Ensink v. Mecosta County General Hospital ( 2004 )

687 N.W.2d 143 (2004) 262 Mich. App. 518

Gregory ENSINK and Patricia Ensink, Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
MECOSTA COUNTY GENERAL HOSPITAL, Paul Rehkoph, M.D., and Michigan Emergency Physicians, LLP, Defendants-Appellees.

Docket No. 247220.

Court of Appeals of Michigan.

Submitted April 15, 2004, at Grand Rapids. Decided June 17, 2004, at 9:10 a.m. Released for Publication September 1, 2004.

Gruel, Mills, Nims & Pylman, L.L.P. (by Norman H. Pylman and Brion J. Brooks), Grand Rapids, for the plaintiffs.

Smith Haughey Rice & Roegge (by William R. Jewell), Grand Rapids, for Mecosta County General Hospital.

Aardema, Whitelaw & Sears-Ewald, P.L.L.C. (by Robert B. Aardema), Ada, for Paul Rehkoph, M.D., and Michigan Emergency Physicians, LLP.

Before: WHITE, P.J., and MARKEY and OWENS, JJ.

OWENS, J.

Plaintiffs appeal as of right from the orders granting summary disposition to defendants in this medical malpractice lawsuit that were entered by the trial court pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). We affirm the trial court on alternative grounds because we are required to do so by our previous decision in Fulton v. Beaumont Hospital, 253 Mich.App. 70, 655 N.W.2d 569 (2002).

I. Factual and procedural background

Plaintiffs^[1] alleged^[2] that at approximately 10:30 a.m. on July 15, 1998, plaintiff Gregory Ensink suffered an acute stroke.^[3] Patricia Ensink called 911 and the emergency medical service (EMS) responded, but despite her request that they take plaintiff to Spectrum Health in Grand Rapids, EMS transported him to defendant Mecosta County General Hospital (Mecosta), which was closer. According to plaintiffs, Gregory arrived at Mecosta at 11:05 a.m. and was triaged at 11:20 a.m., after which he was taken to the emergency room. Plaintiff was examined by defendant Paul Rehkoph, M.D.,^[4] an emergency room physician at Mecosta, who ordered a CT (computerized arial tomography) head scan. The scan was completed at 12:07 p.m. According to plaintiffs, the scan revealed that plaintiff's stroke was caused by a blood clot.

Plaintiffs alleged that Mecosta had available a supply of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) — a drug that had been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in destroying blood clots in stroke victims. Plaintiffs contended that Dr. Rehkoph made two "major blunders": he failed to administer t-PA within the required three-hour window following the stroke and he failed to transfer plaintiff to Spectrum Health in a timely manner so that t-PA could possibly have been administered in that facility within the three-hour window. Plaintiffs claimed that a nurse at Mecosta asked Dr. Rehkoph if he intended to administer t-PA, but that he declined to do so. They further claimed that Dr. Rehkoph spoke with Dale McNinch, M.D., at Spectrum Health, who informed Dr. Rehkoph that "it appeared that [plaintiff] would be a candidate for t-PA and asked if they gave it to patients up there." Plaintiffs finally asserted that Eugene Wiley, M.D., a physician who practiced at Mecosta, was prepared to testify that he would have recommended administration of t-PA to plaintiff if he had been asked. According to plaintiffs, Dr. Wiley would also testify that t-PA is "the only thrombolytic treatment [ ] that [is] FDA-approved for treatment of ischemic stroke."^[5]

Plaintiff was eventually transported to Spectrum Health, but he did not arrive until 2:16 p.m., after the three-hour window for the administration of t-PA had elapsed. Plaintiff alleged that because of defendants' negligence, he has suffered paralysis that has left him disabled and unable to work. Specifically, plaintiffs alleged that defendants were negligent and committed malpractice in a number of particulars. For the purposes of this appeal, the pertinent allegation of malpractice claimed that Dr. Rehkoph failed "to timely administer TPA [sic t-PA] to Gregory Ensink within three hours of the onset of his symptoms."^[6]

Mecosta moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10), arguing that plaintiff had failed to demonstrate that the failure to administer t-PA more probably than not caused the loss of an opportunity to achieve a better result, and also claiming that plaintiff could not recover because his damages were too speculative. Defendants Dr. Rehkoph and Michigan Emergency Physicians filed a concurrence with Mecosta's motion for summary disposition.

Plaintiffs responded that the testimony of their expert witness, Steven Levine, M.D., established that it was more likely than not that administration of t-PA within the three-hour window would have had some effect on plaintiff's condition — although Dr. Levine could not estimate the extent of that effect. Plaintiffs also argued that, because Dr. Levine's testimony established defendants' liability, it was defendants' responsibility to "bear the burden of uncertainty as to the amount of damages."

