United States v. Christie , 736 F.3d 191 ( 2013 )

13-245-cr
US v. Christie
1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
3
4 August Term, 2013
5
6 (Argued: October 9, 2013 Decided: November 15, 2013)
7
8
9 Docket No. 13-245-cr
10
11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -x
12
13 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
14
15 Appellee,
16
17 v.
18
19 NERON CHRISTIE, AKA COUNTRY,
20
21 Defendant-Appellant,
22
23 AVA BRIGHT, ALPHONSO NELSON,
24
25 Defendants.
26
27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -x
28
29 Before: LYNCH, CHIN, and DRONEY, Circuit Judges
30
31
32 Defendant moved for a reduction in his sentence based on a Sentencing
33 Guidelines range that was lowered by the Sentencing Commission, but the
34 district court denied his motion. We hold that the district court failed to provide
35 an explanation of its decision sufficient to permit meaningful appellate review.
36 Accordingly, we VACATE the order of the district court and REMAND for
37 further proceedings.
38
1 JOHN W. BREWER, Storch Amini &
2 Munves PC, New York, NY, for
3 Appellant.
4
5 EDWARD A. IMPERATORE, Assistant
6 United States Attorney, (Justin S.
7 Weddle, Assistant United States
8 Attorney, on the brief), for Preet
9 Bharara, United States Attorney for
10 the Southern District of New York,
11 New York, NY, for Appellee.
12
13 DRONEY, Circuit Judge:
14 Neron Christie (“Christie”) appeals from an order of the United States District
15 Court for the Southern District of New York (Jones, J.), entered January 4, 2013,
16 denying Christie’s motion for a sentence reduction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §
17 3582(c)(2). Because the district court did not provide a sufficient explanation of
18 its decision not to reduce Christie’s sentence despite his eligibility for such a
19 reduction, we vacate the district court’s order and remand for further
20 proceedings consistent with this opinion.
21 BACKGROUND
22 In 2002 and 2003, Neron Christie participated in conspiracies to distribute
23 cocaine base (“crack cocaine”) in the New York City area. Christie also sold
24 several firearms, including a 12-gauge shotgun, an Intratec Tec-9 semiautomatic
25 pistol, and a .40 caliber pistol.
2
1 On September 15, 2003, Christie pled guilty to drug offenses under 21 U.S.C.
2 §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A) and 846, as well as firearms offenses under 18 U.S.C. §
3 922(a)(1)(A) and (g). In the written plea agreement, Christie stipulated to an
4 applicable drug quantity of at least 150 grams but less than 500 grams of cocaine
5 base, and a base offense level of 34 pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(3). The
6 parties also stipulated to a “grouping analysis” under U.S.S.G. § 3D1.4 and a
7 three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility under U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1. The
8 parties agreed that Christie’s adjusted offense level was 31 and that he belonged
9 in Criminal History Category V. This yielded an advisory range of 168 to 210
10 months’ imprisonment under the United States Sentencing Guidelines (the
11 “Guidelines”). The Pre-Sentence Report subsequently prepared by the Probation
12 Office largely tracked the parties’ Guidelines calculation in the plea agreement,
13 except that it concluded that Christie belonged in Criminal History Category VI.
14 On March 12, 2004, United States District Judge Barbara Jones sentenced
15 Christie to 168 months’ imprisonment, to be followed by 60 months’ supervised
16 release. The statement of reasons in the judgment reported that the court
17 “adopt[ed] the factual finding[s] and guideline application in the presentence
18 report except . . . [that] the court has determined that a criminal history category
3
1 of V (rather than VI) is appropriate.” Christie’s sentence of 168 months thus was
2 at the bottom of his Guidelines range of 168 to 210 months.
3 On November 10, 2008, Christie filed a motion pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §
4 3582(c)(2) to have his sentence reduced in light of the 2007 Amendments to the
5 Sentencing Guidelines that lowered the penalties applicable to crack cocaine
6 offenses. On April 8, 2010, the district court granted Christie’s motion and
7 reduced his sentence to 151 months’ imprisonment, which again represented the
8 low end of his new Guidelines range of 151-188 months.
