C. & A. Construction Co. v. Benning Construction Co. , 256 Ark. 621 ( 1974 )

John A. Fogleman, Justice,

dissenting. The majority opinion is apparently based upon the premise that the existence of ambiguity must be determined by the court upon the basis of an examination of the contract. This is the case in determining whether there is a patent ambiguity. It is not in the case of a latent ambiguity. By definition, a latent ambiguity is one which does not appear upon the face of the instrument and cannot be detected by examination of the document. It arises from facts not disclosed in the instrument. Dorr v. School District No. 26, 40 Ark. 237. Latent ambiguity is defined at 3A C.J.S. P. 409, Ambiguity, as follows:

The term has been said to imply either, on the one hand, a concealment of the real meaning or intention of the writer which does not appear on the lace of the words used, until these words are brought in contact with collateral facts or until the facts are shown, or, on the other hand, a clear expression of the party’s intention, and the existence of a doubt not as to the intention, but as to the object to which the intention applies.

The term “latent ambiguity” is defined to mean an ambiguity which arises not upon the words of the instrument, as looked at in themselves, but upon those words when applied to the object or subject which they describe. It is one which does not appear on the face of the language used or the instrument being considered, or when the words apply equally to two or more different subjects or things, as where the language employed is clear and intelligible and suggests but a single meaning, but some extrinsic fact or evidence aliunde, creates a necessity for interpretation or a choice among two or more possible meanings.

It has been said that a latent ambiguity occurs where a writing appears on its face clear and unambiguous, but which, in fact, is shown by extrinsic evidence to be uncertain in meaning, or where a description, apparently plain and unambiguous, is shown to fit different pieces of property.

In order for the court to determine whether a latent ambiguity exists, it is obviously necessary that it consider evidence of extraneous and collateral facts as to extrinsic circumstances. Logan v. Wiley, 357 Pa. 547, 55 A. 2d 366 (1947). It is a well settled rule that extrinsic evidence is admissible to show that a latent ambiguity exists. Hall v. Equitable Life Assurance Society, 295 Mich. 404, 295 N.W. 204; McCarty v. Mercury Metalcraft Company, 372 Mich. 567, 129 N.W. 2d 854 (1964); Widney v. Hess, 242 Iowa 342, 45 N.W. 2d 233 (1951). See Ellege v. Henderson, 142 Ark. 421, 218 S.W. 831; Easton v. Washington County Insurance Co., 391 Pa. 28, 137 A. 2d 332. In treating the matter as it relates to the parol evidence rule, the author of Jones on Evidence (Vol. 3, p. 134, § 16:23) says:

In a preceding section it has been pointed out that where a written instrument appears to be complete on its face, a presumption will be indulged that the parties have included all of the terms of their agreement in the instrument.

While for all practical purposes, if such a presumption is indulged, it will have a conclusive effect to prevent bringing in additional terms, it does not have the effect of barring disclosure of hidden uncertainties, and to this extent the presumption is rebuttable and parol evidence admissible not only to bring out the latent ambiguity but to explain the true intent of the parties and to resolve the uncertainty, if it can be resolved, in order to save the contract.

To discover a latent ambiguity, it is proper to go outside the instrument to ascertain whether the words used aptly fit the facts existing when the instrument was executed and the words used. Widney v. Hess, supra; Queens Insurance Company of America v. Meyer Milling Co., 43 F. 2d 885 (8th Cir. 1930).

It is generally held that the question whether an ambiguity exists is one of law for the court. Steele v. McCargo, 260 F. 2d 753 (8th Cir. 1958); Easton v. Washington County Insurance Co., supra. In determining whether an ambiguity exists, a contract must be read in the light of what the parties intended as gathered from the language thereof in view of all surrounding circumstances. Arkansas Amusement Co. v. Kempner, 57 F. 2d 466 (8th Cir. 1932). See Ellege v. Henderson, supra; 17A C.J.S. 37, Contracts, § 294b(3) P. 37. The words of a contract, which are not ambiguous in the abstract, may, when considered in relation to the circumstances surrounding the making of it, create an ambiguity requiring interpretation. Arkansas Amusement Co. v. Kempner, supra; Paepcke-Leicht Lbr. Co. v. Talley, 106 Ark. 400, 153 S.W. 833. See Ellege v. Henderson, supra; Easton v. Washington County Insurance Co., supra. In making the determination, courts may acquaint themselves with the persons and circumstances that are the subjects of the statements in the written agreement and place themselves in the position of the parties who made the contract, so as to view the circumstances as they did. Wood v. Kelsey, 90 Ark. 272, 119 S.W. 258.

