Jose Mondragon v. Capital One Auto Finance ( 2013 )

FILED
FOR PUBLICATION NOV 27 2013
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JOSE MONDRAGON, individually and No. 13-56699
on behalf of all others similarly situated,
D.C. No. 3:13-cv-00363-H-RBB
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. OPINION
CAPITAL ONE AUTO FINANCE,
a Division of Capital One, N.A.,
Defendant - Appellant,
and
RON BAKER CHEVROLET,
a California Corporation,
Defendant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of California
Marilyn L. Huff, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted November 5, 2013
Pasadena, California
Before: GOODWIN, FISHER, and CLIFTON, Circuit Judges.
Opinion by Judge Clifton
CLIFTON, Circuit Judge:
This case presents another issue under the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005
(“CAFA”), Pub. L. No. 109-2, 119 Stat. 4. Defendant-Appellant Capital One Auto
Finance appeals the district court’s order remanding a putative class action lawsuit
to California state court under CAFA’s “local controversy” exception to federal
jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(4)(A). Plaintiff Jose Mondragon, as the party
seeking remand to state court, bears the burden of proving that the exception
applies. Plaintiff submitted no evidence regarding the disputed issue, the
citizenship of prospective class members. Nevertheless, the district court held that
Plaintiff had satisfied his burden based solely on an inference from the class
definition that the requirements for the local controversy exception were satisfied.
We disagree, vacate the remand order and remand for further proceedings.
We conclude that there must ordinarily be facts in evidence to support a
finding that two-thirds of putative class members are local state citizens, which is
one of the local controversy exception’s requirements, if that question is disputed
before the district court. A pure inference regarding the citizenship of prospective
class members may be sufficient if the class is defined as limited to citizens of the
state in question, but otherwise such a finding should not be based on guesswork.
In reaching this conclusion, we join the other circuits that have considered the
issue.
2
I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiff Jose Mondragon filed this putative class action against defendants
Capital One Auto Finance and Ron Baker Chevrolet in the San Diego County
Superior Court, alleging violations of various provisions of California state law1
related to automobile finance contract disclosures. Capital One removed the case to
the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California based on CAFA, 28
U.S.C. §§ 1332(d), 1453(b).
Through CAFA, Congress broadened federal diversity jurisdiction over class
actions by, among other things, replacing the typical requirement of complete
diversity with one of only minimal diversity, see id. § 1332(d)(2), and allowing
aggregation of class members’ claims to satisfy a minimum amount in controversy
of $5 million, see id. § 1332(d)(6). However, Congress also provided exceptions
allowing certain class actions that would otherwise satisfy CAFA’s jurisdictional
requirements to be remanded to state court. Among these is the exception
commonly referred to as the local controversy exception, set forth in 28 U.S.C.
1
The operative complaint alleged violations of the Consumers Legal
Remedies Act, Cal. Civ. Code § 1750, et seq., the Automobile Sales Finance Act,
Cal. Civ. Code § 2981, et seq., and the Unfair Competition Law, Cal. Bus. & Prof.
Code § 17200, et seq.
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§ 1332(d)(4)(A).2 One of the requirements of the local controversy exception is
that “greater than two-thirds of the members of all proposed plaintiff classes in the
aggregate are citizens of the State in which the action was originally filed.” Id.
§ 1332(d)(4)(A)(i)(I).
Shortly after the case was removed to federal court, Mondragon moved to
remand it to state court under the local controversy exception. Mondragon did not
2
In its entirety, the local controversy exception reads:
A district court shall decline to exercise jurisdiction under paragraph
(2)—
(A)
(i) over a class action in which—
(I) greater than two-thirds of the members of all proposed plaintiff
classes in the aggregate are citizens of the State in which the
action was originally filed;
(II) at least 1 defendant is a defendant—
(aa) from whom significant relief is sought by members of the
plaintiff class;
(bb) whose alleged conduct forms a significant basis for the
claims asserted by the proposed plaintiff class; and
(cc) who is a citizen of the State in which the action was
originally filed; and
(III) principal injuries resulting from the alleged conduct or any
related conduct of each defendant were incurred in the State in
which the action was originally filed; and
(ii) during the 3-year period preceding the filing of that class action,
no other class action has been filed asserting the same or similar
factual allegations against any of the defendants on behalf of the
same or other persons . . . .