9 On January 30, 2012, Christie filed a second motion under § 3582(c)(2) for a
10 further sentence reduction in light of the 2011 Amendments to the Sentencing
11 Guidelines lowering the penalties for crack cocaine offenses. In a letter to the
12 district court, defense counsel urged the court to reduce Christie’s sentence to a
13 term of 120 months’ imprisonment. The letter relied heavily on a memorandum
14 dated November 29, 2011 from the Probation Office to the district court (the
15 “2011 Probation Memo”), which found Christie to be eligible for a sentence
16 reduction based on his new amended Guidelines range of 120-150 months. In
17 reaching this conclusion, the 2011 Probation Memo noted that the drug weight
18 involved in Christie’s offense, i.e. 150-500 grams of cocaine base, straddled three
19 offense levels under the amended Guidelines, but “the lowest level was
4
1 applied.”1 Thus, the 2011 Probation Memo found that Christie’s base offense
2 level was 28, which was the level applicable to offenses involving 112-196 grams
3 of cocaine base under the 2011 Amendments. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(6). After
4 two levels were added under the “grouping analysis” of § 3D1.4 and three levels
5 were subtracted for acceptance of responsibility under § 3E1.1, the 2011
6 Probation Memo concluded that Christie’s new adjusted offense level was 27.
7 With a criminal history category of V, this yielded an amended Guidelines range
8 of 120-150 months. Defense counsel’s letter argued that a sentence at the low end
9 of this range was appropriate in light of, inter alia, Christie’s post-sentencing
10 conduct and his prior sentences at the bottom of the then-applicable Guidelines
11 ranges.
12 The Government submitted a letter to the district court on February 14, 2012,
13 conceding that, under “the amended Guidelines, the defendant’s total offense
14 level is 27, resulting in an applicable Guidelines range of 120 to 150 months’
15 imprisonment.” Despite agreeing that “the Court has the discretion to reduce the
16 defendant’s sentence,” the Government argued that the district court should
1The letter submitted by defense counsel also relied on the specific factual findings in the 2003
Pre-Sentence Report in asserting that the total weight of cocaine base involved in Christie’s
offense was 184 grams.
5
1 decline to reduce Christie’s sentence because of his firearms offenses and
2 extensive criminal history.2
3 On January 4, 2013, almost a year after Christie filed his motion for a sentence
4 reduction, the district court entered an order denying the motion. The order,
5 which consisted of the first page of a two-page form formerly available through
6 the Administrative Office of the United States Courts (“Form AO 247”),
7 contained no case-specific content beyond the notation that the motion was
8 denied. The pre-printed text included boilerplate language stating that the court
9 had considered the defendant’s motion under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), and that the
10 court had “tak[en] into account the policy statement set forth at U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10
11 and the sentencing factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” The court
12 electronically checked a box marked “denied” below that language without
13 adding a note indicating why. Although the form provided space for an
14 explanation—page one contained about half a page of empty space before a set
15 of blanks for the date and a judge’s signature, and page two provided additional
16 room for comments on the sentence imposed—the court wrote nothing. Christie
17 appealed from the court’s order on January 7, 2013.
2Christie’s counsel submitted a letter to the court on May 9, 2012, explaining that because of the
“good time credit” he had accumulated in prison, any sentence of 123 months or less (as of that
date) would have entitled him to immediate release. A similar letter submitted on October 4,
2012, explained that any sentence of 127 months or less (as of that date) would entitle him to
immediate release.
6
1 DISCUSSION
2 Although district courts generally may not modify a term of imprisonment
3 once it has been imposed, if the defendant “has been sentenced to a term of
4 imprisonment based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered
5 by the Sentencing Commission pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 994(o), . . . the court may
6 reduce the term of imprisonment, after considering the factors set forth in section
7 3553(a) to the extent that they are applicable, if such a reduction is consistent
8 with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.” 18
9 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). The Supreme Court has set forth a “two-step inquiry” for
10 resolving motions pursuant to § 3582(c)(2) for a sentence reduction. Dillon v.