The trial court concluded that plaintiffs had established a sufficient case regarding the likelihood of a better result to survive the summary disposition motion, but also concluded that summary disposition should be granted because, according to plaintiffs' expert's testimony, the damages were entirely speculative. Following the entry of orders granting summary disposition and dismissing the case with regard to all defendants, plaintiffs have appealed as of right.

II. Standard of review

This Court reviews de novo a trial court's decision regarding a motion for summary disposition. Smith v. Globe Life Ins. Co., 460 Mich. 446, 454, 597 N.W.2d 28 (1999). Defendant's motion for summary disposition was brought under MCR 2.116(C)(10). A C(10) motion tests the factual support of a plaintiff's claim. Smith, supra at 454, 597 N.W.2d 28. As summarized by our Supreme Court in Quinto v. Cross & Peters Co., 451 Mich. 358, 362, 547 N.W.2d 314 (1996):

In reviewing a motion for summary disposition brought under MCR 2.116(C)(10), a trial court considers affidavits, pleadings, depositions, admissions, and documentary evidence filed in the action or submitted by the parties, MCR 2.116(G)(5), in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion. A trial court may grant a motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) if the affidavits or other documentary evidence show that there is no genuine issue in respect to any material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. MCR 2.116(C)(10), (G)(4).

III. Speculative damage claim

Plaintiffs first contend that the trial court erred by concluding that their damage claim was too speculative. Plaintiffs argue that once their expert witness established the fact of plaintiff's injury by defendants' negligence and a range of possible damage, the uncertainty of the damages was something that had to be borne by defendants. Defendants counter that plaintiff's expert, Dr. Levine, admitted he could not say how much plaintiff's condition would have improved, only that it was more likely than not that there would be "some improvement." Defendants have therefore claimed that damages are entirely speculative because, absent testimony concerning how much plaintiff's condition would have improved, there was no basis from which the jury could rationally estimate the amount plaintiff was damaged by the failure to administer t-PA.

"Recovery is not permitted in a tort action for remote, contingent, or speculative damages." Theisen v. Knake, 236 Mich.App. 249, 258, 599 N.W.2d 777 (1999), citing Law Offices of Lawrence J Stockler, PC v. Rose, 174 Mich.App. 14, 33, 436 N.W.2d 70 (1989). A more complete statement of this point of law was made in Sutter v. Biggs, 377 Mich. 80, 86-87, 139 N.W.2d 684 (1966):

The general rule, expressed in terms of damages, and long followed in this State, is that in a tort action, the tort-feasor is liable for all injuries resulting directly from his wrongful act, whether foreseeable or not, provided the damages are the legal and natural consequences of the wrongful act, and are such as, according to common experience and the usual course of events, might reasonably have been anticipated. Remote, contingent, or speculative damages are not considered in conformity to the general rule. Van Keulen & Winchester Lumber Co. v. Manistee & Northwestern Railroad Co., 222 Mich. 682, 193 N.W. 289 (1923); Woodyard v. Barnett, 335 Mich. 352, 358, 56 N.W.2d 214 (1953); and Fisk v. Powell, 349 Mich. 604, 613, 84 N.W.2d 736 (1957). See, also, McLane, Swift & Co. v. Botsford Elevator Co., 136 Mich. 664, 99 N.W. 875 (1904); and Cassidy v. Kraft-Phenix Cheese Corp., 285 Mich. 426, 280 N.W. 814 (1938).

Further, to render a wrongdoer liable in damages in a tort action where the connection is not immediate between the injurious act and the consequences, such nearness in the order of events and closeness in the relation of cause and effect must subsist, so that the influence of the injurious act would predominate over that of other causes, and concur to produce the consequences or be traceable to those causes. Woodyard v. Barnett, supra.

Additionally, in Wendt v. Auto Owners Ins. Co., 156 Mich.App. 19, 26, 401 N.W.2d 375 (1986), this Court cautioned that "questions of what damages might be reasonably anticipated is a question better left to the factfinder." In Hofmann v. Auto Club Ins. Ass'n, 211 Mich.App. 55, 108, 535 N.W.2d 529 (1995), this Court stated:

A party asserting a claim has the burden of proving its damages with reasonable certainty. S.C. Gray, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 92 Mich.App. 789, 801, 286 N.W.2d 34 (1979). Although damages based on speculation or conjecture are not recoverable, Sutter v. Biggs, 377 Mich. 80, 86, 139 N.W.2d 684 (1966), damages are not speculative merely because they cannot be ascertained with mathematical precision. Godwin v. Ace Iron & Metal Co., 376 Mich. 360, 368, 137 N.W.2d 151 (1965). It is sufficient if a reasonable basis for computation exists, although the result be only approximate. McCullagh v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 342 Mich. 244, 255, 69 N.W.2d 731 (1955). Moreover, the certainty requirement is relaxed where the fact of damages has been established and the only question to be decided is the amount of damages. Bonelli v. Volkswagen of America, Inc., 166 Mich.App. 483, 511, 421 N.W.2d 213 (1988). [Emphasis supplied.]