28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(4).
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present any evidence of the citizenship of the putative class members. Instead, he
sought to rely entirely on his proposed class definitions, arguing that the court
should infer from those definitions that more than two-thirds of the class members
were citizens of California.
Mondragon’s putative class action complaint alleged violations of California
law against three classes, only two of which remain in the case. The Second
Amended Complaint defined the two remaining classes as:
“CLASS 1:” All persons who, in the four years prior to the filing of
this complaint, (1) purchased a vehicle from Ron Baker for personal
use to be registered in the State of California, and (2) signed a [Retail
Installment Sale Contract (RISC)] that failed to separately disclose, on
the RISC, the amounts paid for license fees and/or the amounts paid
for registration, transfer, and/or titling fees.
...
“CLASS 3:” All persons who, in the four years prior to the filing of
this complaint, (1) purchased a vehicle in California for personal use
to be registered in the State of California, (2) signed a RISC that failed
to separately disclose on the RISC the amounts paid for
registration/transfer/titling fees, and (3) whose RISC was assigned to
Capital One.
Mondragon argued that these definitions, limiting putative class members to those
consumers who purchased and registered cars in California, were sufficient to
establish that this action fell within CAFA’s local controversy exception. The
district court agreed, concluding that the “class allegations sufficiently show that at
least two-thirds of the potential class members will be California citizens. As such,
5
Plaintiff has satisfied his burden of proving that CAFA’s local controversy
exception applies.” The district court thus granted Mondragon’s motion to remand
the case to state court.
Capital One filed in this court a petition for permission to appeal the district
court’s remand order, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1453(c). This court granted the
petition for permission to appeal.3
II. DISCUSSION
We review a district court’s remand order de novo. Abrego Abrego v. Dow
Chem. Co., 443 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 2006) (per curiam).
We have previously held that the burden of proof for establishing the
applicability of an exception to CAFA jurisdiction rests on the party seeking
remand, which in this case, as in most cases, is the plaintiff. See Serrano v. 180
Connect, Inc., 478 F.3d 1018, 1024 (9th Cir. 2007). Mondragon must thus establish
that greater than two-thirds of prospective class members were citizens of
California as of the date the case became removable, which the district court
determined was January 15, 2013. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(4)(A)(i)(I) (two-thirds
requirement); id. § 1332(d)(7) (“Citizenship of the members of the proposed
3
Capital One also filed a motion for a stay of the ongoing state proceedings,
which was also granted by this court.
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plaintiff classes shall be determined for purposes of paragraphs (2) through (6) as
of the date of the filing of the complaint or amended complaint, or, if the case
stated by the initial pleading is not subject to Federal jurisdiction, as of the date of
service by plaintiffs of an amended pleading, motion, or other paper, indicating the
existence of Federal jurisdiction.”).
Mondragon argues that more than two-thirds of the members of a class
defined to be limited to persons who “purchased a vehicle in California for
personal use to be registered in the State of California” will necessarily be
California citizens. Mondragon presented no evidence to the district court to
support that proposition, however, even after Capital One challenged it.
Where facts are in dispute, the statute requires district courts to make factual
findings before granting a motion to remand a matter to state court. The statute in
question provides that a case shall be remanded if, among other things, greater than
two-thirds of the prospective class members are citizens of the state where the
action was filed. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(4)(A)(i)(I). The statute does not say that
remand can be based simply on a plaintiff’s allegations, when they are challenged
by the defendant. Cf. Coleman v. Estes Express Lines, Inc., 631 F.3d 1010, 1015
(9th Cir. 2011) (holding that a court may look beyond the allegations of the
complaint when deciding a defendant’s citizenship under
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§ 1332(d)(4)(A)(i)(II)(cc)). A district court makes factual findings regarding
jurisdiction under a preponderance of the evidence standard. See, e.g., Valdez v.
Allstate Ins. Co., 372 F.3d 1115, 1117 (9th Cir. 2004). A complete lack of evidence
does not satisfy this standard.