11 United States, 130 S. Ct. 2683, 2691 (2010); see also United States v. Bethea, No. 12-
12 961, slip op. at 3 (2d Cir. Oct. 31, 2013) (per curiam). First, the district court must
13 determine whether the defendant in question is “eligible for a reduction in
14 sentence,” which requires that such a “reduction would be consistent with
15 applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission—namely, §
16 1B1.10.” United States v. Mock, 612 F.3d 133, 137 (2d Cir. 2010) (emphasis in
17 original; internal quotation marks omitted). “If, and only if, a defendant is
18 eligible for a reduction in sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) and U.S.S.G. §
19 1B1.10, then the second step of the analytical framework set forth in Dillon
7
1 requires the district court to consider any applicable § 3553(a) factors and
2 determine whether, in its discretion, the reduction authorized by reference to the
3 policies relevant at step one is warranted in whole or in part under the particular
4 circumstances of the case.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
5 When the issue on appeal is whether a defendant is “eligible for a reduction
6 in sentence under the crack cocaine amendments, pursuant to section
7 3582(c)(2)[,] [w]e review de novo the determination of whether [the defendant’s]
8 sentence was ‘based on a sentencing range that was subsequently lowered by the
9 Sentencing Commission,’ because this determination is a matter of statutory
10 interpretation.” United States v. Main, 579 F.3d 200, 202-03 (2d Cir. 2009). When a
11 defendant is eligible for resentencing, “we review a district court’s decision to
12 deny a motion under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) for abuse of discretion.” United States
13 v. Borden, 564 F.3d 100, 104 (2d Cir. 2009).
14 In its submissions to the district court, the Government conceded that Christie
15 was eligible to be resentenced and expressly agreed that he had an amended
16 Guidelines range of 120-150 months’ imprisonment. The Probation Office
17 likewise concluded that Christie was eligible for a reduction. The Government
18 does not contest Christie’s eligibility for a reduction on appeal. We have
19 previously noted that “[i]n general, we are entitled to assume that the sentencing
8
1 judge understood all the available sentencing options.” United States v. Sanchez,
2 517 F.3d 651, 665 (2d Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus,
3 although the district court’s order does not explicitly state that Christie was
4 eligible for a reduced sentence, we may presume that the court below recognized
5 Christie’s eligibility for a reduced sentence, and then proceeded, in an exercise of
6 its discretion, to decline to lower Christie’s sentence.3
7 The district court provided no explanation as to why it declined to reduce
8 Christie’s sentence. While the form used by the district court in this case
9 provides space for an explanation of the decision, the district court did not utilize
10 that space, and no other oral or written explanation was given. Christie’s
11 primary argument on appeal thus is that the district court’s decision must be
12 vacated because the lack of reasoning in the court’s order prevents this Court
13 from exercising “meaningful appellate review.” We agree. As we have
14 explained while considering a reasonableness challenge to a defendant’s
15 sentence on direct appeal, “an adequate explanation is a precondition for
16 ‘meaningful appellate review.’” United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 193 (2d Cir.
17 2008) (en banc). “We cannot uphold a discretionary decision unless we have
3Although we are “wary of making such an assumption where the judge’s sentencing remarks
create ambiguity as to whether the judge correctly understood an available sentencing option,”
Sanchez, 517 F.3d at 665 (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted), we find no such
ambiguity here as to whether the district court believed Christie to be eligible for a reduced
sentence.
9
1 confidence that the district court exercised its discretion and did so on the basis
2 of reasons that survive our limited review. Without a sufficient explanation of
3 how the court below reached the result it did, appellate review . . . may well be
4 impossible.” Id.
5 We are mindful that Cavera dealt with an initial sentencing proceeding, and
6 that § 3582(c)(2) does not entail a “plenary resentencing proceeding,” Dillon, 130
7 S. Ct. at 2691, and thus is not subject to all of the procedural requirements that
8 apply at sentencing. See also U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(a)(3) (“proceedings under 18
9 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) and this policy statement do not constitute a full resentencing
10 of the defendant”). Nevertheless, what we said in Cavera about the need for at
11 least some statement of reasons is fully applicable in the context of a motion for a
12 sentence reduction. Like the initial sentencing decision, resolution of a sentence
13 reduction motion is a discretionary decision regarding the defendant’s
14 fundamental liberty interests, which is subject to appellate review. As with an
15 initial sentence, we ordinarily will not be able to determine whether the district
16 court’s exercise of discretion was reasonable without an indication of the reason
17 the discretion was exercised as it was.