Similarly, in Purcell v. Keegan, 359 Mich. 571, 576, 103 N.W.2d 494 (1960), our Supreme Court observed:

The trial court spoke, also, of "speculation" and "guess" as to the amount of overtime. But where injury to some degree is found, we do not preclude recovery for lack of precise proof. We do the best we can with what we have. We do not, "in the assessment of damages, require a mathematical precision in situations of injury where, from the very nature of the circumstances, precision is unattainable." Particularly is this true where it is defendant's own act or neglect that has caused the imprecision.

In this case, plaintiff established damage. He was paralyzed by an ischemic stroke that was directly related to defendants' negligence, the failure to administer t-PA within three hours of the onset of the stroke. Accepting plaintiff's allegations as true for the purposes of reviewing the grant of summary disposition, plaintiff has therefore established the fact of damages stemming directly from defendants' negligence, and it is only the amount of damages that is in question. Hofmann, supra at 108, 535 N.W.2d 529. The damages are therefore neither remote nor contingent and the degree of imprecision is that with which juries routinely must contend.^[7]

The case relied on by the trial court, Berrios v. Miles, Inc., 226 Mich.App. 470, 574 N.W.2d 677 (1997), is not applicable. Although the case states the general legal propositions already outlined, this Court concluded that the plaintiff's damages stemming from his infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) by a contaminated blood source manufactured by the defendant were sufficiently established. It was because those damages were sufficiently shown that this Court decided that the plaintiff's cause of action had accrued and that this Court then reached the decision that he had failed to file his case before the statute of limitations expired. Id. at 480, 574 N.W.2d 677.

Moreover, the trial court was tasked with evaluating the evidence in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Quinto, supra at 362, 547 N.W.2d 314. Dr. Levine testified that there was a better than fifty percent chance of "some improvement" in plaintiff's condition. Thus, a jury could, at the very least, conclude that plaintiff was entitled to damages for the loss of an opportunity to achieve "some improvement." Although somewhat imprecise, Purcell, supra, the jury could award at least a modest amount of damages for this loss, even if it determined that plaintiffs' proofs were insufficient to justify damages for loss of an opportunity to achieve an even better result, such as a cure. Therefore, while the amount of improvement plaintiff might have gained from t-PA was not precisely estimated, Dr. Levine's testimony was sufficient to permit a reasonable juror to arrive at a determination of damages. We conclude that the trial court erred by granting summary disposition on this issue because plaintiff presented sufficient evidence to establish a jury-submissible issue regarding damages.

IV. Compliance with M.C.L. § 600.2912a(2)

Although we have concluded that the trial court committed error requiring reversal when it granted summary disposition to defendants on the basis that plaintiffs' damage claim was too speculative, we conclude that the trial court erred in concluding that plaintiffs sufficiently demonstrated that it was more probable than not that the failure to administer t-PA caused plaintiff the loss of a greater than fifty percent opportunity to achieve a better result. M.C.L. § 600.2912a(2). We therefore affirm the trial court's grant of summary disposition on this alternative basis. Boardman v. Dep't of State Police, 243 Mich.App. 351, 358, 622 N.W.2d 97 (2000). However, because our conclusion is based on the application of our previous decision in Fulton, supra, a decision with which we disagree, we have determined that we must affirm the trial court only because we are compelled to do so by Fulton. MCR 7.215(J)(2).

a. Standard of review and the statute under review

This issue involves statutory construction, a question of law that we review de novo. Yaldo v. North Pointe Ins. Co., 457 Mich. 341, 344, 578 N.W.2d 274 (1998). Our Supreme Court summarized in Yaldo, supra at 346, 578 N.W.2d 274:

The primary goal of judicial interpretation of statutes is to give effect to the intent of the Legislature. Farrington v. Total Petroleum, Inc., 442 Mich. 201, 212, 501 N.W.2d 76 (1993). In determining legislative intent, we look first at the words of the statute. If the language is clear and unambiguous, judicial construction is not normally permitted. If reasonable minds can differ regarding its meaning, then judicial construction is appropriate. Indenbaum v. Michigan Bd. of Medicine (After Remand), 213 Mich.App. 263, 539 N.W.2d 574 (1995). The Legislature is presumed to have intended the meaning it plainly expressed. Id.