There is another facet of the problem of admissibility of parol testimony to explain a contract very closely related to the question whether a latent ambiguity exists. Our cases clearly recognize that parol evidence is admissible to explain the meaning of the terms or words used when they have a technical meaning or, by custom and usage are used in a sense other than in an' ordinary meaning of the words. Paepcke-Leicht Lbr. Co. v. Talley, supra; Wilkes v. Stacy, 113 Ark. 556, 169 S.W. 796. In the case last cited, we quoted from Lawson on Contracts, Second Edition, 5 390, p. 450, as follows:

The customs of particular classes of men soon give to particular words different meanings from those which they may have among other classes, or in the community generally. Mercantile contracts are commonly framed in a language peculiar to merchants, and hardly understood outside their world. Agreements which are entered into every day in the year between members of different trades and professions are expressed in technical and uncommon terms. The intentions of the parties, though perfectly well known to themselves, would be defeated were the language employed to be strictly construed according to its ordinary meaning in the world at large. Hence, while words in a contract relating to the ordinary transactions of life are to be construed according to their plain, ordinary and popular. meaning, yet if, in reference to the subject-matter of the contract, particular words and expressions have by usage acquired a meaning different from their plain, ordinary and popular meaning, the parties using those words in such a contract must be taken to have used them in their peculiar sense. And so words, technical or ambiguous on their face, or foreign or peculiar to the sciences or the arts, or to particular trades, professions, occupations, or localities, may be explained, where they are employed in written instruments, by parol evidence of usage.

Obviously, the trial court found that an ambiguity existed. The pertinent contract terms hang upon the meaning of the words “supervision” and “actual cost.” The real issue is whether the salary and expenses of Benning while he was acting as superintendent of the Crossett job are a part of the “actual costs” as distinguished from the allowance of $20,000 for “supervision.” Benning testified that the charge in question covered only the time he spent on the North Crossett job, and that appellee employed no superintendent on the job, although there were four working foremen. It is significant that appellant thought that evidence of the original negotiations was admissible, because its attorney introduced evidence thereof by cross-examination of Benning over appellee’s attorney’s objection that it should be considered for impeachment only.

There was evidence that the following circumstances existed at the time the contract being construed was entered into:

Sutton Construction Company had failed. A representative of appellant had prepared a contract relating to unfinished sewer jobs at Hope and McGehee. Benning agreed with the two persons then representing appellant that he would not charge any of his time to these two jobs, but that it would be charged for the North Crossett job, which apparently had not been commenced by Sutton. Benning told the interested parties how much salary he was drawing ($300 per week) and that he was drawing $50 per week as expenses, which he said was to be charged to the Hope and McGehee jobs. According to Benning, it was agreed that he was to get a guaranteed profit of $20,000 on the North Crossett job and one-third of any profit, and his salary to be charged to the job was not included in the $20,000 figure. The first estimate made by appellee included two $20,000 items, one for profit and the other for supervision. On most construction jobs the size of the North Crossett job there is a construction superintendent. The original contract required that a construction superintendent or foreman who had full authority to act for the contractor be employed at the site.

Carrie New testified that he was familiar with the custom in the construction business as to whether the managing executive of a company is entitled to charge his salary to the job in addition to a fixed fee for supervision. He stated that the practice is that when the contract is let on a cost-plus fixed fee basis, the fee is over and above all job costs, which include office overhead, executives’ salaries, general contractor’s labor, material and all subcontract costs. Normally, he said, a corporation would have an office staff and executive officers, and the duties of the latter may vary in that they double as superintendents, estimators, expeditors and purchasers. In a small organization, he said that one man may act as all these. He was present when the final draft of the contract was made and did not understand that the $20,000 figure therein was to be for Benning's salary and expenses, but did understand that was a fee to be paid over and above any profit or whether any profit was realized or not. John W. Cole, Jr., appellee’s attorney at the drafting, was not familiar with usage in the construction field, but had the same understanding as New as to the $20,000. He recalled that there was discussion directed at the amount of Benning’s personal salary and stated that it was agreed that the $20,000 payment would not be a substitute for it. A portion of the stated contract form of the American Institute of Architects for use when cost of work plus a fixed fee forms the basis of payment was introduced as an exhibit. It contained a clause under the heading of “Costs to be Reimbursed” providing for payment of salaries of the contractor’s employees stationed at the field office in whatever capacity employed.

