California Trust Co. v. Bennett , 33 Cal. 2d 694 ( 1949 )

GIBSON, C. J.

The executor of the will of Charlotte Bennett, deceased, appeals from a judgment awarding to defendant, the husband of decedent, the sum of $7,950 which was originally her separate property. The money was in a safe deposit box at the time of her death, and the principal question presented on appeal is whether the record supports the trial court’s conclusion that defendant and his wife held the contents of the box in joint tenancy.

The box was rented from a bank by decedent in August, 1945, about six months before her death. At that time she told the bank clerk that she wanted her husband to have access to the box and that she wanted him to have its contents if she should die. The clerk then gave her a signature card entitled “Co-Renters Agreement (Survivor to Have Exclusive Right of Access)” which provided as follows: “The undersigned hereby rent the above numbered safe deposit box. ... We jointly and severally agree with you and with each other that: 1. Right of access to said box shall be had and surrender of the same be made by either of us without consent of or notice to the other. 2. We will immediately notify the Bank of the death of any person who at the time of his death had the right or privilege of access to said safe deposit box and will not seek access to said box at any time after the death of such person until it has been examined and released in accordance with all inheritance and estate tax laws and regulations then in effect. ... 4. Upon the death of either of us, the survivor is and shall for every purpose be the sole renter of said box, with the exclusive right of access thereto and possession of the contents thereof. We hereby, jointly and severally, agree to save you, your suecessors and assigns, harmless from and against any and all demands, liabilities, loss, damages, or expense of whatsoever kind or nature, including attorneys’ fees, which you shall at any time sustain or incur by reason or in consequence of your relying or acting upon any of the agreements, declarations, conditions, and regulations contained herein or printed on the reverse of the aforesaid rental receipt. This agreement shall be binding upon the heirs, legatees, devisees, administrators, executors, successors and assigns of each of the undersigned. ...”

Defendant testified that when decedent brought the card home for him to sign she told him that if anything happened to her she wished him to have the contents of the box. Decedent’s sister testified that decedent placed $8,000 “in her own box in the name of” defendant husband.

Plaintiff executor contends that the judgment must be reversed, arguing (1) that section 683 of the Civil Code requires a writing for the creation of a joint tenancy interest in personal property, (2) that the rental card is insufficient standing alone to satisfy this statutory requirement, and (3) that the decedent’s declarations and the circumstances surrounding the execution of the rental card are not admissible to- explain and amplify its terms.

The general statutory provisions relating to the creation of a joint tenancy are contained in section 683 of the Civil Code which reads: “A joint interest is one owned by two or more persons in equal shares, by a title created by a single will or transfer, when expressly declared in the will or transfer to be a joint, tenancy, or by transfer . . . from a husband and wife when holding title as community property or otherwise to themselves or to themselves, and others when expressly declared in the transfer to be a joint tenancy. . . . A joint tenancy in personal property may be created by a ivritten transfer, instrument or agreement. Provisions of this section shall not restrict the creation of a joint tenancy in a bank deposit as provided for in the Bank Act. ’ ’^* The italicized portion was added in 1935.^†

Prior to the 1935 amendment, joint tenancies in personal property could be created by both oral and written agreements. (Wheeland v. Rodgers, 20 Cal.2d 218, 221 [124 P.2d 816]; Estate of Gaines, 15 Cal.2d 255, 260 [100 P.2d 1055]; Estate of Harris, 9 Cal.2d 649, 654 [72 P.2d 873]; Estate of Harris, 169 Cal. 725, 726 [147 P. 967].) The first question, therefore, is the effect of the addition in 1935 of the sentence: “A joint tenancy . . . may be created by a written transfer, instrument or agreement. ’ ’

In our opinion this provision is mandatory, and under it joint tenancies may be created only by a writing. Any other construction would render the sentence meaningless. If it were construed as merely permissive in nature, the amendment would constitute but an idle act on the part of the Legislature, ineffective except as a partial declaration of the preexisting law which had always permitted the creation of joint tenancies by a writing. The fact that the word “may” was used is not conclusive, since it is well settled that permissive words may be interpreted as mandatory where such construction is necessary to effectuate the legislative intent. (See Uhl v. Badaracco, 199 Cal. 270, 282 [248 P. 917]; Driscoll v. East-West Dairymen’s Assn., 52 Cal.App.2d 468, 472 [126 P.2d 647]; Goodman v. Board of Education, 48 Cal. App.2d 731, 737 [120 P.2d 665]; 3 Sutherland, Statutory Construction [3d ed., 1943] p. 81; Crawford, Statutory Construction [1940] p. 521.)

Defendant relies on several cases decided since the 1935 amendment which have stated, without discussion of the change, that joint tenancies in personal property may be created orally. (See Wheeland v. Rodgers, 20 Cal.2d 218, 221 [124 P.2d 816]; Estate of Harris, 9 Cal.2d 649 [72 P.2d 873]; White v. Bank of America, 53 Cal.App.2d 831, 834 [128 P.2d 600].) In the Wheeland and Harris eases the transactions involved took place prior to the date of the amendment, and the White ease concerned written instruments. These cases, therefore, are of no assistance to us in determining the proper interpretation to be given the amendment.