Joining the other three circuits that have considered the issue, we conclude
that there must ordinarily be at least some facts in evidence from which the district
court may make findings regarding class members’ citizenship for purposes of
CAFA’s local controversy exception. See In re Sprint Nextel Corp., 593 F.3d 669,
673–76 (7th Cir. 2010); Preston v. Tenet Healthsystem Mem’l Med. Ctr., Inc., 485
F.3d 793, 798–802 (5th Cir. 2007); Evans v. Walter Indus., Inc., 449 F.3d 1159,
1165–66 (11th Cir. 2006). By failing to produce any evidence regarding citizenship
in the face of Capital One’s challenge to his jurisdictional allegations, Mondragon
has failed to satisfy his burden of proof.
As recognized by the other circuits, a burden of proof usually requires the
party bearing the burden to present evidence upon which the district court may rely
to find that the party has met its burden. Mondragon’s arguments for allowing a
district court to make the required factual finding where no evidence has been
presented are unpersuasive. As the Seventh Circuit noted, such freewheeling
discretion amounts to no more than “guesswork. Sensible guesswork, based on a
8
sense of how the world works, but guesswork nonetheless.” Sprint, 593 F.3d at
674. A jurisdictional finding of fact should be based on more than guesswork.
We acknowledge that our holding may result in some degree of inefficiency
by requiring evidentiary proof of propositions that appear likely on their face. The
inference drawn by the district court in this case was understandable. It is likely
that most of the prospective class members—we would guess more than two-thirds
of them—were California citizens at the time the lawsuit was filed. But it is also
likely that some of them were not. We imagine that some automobiles were
purchased and registered in California by members of the military, by out-of-state
students, by owners of second homes, by other temporary residents who
maintained legal citizenship in other states, and by persons who live in California
but are not U.S. citizens. That a purchaser may have a residential address in
California does not mean that person is a citizen of California. See, e.g., Kanter v.
Warner-Lambert Co., 265 F.3d 853, 857 (9th Cir. 2001). In addition, the proposed
class reaches back to cover purchases made as long as four years before the filing
of the complaint, which could mean five years or more prior to the date on which
the case became removable, and we imagine that at least some purchasers who
were California citizens at the time of purchase subsequently moved to other states,
such that they were not California citizens as of January 15, 2013. There is simply
9
no evidence in the record to support a finding that the group of citizens outnumbers
the group of non-citizens by more than two to one.
The Seventh Circuit acknowledged a similar circumstance in Sprint. In that
case, it was probably even more likely that the proposed class consisted
overwhelmingly of Kansas citizens, for the class as defined included only people
who had a Kansas cell phone number, a Kansas billing address, and paid a Kansas
fee. 593 F.3d at 671. Nonetheless, the court vacated a remand order and sent that
case back to the district court for further proceedings because the plaintiffs had not
submitted any evidence of citizenship. Id. at 673, 676.4
Similarly, in this case, we suspect that, if he decides to expend the effort,
Mondragon will be able to gather and submit evidence to support his contention
that more than two-thirds of prospective class members were citizens of California
at the time the case became removable, thereby justifying a remand to state court
and landing the case back in the same place it was before this appeal. Any such
inefficiency is largely of the parties’ own making, though. Mondragon could have
4
The subsequent history of the case illustrated the inefficiency of the
holding. After jurisdictional discovery (including surveys of the class and expert
testimony) that lasted almost one year, the district court again remanded the case to
state court. See In re Text Messaging Antitrust Litig., Nos. 08 C 7082, 09 C 2192,
2011 WL 305385, at *3 (N.D. Ill. Jan. 21, 2011).
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limited the class by defining it to consist only of California citizens,5 or he could
have proceeded in federal court once Capital One chose to remove the case.
Likewise, Capital One could have allowed the case to proceed in state court
initially or once the district court had entered its remand order. Instead, both parties
chose to assert their rights to the utmost, and that is their prerogative.