The contract in question was not abstracted but the paragraph in question is stated thus:

It is further agreed that 2nd Subcontractor will receive S20.000.00 for supervision which will be added to actual cost, figure. It is further agreed that the difference between actual cost and bid price will be divided as follows: 33-1/3% to 2nd Subcontractor; 66-2/3% to 1st Subcontractor. (Plaintiff's Exhibit No. 2)

It must be noted that the payment of this 120,000 was to be made to appellee, a corporation, and not to Benning. Appellant’s attorney emphasizes the fact that this language constituted a change of the same paragraph in the next preceding draft in that it was therein provided that “the 2nd Subcontractor will, nevertheless, receive the sum of S20.000 for his supervisory services.”

I do not see how we can say the court erred in holding that the contract was ambiguous in view of the surrounding circumstances and collateral facts. If it was ambiguous, then we only have to determine whether there is any substantial evidence to support the judgment, since the judge also sat as the jury, and the question was for the jury. Ft. Smith Appliance & Service Co. v. Smith, 218 Ark. 411, 236 S.W. 2d 583; Bailey v. Sutton, 208 Ark. 184, 185 S.W. 2d 276; Paepcke-Leicht Lbr. Co. v. Talley, 106 Ark. 400, 153 S.W. 833.

Once it was shown that there was a latent ambiguity or that the words used by the parties were commonly accorded a meaning different from their ordinary meaning, oral evidence was admissible to explain them. Ft. Smith Appliance & Service Co. v. Smith, supra; Paepcke-Leicht Lbr. Co. v. Talley, supra; Ellege v. Henderson, 142 Ark. 421, 218 S.W. 831. Evidence of the way in which a particular term is understood commercially, or in a particular trade or business is admissible, as is evidence of custom and usage, including local popular and ?eneral use. Paepcke-Leicht Lbr. Co. v. Talley, supra; Taylor v. Union Sawmill Co., 105 Ark. 518, 152 S.W. 150; McCarthy v. McArthur, 69 Ark. 313, 63 S.W. 56; Jackson County Gin Co. v. McQuistion, 177 Ark. 60, 5 S.W. 2d 729; Davis v. Martin Slave Co., 113 Ark. 325, 168 S.W. 553. Testimony of the parties as to the meaning of the tehns is also admissible. Ellege v. Henderson, supra. Parol evidence is also competent to explain the situation and relation of the parties and the surrounding circumstances at the time of the execution of the contract. Clear Creek Oil & Gas Co. v. Bushmaier, 165 Ark. 303, 264 S.W. 830.

The matter is treated in the Uniform Commercial Code. See Ark. Stat. Ann. § 85-1-205 (Add. 1961). A usage of trade in the vocation or trade in which the parties are engaged or of which they should be aware gives particular meaning to and supplements or qualifies terms of an agreement. Ark. Stat. Ann. § 85-1-205(4). An applicable usage of trade in the place where any part of performance is to occur shall be taken into consideration as to that part of performance is to occur shall be taken into consideration as to that part of performance. A usage of trade is any practice or method of dealing having such regularity of observance in a place, vocation or trade as to justify an expectation that it will be observed with respect to the transaction in question. Ark. Stat. Ann. § 85-1-205(2), (5). The committee comments are particularly enlightening. In part, they are:

This Act rejects both the “lay-dictionary” and the “conveyancer’s” reading of a commercial agreement. Instead the meaning of the agreement of the parties is to be. determined by the language used by them and by their action, read and interpreted in the light of commercial practices and other surrounding circumstances. The measure and background for interpretation are set by the commercial context, which may explain and supplement even the language of a formal or final writing.

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This Act deals with “usage of trade” as a factor in reaching the commercial meaning of the agreement which the parties have made. The language used is to be interpreted as meaning what it may fairly be expected to mean to parties involved in the particular commercial transaction in a given locality or in a given vocation or trade. By adopting in this context the term “usage of trade” this Act expresses its intent to reject those cases which see evidence of “custom” as representing an effort to displace or negate “established rules of law.”

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A usage of trade under subsection (2) must have the “regularity of observance" specified. The ancient English tests for “custom” are abandoned in this connection. Therefore, it is not required that a usage of trade be “ancient or immemorial,” “universal” or the like. Under the requirement of subsection (2) full recognition is thus available for new usages and for usages currently observed by the great majority of decent dealers, even though dissidents ready to cut corners do not agree.

See also, 17 Am. Jur. 2d 643, Contracts, § 251.

In addition to the evidence set out ahove, there was other substantial evidence in appellee’s favor. Benning testified he spent 95% of his time on the North Crossett sewer job. Carrie New said that Benning acted as construction superintendent on the North Crossett job and that he knew of no other person employed in that capacity.

It is true that there is also evidence from which a contrary result might have been reached, but this does not affect the substantiality of the evidence to support the conclusion reached by the court sitting as a jury. I would affirm the judgment.

I am authorized to state that Mr. Justice Brown joins in this dissent.