Defendant contends, nevertheless, that even though section 683 as amended requires a writing, there is an exception where the transfer is between husband and wife. Reliance is placed upon Tomaier v. Tomaier, 23 Cal.2d 754 [146 P.2d 905], which held that, where a husband and wife acquired property through deeds purporting to create a joint tenancy, evidence was admissible to show that the property was acquired with community funds with the intention that it was to remain part of the community. This decision carried out the well-established-policy that the use of common law forms of conveyances should not be permitted to alter the community character of real property- contrary to the intention of the parties. ' There is no claim that the property involved here was ever community property, or that it was the intention of the parties to convert it into community property, and, therefore, the reasoning in the Tomaier decision has no application to the facts of this case. Moreover, the statute specifically mentions transfers between husband and wife but does not exempt them from its provisions. Accordingly, we see no basis in the present case for making an exception to the statutory requirement that there be a writing to create a joint tenancy in personalty.

Defendant does not contend that the rental card standing alone is sufficient to establish a joint tenancy in the contents of the safe deposit box, and it is clear that it is not. It has been held that a rental agreement practically identical to the one here involved did not affect title to the contents of the box. (Security-First Nat. Bank v. Stack, 32 Cal.App.2d 586 [90 P.2d 337]; see Estate of Dean, 68 Cal.App.2d 86, 90 et seq. [155 P.2d 901].) In the Dean case the card signed by the renters was entitled “Joint Tenants (One signature required—Right of Survivorship),” but its provisions were similar to those in the present case. The court held that parol evidence was admissible to show the intention of the parties, stating' that “the caption and the body of the writing are inconsistent with each other. ’ ’ In the present case, however, there is no inconsistency between the body of the card and its caption, which reads: “Co-Renters Agreement (Survivor to Have Exclusive Right of Access.) ” With respect to the body of the card in the Dean case, which was substantially the same as that of the card involved here, the court said: “. . .no express declaration was made in the body of the writing that the title to the property was to be held jointly or in any manner, or that the survivor should be the owner of the property. There is a declaration, however, in the body of the writing that the survivor shall be the sole renter of the box ‘with the exclusive right of access thereto and possession of the contents thereof.’ Appellant’s contention that said last mentioned provision shows the intention to establish ownership cannot be sustained. . . . Neither the word ‘title’ nor the word ‘ ownership ’ is used in that provision or used at all on the card. Said provision is a part of a paragraph of the writing which relates to absolving the bank from liability for the acts of the survivor in removing property from the box. ... It appears . . . that the provision . . . was not intended to be, and was not, a declaration as to title or ownership of the contents of the box. ...” (68 Cal.App.2d, at pp. 91, 92.)

It is asserted, nevertheless, that decedent’s declarations and the circumstances surrounding the renting of the safe deposit box may be used to interpret the rental card, and that, when interpreted with this evidence, the card is sufficient to satisfy the statutory requirement of a writing. It is well settled that where a statute requires the formality of a writing for the creation of an interest in property, it must contain words indicating an intent to transfer such interest, and in the absence of words which could be interpreted to show such intent, no parol evidence will be admitted. (See Code Civ. Proc., §§ 1856, I860; Cordano v. Wright, 159 Cal. 610, 618 [115 P. 227, Ann.Cas. 1912C 1044]; McGarrigle v. Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum, 145 Cal. 694, 696 [79 P. 447, 104 Am.St.Rep. 84, 1 L.R.A.N.S. 315]; Litten v. Warren, 11 Cal. App.2d 635, 637 [54 P.2d 39]; 9 Wigmore on Evidence [3d ed. 1940] § 2453.) In the present case, the rental card is clear and, as we have seen, it does not purport to affect the title to the contents of the box, but relates only to rights of possession and access. (See Estate of Dean, 68 Cal.App.2d 86, 91 [155 P.2d 901]; Security-First Nat. Bank v. Stack, 32 Cal.App.2d 586, 591 [90 P.2d 337].) Accordingly, the parol evidence could not be used to amplify the terms of the rental card so as to create a joint tenancy.

The conclusion we have reached makes it unnecessary to discuss the other claims of error with reference to refusal to admit evidence.

The judgment is reversed.

Shenk, J., Traynor, J., and Spence, J., concurred.

Edmonds, J., did not participate herein.

* No contention is made that the Bank Act referred to in section 683 is applicable here. (See 1 Stats. 1909, p. 87, as amended; 1 Deering’s G-en. Laws, Act 652, § 15a.)

† Section 683 of the Civil Code, prior to the amendment of 1935, read: “A joint interest is one owned by several persons in equal shares, by a title created by a single will or transfer, when expressly declared in the will or transfer to be a joint tenancy, or when granted or devised to executors or trustees as joint tenants.”