M.C.L. § 600.2912a(2) provides:

In an action alleging medical malpractice, the plaintiff has the burden of proving that he or she suffered an injury that more probably than not was proximately caused by the negligence of the defendant or defendants. In an action alleging medical malpractice, the plaintiff cannot recover for loss of an opportunity to survive or an opportunity to achieve a better result unless the opportunity was greater than 50%. [Emphasis supplied.]

b. The Fulton decision

In Fulton, supra at 77-78, 655 N.W.2d 569, this Court considered an issue related to the one raised in this appeal: "whether the second sentence of the statute requires a plaintiff in order to recover for loss of an opportunity to survive to show only that the initial opportunity to survive before the alleged malpractice was greater than fifty percent... or, instead, that the opportunity to survive was reduced by greater than fifty percent because of the alleged malpractice...." This Court considered the language of M.C.L. § 600.2912a(2) and both the majority and the dissent concluded that the second sentence of the statute was ambiguous. Fulton, supra at 79-80, 86, 655 N.W.2d 569. The Fulton majority reasoned, id. at 79-80, 655 N.W.2d 569:

In examining the second sentence of M.C.L. § 600.2912a(2), it is not clear to what the Legislature was referring when it stated that "the opportunity" must be greater than fifty percent. "[T]he opportunity" could either refer to the plaintiff's initial opportunity to survive or achieve a better result before the alleged malpractice or could refer to the plaintiff's loss of opportunity to survive or achieve a better result. In order for the language of M.C.L. § 600.2912a(2) to plainly indicate that the former interpretation of the statute was intended, the word "initial" must be inferred to modify "opportunity" where the statute refers to the plaintiff's burden of showing that "the opportunity was greater than 50%." However, for the language of the statute to plainly indicate that the latter interpretation of the statute was intended, the words "loss of" must be inferred to modify "opportunity." Because the statute does not contain either of these modifiers or any other words explaining to which "the opportunity" refers, we believe that reasonable minds can differ regarding the meaning of the statute. Because the second sentence of the statute is ambiguous, judicial construction is appropriate. Adrian School Dist [v. Michigan Public School Employees' Retirement System, 458 Mich. 326, 332, 582 N.W.2d 767 (1998)].

This Court recognized that the statute was adopted in reaction to our Supreme Court's decision in Falcon v. Mem. Hosp., 436 Mich. 443, 462 N.W.2d 44 (1990), where the Supreme Court "held that the decedent's loss of [a] 37.5 percent opportunity [to survive] was actionable because it constituted a loss of a substantial opportunity of avoiding harm." Fulton, supra at 81, 655 N.W.2d 569.^[8] The Legislature "`immediately rejected Falcon' by enacting M.C.L. § 600.2912a(2)." Id., quoting Weymers v. Khera, 454 Mich. 639, 649, 563 N.W.2d 647 (1997).^[9] This Court reasoned in Fulton that the focus of the Supreme Court's decision in Falcon was on the loss of an opportunity, not the loss of an initial opportunity. Fulton, supra at 82, 655 N.W.2d 569. This Court therefore held that "M.C.L. § 600. 2912a(2) requires a plaintiff to show that the loss of the opportunity to survive or achieve a better result exceeds fifty percent." Id. at 83, 655 N.W.2d 569.

Applying this formulation to the facts of the case, the trial court in Fulton subtracted the plaintiff's opportunity to survive after the defendant's alleged malpractice from the initial opportunity to survive without the malpractice.^[10] This Court stated:

In this case, plaintiff's expert stated that Fulton's initial opportunity to survive was eighty-five percent and that her opportunity to survive after the alleged malpractice was sixty to sixty-five percent. Therefore, because her loss of opportunity due to defendants' alleged malpractice was not greater than fifty percent, we hold that the trial court erred in denying defendants' motion for summary disposition. [Fulton, supra at 84, 655 N.W.2d 569.]

Dissenting, Judge Smolenski concluded "that M.C.L. § 600.2912a(2) only requires a plaintiff to show that the decedent's initial opportunity to survive was greater than fifty percent and that the alleged malpractice more probably than not reduced that opportunity to survive." Id. at 85, 655 N.W.2d 569. Judge Smolenski was persuaded by this Court's analysis in Wickens v. Oakwood Healthcare Sys., 242 Mich.App. 385, 619 N.W.2d 7 (2000), rev'd in part and vacated in part 465 Mich. 53, 631 N.W.2d 686 (2001). This Court considered the same issue in Wickens that we consider in this appeal and concluded that medical malpractice plaintiffs had "to show that, had the defendant not been negligent, there was a greater than fifty percent chance of survival or a better result." Wickens, supra, 242 Mich.App. at 392. Our Supreme Court's subsequent reversal of our Wickens decision was based on its determination that a living plaintiff could not sue for a loss of an opportunity to survive. Wickens, supra, 465 Mich. at 54, 631 N.W.2d 686. The Supreme Court therefore found that it was unnecessary for this Court to have "addressed whether plaintiff had a cause of action solely on the basis of the reduction in her ten-year survival rate" and it vacated that portion of this Court's decision. Id. at 62, 631 N.W.2d 686.