18 The Government responds that appellate review may occur because the
19 district court’s reasoning can be inferred from the record. The Government relies
10
1 chiefly on this Court’s decision in United States v. Fernandez, which noted that a
2 “court’s reasoning can often be inferred by comparing what was argued by the
3 parties or contained in the pre-sentence report with what the judge did.” 443
4 F.3d 19, 29 (2d Cir. 2006) (quoting United States v. Jimenez-Beltre, 440 F.3d 514, 519
5 (1st Cir. 2006) (en banc)).
6 Fernandez, however, is clearly distinguishable. In that case, which concerned
7 an initial sentencing, the district court amply explained the basis for its sentence.
8 443 F.3d at 24-25. The defendant nevertheless argued that because the district
9 court failed to state that it considered one of the defendant’s many arguments at
10 sentencing, it had not adequately discharged its duty to consider the statutory
11 sentencing factors. Id. at 28-32. Fernandez did not confront a challenge to a
12 sentencing decision for which the district court provided no explanation
13 whatsoever. While Fernandez noted that “we will not conclude that a district
14 judge shirked her obligation to consider the § 3553(a) factors simply because she
15 did not discuss each one individually or . . . address every argument relating to
16 those factors,” id. at 30, this does not relieve the district court of its obligation to
17 provide, at a minimum, enough explanation of how it exercised its sentencing
18 discretion to permit meaningful appellate review. The explanation required
19 need not be lengthy. But absent some indication of the rationale for the ruling,
11
1 we are precluded from conducting meaningful appellate review. Cavera, 550
2 F.3d at 193.
3 The failure to state reasons will not always require a remand. In some
4 situations, such a failure may be harmless, because, as the government suggests
5 is the case here, the reasons for the district court’s actions may be obvious from
6 the history of the case. This was the case, e.g., in United States v. Batista, 480 F.
7 App’x 639 (2d Cir. 2012) (summary order). There, in granting a sentence
8 reduction, the district court’s “rationale for its exercise of discretion [was]
9 apparent from the record” because the “reduction of [the defendant’s] term of
10 imprisonment to a term 31.5% below the low end of the 235–to–293–month
11 amended Guidelines range [was] comparable to the 31.5% downward variance
12 the district court gave [the defendant] in sentencing him below the 292–to–365–
13 month Guidelines range applicable at sentencing.” Id. at 641-42.
14 Here, however, the reasons for the district court’s exercise of discretion are
15 not apparent from the record. The Government’s sentencing memorandum
16 contained a number of arguments against reducing Christie’s sentence (including
17 his prior criminal history and his firearms offenses), and there is no way to
18 determine which of these—or other—reasons the district court relied on in
19 reaching its determination that the pre-existing 151 month term was the
12
1 appropriate sentence for Christie. The basis for the district court’s decision is
2 especially unclear because Christie’s sentence of 151 months in fact was above his
3 now-applicable Guidelines range of 120-150 months. In 2004, the district court
4 imposed Christie’s original sentence of 168 months, which represented the low
5 end of his initial 168-210 month Guidelines range, and in April 2010, the district
6 court granted Christie’s first § 3582(c) motion to impose a sentence of 151
7 months, which again was at the bottom of his then-applicable Guidelines range
8 of 151-188 months. There is no indication in the record as to why an above-
9 Guidelines sentence is now called for, or why a comparable within-Guidelines
10 sentence would now be inappropriate.