Perhaps recognizing that Mondragon will probably be able to prove that this
class action is subject to remand under the local controversy exception, Capital
One argues that we should remand the case to the district court with instructions to
deny the motion to remand, requiring the case to continue in federal court without
giving Mondragon another opportunity to establish the facts that would require
remand. Capital One contends that we should preclude Mondragon from what it
calls “another bite at the apple” because of the inefficiency and delay that will
result from permitting the district court to revisit the issue. But that inefficiency
and delay is at least equally attributable to Capital One for insisting that
Mondragon affirmatively prove with evidence a proposition that seems likely to be
true. Moreover, at the time that Mondragon presented its motion to remand to the
5
The Seventh Circuit suggested that the class in Sprint could be defined as
limited to Kansas citizens. 593 F.3d at 676. Capital One argues that this alternative
was available to Mondragon, accepting that it would be appropriate to remand an
action with a class so defined to state court even without additional evidence as to
the citizenship of prospective class members. We agree.
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district court, there was no guidance from this court on the relevant issue, and there
were district court rulings that supported Mondragon’s position. We instruct the
district court to allow Mondragon an opportunity, if he chooses to do so, to renew
his motion to remand and to take jurisdictional discovery tailored to proving that
more than two-thirds of the putative class are citizens of California.
As a final note, we observe that a party with the burden of proving
citizenship may rely on the presumption of continuing domicile, which provides
that, once established, a person’s state of domicile continues unless rebutted with
sufficient evidence of change. This presumption has been widely accepted,
including by this circuit. See Lew v. Moss, 797 F.2d 747, 751 (9th Cir. 1986); see
also, e.g., Anderson v. Watts, 138 U.S.694, 706 (1891); Hollinger v. Home State
Mut. Ins. Co., 654 F.3d 564, 571 (5th Cir. 2011) (per curiam); 13E Charles Alan
Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 3612 & nn. 32–33
(3d ed. 2013). In addition, numerous courts treat a person’s residence as prima
facie evidence of the person’s domicile. See, e.g., Anderson, 138 U.S. at 706 (“The
place where a person lives is taken to be his domicile until facts adduced establish
the contrary . . . .”); Hollinger, 654 F.3d at 571 (“Evidence of a person’s place of
residence . . . is prima facie proof of his domicile.”); 13E Wright & Miller, supra,
§ 3612 & n.28 (“It is assumed . . . that a person’s current residence is also his
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domicile . . . .”). It does not appear that this circuit has yet adopted this
presumption. Because the issue is not squarely presented by this appeal, we decline
to reach that issue here.
The burden of proof placed upon a plaintiff should not be exceptionally
difficult to bear. We do not think, as the Seventh Circuit suggested, that evidence
of residency can never establish citizenship. We agree with the observation of the
Fifth Circuit that a court should consider “the entire record” to determine whether
evidence of residency can properly establish citizenship. Preston, 485 F.3d at 800.
Factual findings made by a district court after considering the entire record will be,
as usual, subject to clear error review. See, e.g., Chapman v. Deutsche Bank Nat’l
Trust Co., 651 F.3d 1039, 1043 (9th Cir. 2011) (per curiam). As a general
proposition, district courts are permitted to make reasonable inferences from facts
in evidence, and that is true in applying the local controversy exception under
CAFA, as well. And, even under CAFA, the jurisdictional allegations in the
complaint can be taken as a sufficient basis, on their own, to resolve questions of
jurisdiction where no party challenges the allegations. See, e.g., Uston v. Grand
Resorts, Inc., 564 F.2d 1217, 1218 (9th Cir. 1977) (per curiam).
III. CONCLUSION
13
We vacate the district court’s remand order and remand the case with
instructions to allow Mondragon an opportunity, if he so chooses, to renew his
motion to remand and to gather evidence to prove that more than two-thirds of
putative class members are citizens of California.
VACATED and REMANDED.
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COUNSEL
Hunter R. Eley (argued), William H. Edmonson, and Johari N. Townes, Doll Amir
& Eley LLP, Los Angeles, California; David N. Anthony, Alan D. Wingfield, and
Nicholas R. Klaiber, Troutman Sanders LLP, Richmond, Virginia, for Defendant-
Appellant.
Christopher P. Barry (argued) and Lacee B. Smith, Rosner, Barry & Babbitt, LLP,
San Diego, California, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
15