c. Fulton and the testimony in this case

The decisions in Falcon and Fulton concerned a plaintiff's lost opportunity to survive. This appeal concerns plaintiff's lost opportunity to achieve a better result. Pursuant to Fulton, plaintiff was required to prove that he lost an opportunity to achieve a better result that exceeded fifty percent. Plaintiff's expert witness testified that, without administration of t-PA, twenty percent of stroke victims would achieve a full cure. According to the expert, administration of t-PA would increase the "full cure" recovery rate to the range of thirty or thirty-one to fifty percent. Thus, under the Fulton majority's approach, the actual lost opportunity to achieve a full cure is obtained by subtracting plaintiff's likelihood of a cure without t-PA (twenty percent) from the likelihood of a cure with t-PA (thirty to fifty percent); this would result in an eleven to thirty percent better opportunity of a full cure with t-PA. Plaintiff was therefore unable to show a lost opportunity to achieve a full cure that was greater than fifty percent.

However, the statute does not require a full cure; it only requires a lost opportunity to achieve a "better result." A "better result" includes a continuum from slight improvement up to, and including, a full cure. We note that plaintiff's expert witness, Dr. Levine, also testified that if t-PA had been administered, plaintiff would have had more than a fifty percent probability of "some improvement," but he could not estimate what that improvement would be other than that plaintiff "would have likely had some benefit." The witness testified that

[i]t appears that at least 50 percent, if not more, of patients in the trial had some improvement with TPA, whether it's a mild improvement or moderate or severe — not severe, but great improvement, so anywhere from some improvement to a little....

This answer was followed-up with this colloquy:

Q. So based on that study — I want to make sure I understand you correctly — you're saying that at least 50 percent of the people who had TPA who are appropriate candidates for TPA had some type of improvement?

A. Right, or it could be just a little bit.

Q. It wasn't broken down as to what kind of improvement or to what extent?

A. The only kind we quantify, the only amount we quantify is getting back to a zero or one or a near cure at three months.

This testimony suggests that there was at least a fifty percent chance for a stroke victim receiving t-PA to obtain some better result. Dr. Levine further testified:

I think that all things considered in terms of [plaintiff's] age, the lack of diabetes, the normal CT scan, I think it is, in my opinion, more likely than not that he would have had some response to TPA.

I'm not saying he would have been more likely than not cured, but I'm saying more likely than not, he'd have some response.

I think there's a chance, there's a 30 to 50 percent chance greater than had he not been given TPA, of him being cured and it might be better than that given that he had a normal CT and that he was younger and younger people tend to do better anyway.

Those kinds of things; he wasn't diabetic, so they tend to do better. [Emphasis supplied.]

In response to clarifying questioning by defendants' attorney, Dr. Levine further testified:

Q. In terms of rendering testimony opinion in terms of trial, if I understand you correctly, if I can break this down, you are saying he had a more likely than not probability or chance of some improvement; in other words, more than a 50 percent chance of probability of some improvement?

A. Right.

Q. But what improvement that is, you're not in a position to say?

A. I don't know anybody who can truly do that. [Emphasis supplied.]

d. The problem with the expert's testimony

It is necessary to point out that reaching a decision in this case based on Dr. Levine's assertions is unnecessarily difficult because of an unresolved problem with his testimony. The problem is that Dr. Levine compared rates of improvement, but did not consistently state the terms of the comparison and the attorneys' questioning did not resolve this confusion. In Fulton, the comparison was clear: eighty-five percent survival without the negligence and sixty to sixty-five percent survival with the negligence. The lost opportunity was twenty to twenty-five percent. In this case, the comparisons are not as clear.

Dr. Levine explained that the "cure rate" of thirty to fifty percent was a range that was derived from the overall data; that is, of all patients in the study who were given t-PA sometime during the three-hour window at least thirty (or thirty-one) percent, and at most fifty percent, were "cured."^[11] Dr. Levine testified that the cure rate decreased as the time between the onset of the stroke and the "closing" of the three-hour window increased. In other words, if t-PA was administered within one hour of the stroke, the likelihood of a cure was about four times what it would be if the subject did not receive t-PA.^[12] Subsequently, Dr. Levine stated:

I think it's going to be at least 50 percent of those patients will have some benefit. The question is how much benefit. I can't give you that or tell you 100 percent, so if we say just ballpark, rough, half of 69 is 34, so you add the 34 plus the 31 that are cured, so you get, you know, over half the patients will probably have some benefit from TPA.

Dr. Levine did not explain why, given his repeated statement that thirty to fifty percent of the stroke victims who were given t-PA were "cured," he would also testify several times that a fixed percentage of thirty-one percent of stroke victims were cured. This discrepancy — if in fact it is a discrepancy — is significant. If only thirty-one out of every one hundred patients were cured, then there was no "range" of cures; rather, the cure rate would have been a flat thirty-one percent. Dr. Levine used the thirty-one figure when he performed the calculation in the preceding quotation. He testified that if thirty-one out of every one hundred were cured, that would leave sixty-nine victims who were not cured. But, according to Dr. Levine, at least half of those stroke victims would exhibit some degree of improvement. Therefore, he calculated that a total of thirty-one plus one-half of sixty-nine (thirty-four — actually 34.5) of those who were administered t-PA would obtain either a cure or some degree of improvement over those who were not given t-PA. It is not clear, however, just how this sixty-five percent "complete cure and some improvement" figure squares with the claimed thirty to fifty percent range of cures that would be expected from the administration of t-PA.