11 Our conclusion that at least some minimal statement of reasons for a court’s
12 action on a § 3582(c)(2) motion is required accords with the view of every other
13 Circuit to have addressed the issue. In United States v. Burrell, for example, the
14 Eighth Circuit vacated and remanded a resentencing decision where “the record
15 [did] not allow [the court] to discern how the district court exercised its
16 discretion.” 622 F.3d 961, 964 (8th Cir. 2010). The court found no “indication that
17 the district court adopted the reasoning in the Government’s response to [the
18 defendant’s] § 3582 motion,” and while there was little “doubt that the [district]
19 court read and considered [the defendant’s] motion and the Government’s
13
1 response,” the Eighth Circuit nonetheless found “no explanation as to what the
2 court relied on to make its decision.” Id. Similarly, the Seventh Circuit vacated
3 the district court’s denial of a motion for resentencing and remanded the case on
4 the ground that it was insufficient to provide a one-sentence explanation stating
5 that “a sentence reduction is not appropriate.” United States v. Marion, 590 F.3d
6 475, 476 (7th Cir. 2009). The court reasoned that it was not inherently
7 problematic to use a form order or even to provide “only a one-sentence
8 explanation”; rather “[t]he problem arises from the fact that it is impossible for
9 us to ensure that the district court did not abuse its discretion if the order shows
10 only that the district court exercised its discretion rather than showing how it
11 exercised that discretion.” Id. at 477-78 (emphasis in original). Accordingly, the
12 court concluded that “[s]ome minimal explanation is required.” Id. at 478. See
13 also United States v. Ray, 420 F. App’x 497, 499 (6th Cir. 2011) (unpublished)
14 (vacating and remanding a district court’s form order denying defendant’s
15 motion for a reduced sentence, where “the court merely checked the ‘denied’ box
16 [and] filled in [the defendant’s] original sentencing information”).
17 The Eleventh Circuit recently confronted a challenge to the use of the same
18 form order that the district court employed here: the November 2011 version of
19 AO 247. See United States v. Frazier, 502 F. App’x 863 (11th Cir. 2012)
14
1 (unpublished per curiam). In Frazier, the district court had denied a motion for
2 resentencing using AO 247, but, as in the instant case, only the first page was
3 included in the record on appeal. Id. at 864-65. Remand was ordered by the
4 Eleventh Circuit, and the district court then indicated that it had also completed
5 the second page of the form, but had filed it under seal. The Eleventh Circuit
6 again vacated the district court’s order. While noting that the “district court
7 recalculated the applicable guideline range,” the court concluded that it was
8 insufficient for the district court to summarily hold that “the factors in § 3553
9 weigh strongly against any reduction in [the defendant’s] 360 month sentence.”
10 Id. at 866. This was “insufficient to demonstrate that the district court properly
11 considered the § 3553(a) factors when it denied [the defendant’s] motion.” Id.
12 The district court here did not provide a sufficient explanation of its decision
13 to retain a now above-Guidelines sentence, despite twice sentencing Christie at
14 the bottom of his Guidelines range. See Burrell, 622 F.3d at 965 (vacating
15 resentencing order where defendant’s “amended sentence is at the top of his
16 amended range, but his initial sentence was near the middle of his guidelines
17 range” and noting that this lack of proportionality precludes the “presum[ption]
18 that the reasons given . . . at his initial sentencing apply with equal force to the
19 amended sentence”).
15
1 Nothing in this opinion should be taken as implying any view on the merits
2 of Christie’s application for a sentencing reduction. The government raised
3 various objections to such a reduction, which the district court was required to
4 consider. After appropriate consideration of the sentencing factors under 18
5 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the district court may well identify cogent reasons to deny the
6 request for a reduction. On the present record, however, we lack any
7 understanding of the reasoning underlying the district court’s decision, and
8 accordingly are unable to determine whether that decision was within the
9 bounds of the district court’s discretion.4
10 CONCLUSION
11 For the foregoing reasons, the order of the district court is hereby
12 VACATED and REMANDED.
4 Since Christie’s time served, as offset by any good conduct time he might have accumulated,
may add up to more than the low end of his now-applicable Guidelines range of 120-150
months, the passage of time will continue to diminish the possibility of his benefiting from a
reduced sentence within his amended range, should the district court decide that such a
reduction is appropriate. Therefore, we urge the district court to conduct the proceedings on
remand as expeditiously as possible.
16