion, an attorney is not liable for a mistaken opinion on a point of law that has not been settled by the court of highest jurisdiction, and on which reasonable attorneys may differ. Here, not only was the issue regarding a request to amend the complaint under ARCP 15 not a settled issue in this jurisdiction, even the supreme court justices, the ultimate legal experts in this jurisdiction, were unable to agree upon the final resolution of this issue. If two supreme court justices disagree as to the outcome of a particular issue, it seems implausible to hold a practicing attorney to a higher standard.

NOTES

[1] Additional background is found in McIlroy Bank & Trust v. Acro Corp., 30 Ark.App. 189, 785 S.W.2d 47 (1990).

[2] While Acro is listed in the style of this case as a plaintiff and an appellant, Acro was determined to be a nonexisting corporation in Schmidt v. McIlroy Bank & Trust, 306 Ark. 28, 811 S.W.2d 281 (1991). At trial, Paul G. Schmidt testified Acro did not exist after 1986.