We further note that, in comparing "cure rates," Dr. Levine acknowledged that twenty percent would be cured without t-PA while the cure rate increased to at least thirty-one percent (and perhaps as high as fifty percent) with t-PA. However, when testifying about the "some benefit" rate with t-PA, Dr. Levine estimated it would be roughly sixty-five percent, that is, thirty-one percent cured and another thirty-four percent who received some degree of benefit. But Dr. Levine was not asked how many stroke victims would improve to "some degree" if they were not administered t-PA. In other words, we assume that, just as with the contrast between those "cured" with t-PA and without t-PA, presumably there was some percentage of stroke victims who showed "some" improvement short of a full cure without t-PA. Therefore, to make the sixty-five percent figure used by Dr. Levine meaningful, it would be necessary to know the number who received "some benefit without t-PA" so that percentage could be subtracted from the "some benefit with t-PA" percentage pursuant to Fulton. But this information was not related by Dr. Levine.

e. The Fulton resolution: the dissent and the majority

Nevertheless, we find the Fulton dissent's interpretation of the plain language of § 2912a(2) to be a more accurate rendition of the legislative intent. The statute demands that a medical malpractice plaintiff demonstrate that his opportunity to survive or achieve a better result was greater than fifty percent. M.C.L. § 600.2912a(2). When a plaintiff sues for malpractice, the suit is premised on the loss — because of the alleged malpractice — of an opportunity to survive or achieve a better result. It appears to us, as it did to the Fulton dissent, that the statute only demands that — particularly at the summary disposition stage — the plaintiff establish that he had a better than fifty percent chance to survive or achieve a better result; if the initial opportunity was estimated to be, at best, below fifty percent, the Legislature has made a determination that such claims are simply too speculative and do not merit relief.^[13] Dr. Levine's testimony, interpreted most favorably to the nonmoving party, Quinto, supra at 362, 547 N.W.2d 314, indicated that if plaintiff were given t-PA within the three-hour window, plaintiff's opportunity to achieve a better result was greater than fifty percent. Therefore, the failure to give t-PA to plaintiff resulted in the loss of an opportunity to achieve a better result. In our view, that testimony was sufficient to satisfy the legislative requirement and to survive summary disposition.

However, we are bound by our previous decision in Fulton. Applying the Fulton majority's analysis, Dr. Levine's testimony does not clearly establish that plaintiff lost an opportunity to achieve a better result greater than fifty percent. If plaintiff had a twenty percent chance of complete recovery without t-PA, under the Fulton majority's interpretation, that "without negligence" percentage should be subtracted from the anticipated improvement with t-PA because that would be the opportunity to achieve a better result that was lost. Dr. Levine estimated that totaling the cure rate with the additional anticipated fifty percent of the remainder "some improvement" percentage would give a total of sixty-five percent that could have obtained "some degree of improvement up to a full cure." However, per Fulton, subtracting the twenty percent cure rate without t-PA (and not even accounting for the "some improvement without t-PA rate") would give a lost opportunity to achieve a better result of forty-five percent. Because that is less than fifty percent, pursuant to the Fulton majority's interpretation of M.C.L. § 600.2912a(2), the trial court should have granted summary disposition to defendants for failure to satisfy § 2912a(2).

We therefore affirm the trial court's decision to grant summary disposition to defendants on the alternative ground that plaintiffs failed to establish that defendants' alleged malpractice deprived plaintiff of an opportunity to achieve a better result greater than fifty percent. Boardman, supra at 358, 622 N.W.2d 97.

V. Granting summary disposition before discovery was completed

Plaintiffs finally claim that the trial court erred by granting summary disposition because discovery was not complete. This claim was raised in plaintiffs' motion for reconsideration. This Court reviews a trial court's decision regarding denial of a motion for rehearing or reconsideration for an abuse of discretion. Herald Co., Inc. v. Tax Tribunal, 258 Mich.App. 78, 82, 669 N.W.2d 862 (2003). "The movant must show that the trial court made a palpable error and that a different disposition would result from correction of the error." Id.; see also MCR 2.119(F)(3).

We acknowledge that "a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) is generally premature if discovery has not closed, unless there is no fair likelihood that further discovery would yield support from the nonmoving party's position." Townsend v. Chase Manhattan Mortgage Corp., 254 Mich.App. 133, 140, 657 N.W.2d 741 (2002), citing American Community Mut. Ins. Co. v. Comm'r of Ins., 195 Mich.App. 351, 363, 491 N.W.2d 597 (1992).

Plaintiffs suggest on appeal that their expert was prepared to analyze the data more thoroughly and that this analysis could have established a more definite estimate of plaintiff's likelihood of improvement had he received t-PA. However, the already extended discovery period was scheduled to terminate less than thirty days after plaintiffs filed their motion for reconsideration in the trial court. Moreover, plaintiffs offered nothing other than the speculation that Dr. Levine might be able to offer additional pertinent information after completing his reexamination of the data. Plaintiffs offered no set time frame within which the reexamination would be completed. To date, plaintiffs have failed to present any evidence that Dr. Levine has completed the analysis or that the result of further analysis was favorable to plaintiffs. In other words, plaintiffs request this Court to find that the trial court abused its discretion because the court did not indulge their speculation.

We conclude that plaintiffs have failed to show that the trial court abused its discretion by denying reconsideration where plaintiffs were unable to demonstrate that additional discovery would have produced admissible evidence favorable to plaintiffs.

Affirmed.

NOTES

[1] Patricia Ensink's sole claim was for loss of consortium; therefore, references in this opinion to "plaintiff" refer only to her husband, plaintiff Gregory Ensink.

[2] Because this case was disposed of by summary disposition, this recitation of facts is taken from the parties' pleadings and the witness depositions that were contained in the trial court file.

[3] According to defendants' brief in support of their motion for summary disposition, there are two types of stroke: ischemic, the type experienced by plaintiff, which occurs when a blood clot blocks a blood vessel in the brain and shuts off the oxygen flow to a portion of the brain, and hemorrhagic, which involves the rupture of a blood vessel in the brain.

[4] The doctor's name is spelled "Rehkoph" in the heading of the pleadings, but is spelled "Rekopf" in the body of the pleadings. This opinion will use the spelling used in the heading. Defendant Michigan Emergency Physicians, LLP, was alleged to be the employer of Dr. Rehkoph and was alleged to be liable under a theory of respondeat superior. Likewise, plaintiffs alleged that Dr. Rehkoph and Michigan Emergency Physicians were the agents or employees of Mecosta and that Mecosta was therefore liable under a theory of respondeat superior.

[5] This Court was unable to find a copy of Dr. Wiley's deposition in the circuit court record or attached to any of the parties' briefs.

[6] Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is a drug that is used to break up blood clots that occur in ischemic strokes. This drug is not used to treat hemorrhagic strokes. New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 333, No. 24, p. 1581, (December 14, 1995).

[7] Dr. Levine testified that it was more likely than not that there would have been "some improvement" if t-PA had been administered within the three-hour window, but he was unable to quantify the amount of improvement. However, he also testified that plaintiff was relatively young, was not diabetic, and had a normal CT scan, and so "more likely than not ... he would have had some response to TPA" and there was a "30 to 50 percent chance greater than had he not been given TPA, of him being cured, and it might be better than that." So, according to Dr. Levine's testimony, if t-PA had been timely administered, plaintiff would have had a relatively good chance of obtaining an improvement in his condition up to and including a possible thirty to fifty percent chance of a complete cure.

[8] This Court noted that in Falcon the decedent's lost opportunity to survive and initial opportunity to survive were the same — 37.5% — "because in that case the result of the defendants' negligence was certain death." Fulton, supra at 82, 655 N.W.2d 569. This Court then contrasted the plaintiff's situation: "Fulton's initial opportunity to survive, eighty-five percent, is not the opportunity that she lost. Plaintiff's expert opined that defendants' alleged negligence caused her to have a sixty to sixty-five percent chance of survival. She suffered a loss of twenty to twenty-five percent chance of survival." Id.

[9] We recognize that in Weymers v. Khera, 454 Mich. 639, 649, 563 N.W.2d 647 (1997), our Supreme Court made the seemingly categorical statement: "we hold that no cause of action exists for the loss of an opportunity to avoid physical harm less than death." We are convinced, however, that this holding is not controlling on our decision in this case. The Weymers decision addressed the issue whether the Court's prior holding in Falcon should be extended. The Court noted that the Legislature had reacted to the Falcon decision by enacting M.C.L. § 600.2912a(2), but, although the Court set forth the statute in a footnote (Weymers, supra at 649 n. 14, 563 N.W.2d 647), the Court did not base its holding in Weymers on a reading or analysis of the statute. The Fulton panel so noted when it observed that the cause of action in Weymers arose after the Falcon decision, but before October 1, 1993, the effective date of M.C.L. § 600.2912a(2), and that "the Court did not analyze the statute." By enacting M.C.L. § 600.2912a(2), the Legislature recognized causes of action for both "loss of an opportunity to survive" and for "loss of ... an opportunity to achieve a better result"; the latter, in our opinion, applies to physical harm less than death. Thus, of necessity, the Supreme Court in Weymers could not have meant its decision to control causes of action other than those that arose post-Falcon and pre-M.C.L. § 600.2912a (2) — as did the cause of action in Weymers. Therefore, in our opinion, when viewed in context, the holding in Weymers that "no cause of action exists for the loss of an opportunity to avoid physical harm less then death" could not apply to a cause of action — such as the one presented in this case — that arose after the effective date of M.C.L. § 600.2912a(2). We conclude that the broad holding of Weymers is simply inapplicable to this case for the reasons stated, and therefore, while acknowledging our duty to follow controlling decisions of the Supreme Court, we do not view Weymers as controlling on this issue. Further, in Weymers, the Supreme Court described the "lost chance" doctrine or the "lost opportunity" doctrine as one that permits recovery on the basis of the mere possibility that the tortfeasor's negligence was a cause of the ultimate harm. Weymers, supra at 653, 563 N.W.2d 647, citing Jones v. Owings, 318 S.C. 72, 456 S.E.2d 371 (1995). The Weymers Court explained that the doctrine permits a plaintiff to maintain an action for malpractice when the malpractice denied the plaintiff an opportunity to avoid the injury, even where the opportunity was fifty percent or less. Id. at 648 n. 13, 563 N.W.2d 647. We think it clear that the Weymers Court was focused on the problem of a plaintiff recovering for a loss of opportunity under circumstances where the initial opportunity was fifty percent or less, so that it could not be said that the harm was caused by the doctor's malpractice, rather than the patient's poor initial prognosis. In our opinion, the amended statute applies to a different set of facts: situations in which the initial opportunity to survive or to achieve a better result was more than fifty percent.

[10] This Court applied the Fulton formulation in Potter v Ingham Regional Medical Ctr, unpublished memorandum opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued February 18, 2003 (Docket No. 237450), 2003 WL 356360. In Potter the opportunity for a complete recovery without malpractice was seventy-five percent and the malpractice allegedly reduced the opportunity to fifty percent. Therefore, the lost opportunity was only twenty-five percent and this Court held that this did not satisfy M.C.L. § 600.2912a(2).

[11] Dr. Levine defined a "cure" as the absence, three months after the stroke, of any evidence that the stroke had occurred.

[12] In this regard, it is important to note that, according to plaintiffs' time sequence, the earliest t-PA could reasonably have been administered was between 1-1/2 and 2 hours after the stroke occurred (t-PA could not have been administered until the doctor determined if plaintiff's stroke was ischemic or hemorrhagic; the CT head scan that showed the stroke was due to a blood clot was completed at 12:07 p.m.; it would have taken at least a few minutes to analyze the CT scan and order the appropriate quantity of t-PA; therefore, it is likely the administration of t-PA would not have occurred substantially before 12:30 p.m. — two hours after the stroke). Following Dr. Levine's testimony, this would have been past the absolute optimal time for administering t-PA — within the first hour — but still within the three-hour window in which it could be expected that some degree of improvement would occur. Dr. Levine did not correlate the likelihood of "some improvement" occurring if t-PA was administered two hours after the stroke. His projections were based on the results of the entire study group where t-PA was administered sometime within the three-hour window.

[13] Application of the Fulton majority's, rather than the dissent's, interpretation leads to anomalous results. For example, if a plaintiff had an initial opportunity to survive or to achieve a better result of eighty-four percent, but because of the defendant's alleged malpractice, the chance was reduced to only thirty-five percent, the lost opportunity to survive or achieve a better result would be less than fifty percent (forty-nine percent) and the plaintiff would not be able to bring suit. It does not strike us as reasonable that the Legislature meant to deny plaintiffs in such circumstances the right to bring a lawsuit for recovery of so significant a lost opportunity to survive or achieve a better result. We would suggest that it is more reasonable to conclude that the Legislature intended to use the fifty percent threshold as a test to separate and prohibit lawsuits in which, even before the alleged malpractice, the opportunity to survive or achieve a better result is too speculative. Thus, if the initial opportunity to survive or achieve a better result was below fifty percent, the Legislature has made a determination that the plaintiff should be precluded from suing because any opportunity was already too speculative.

We realize this holding would permit a lawsuit in a situation where the initial opportunity to survive or achieve a better result was fifty-one percent, but after the alleged malpractice was reduced to forty-nine percent. We believe a judge or jury would be fully capable of taking into account the de minimis harm in such a situation when computing damages.

We also recognize that a reduction from fifty-one to forty-nine percent would not be "substantial," a concern expressed by the Fulton majority. 253 Mich.App. at 83-84, 655 N.W.2d 569. However, M.C.L. § 600.2912a(2) does not contain the word "substantial" and we are charged with interpreting the plain language of the statute. Yaldo v. North Pointe Ins. Co., 457 Mich. 341, 346, 578 N.W.2d 274 (1998).