Bennett v. Admr., Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation ( 2012 )

[Cite as Bennett v. Admr., Ohio Bur. of Workers’ Comp, 134 Ohio St. 3d 329, 2012-Ohio-5639.]
BENNETT, APPELLANT, v. ADMR., OHIO BUREAU OF WORKERS’
COMPENSATION ET AL., APPELLEES.
[Cite as Bennett v. Admr., Ohio Bur. of Workers’ Comp., 134 Ohio St. 3d 329,
2012-Ohio-5639.]
Workers’ Compensation—Scope of R.C. 4123.512 trial—De novo nature of trial
pursuant to R.C. 4123.512 requires claimant to address all elements of a
claimant’s right to participate in the workers’ compensation fund—
Judgment affirmed.
(No. 2011-0902—Submitted April 4, 2012—Decided December 5, 2012.)
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Lucas County,
No. L-10-1185, 2011-Ohio-1264.
________________
CUPP, J.
{¶ 1} This appeal presents issues regarding the scope of a workers’
compensation appeal in common pleas court pursuant to R.C. 4123.512.
Specifically, we must resolve whether in that proceeding to determine a
claimant’s right to participate in the workers’ compensation fund, the court is
limited to considering those issues that were specifically determined by the
Industrial Commission below, or whether the de novo nature of the proceeding
obligates the claimant to present and the court to consider all the evidence
necessary for determining the claimant’s right to participate.
{¶ 2} For the reasons that follow, we hold that the de novo nature of an
R.C. 4123.512 appeal proceeding puts at issue all elements of a claimant’s right to
participate in the workers’ compensation fund. We accordingly affirm the
judgment of the court of appeals.
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO
I. Facts and Procedural History
{¶ 3} On February 28, 2006, appellant, Mark A. Bennett, was involved in
an automobile accident while en route to the central office of his employer,
Goodremont’s, Inc., in Toledo. About a month later, Bennett filed a claim with
the Bureau of Workers’ Compensation (“BWC”) for injuries to his head, neck,
and back that he claimed to have suffered in the accident, along with his statement
that he had been treated for a concussion and multiple disk herniation.1 Bennett
claimed that his main office was in his home and that therefore, he was on
company business when he was injured en route to his employer’s office.
Goodremont’s denied certification of the claim, asserting that the accident
occurred while Bennett was commuting to work, and therefore, “his workday had
not yet begun.”
{¶ 4} The BWC issued an initial order disallowing the claim, stating, “The
employee did not sustain an injury in the course of and arising out of
employment. The employee was going to or coming from work.” Upon
Bennett’s administrative appeal of that order, a district hearing officer for the
Industrial Commission held a hearing and affirmed the order of the BWC
disallowing the claim. Bennett appealed that order also, but a staff hearing officer
for the Industrial Commission upheld the disallowance of the claim. Under R.C.
4123.511(E), the Industrial Commission declined to hear Bennett’s further appeal.
Its order informed Bennett of the opportunity to appeal to the common pleas court
pursuant to R.C. 4123.512, adding that decisions as to the extent of disability are
not appealable.
1. Bennett has filed in this court a supplement to his merit brief that contains several documents
pertaining to the proceedings before the BWC and the Industrial Commission, including filed
forms and administrative decisions. Many of the items in the supplement are not contained in the
trial court record and normally would not be considered by this court for that reason. See
S.Ct.Prac.R. 7.1(A) (a supplement is to contain portions of the “record”). However, the brief of
the administrator of the BWC accepts the validity of these documents, and we therefore recognize
their authenticity.
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{¶ 5} Bennett then filed an R.C. 4123.512 petition in the Lucas County
Court of Common Pleas, seeking a determination of his right to participate in the
workers’ compensation fund. Goodremont’s and the administrator of the BWC
filed separate motions for summary judgment, both asserting that Bennett’s
participation in the fund was foreclosed by the “coming-and-going rule” and that
any injuries Bennett suffered while commuting to the office did not occur “in the
course of, and arising out of,” his employment pursuant to R.C. 4123.01(C). See
Ruckman v. Cubby Drilling, Inc., 81 Ohio St. 3d 117, 119, 689 N.E.2d 917 (1998),
paragraph one of the syllabus. The trial court accepted those arguments and
granted the motions for summary judgment, determining that the coming-and-
going rule barred Bennett’s participation in the workers’ compensation fund.
{¶ 6} Bennett appealed that ruling to the Sixth District Court of Appeals.
The appellate court concluded that summary judgment was inappropriate, because
viewed in a light most favorable to Bennett, the facts could support Bennett’s
claim that he had no fixed place of work and therefore had not been commuting
on the day of the accident. The court reversed and remanded to the trial court for
further proceedings. Bennett v. Goodremont’s, Inc., 6th Dist. No. L-08-1193,
2009-Ohio-2920, ¶ 20.
{¶ 7} Upon remand, the trial court held a bench trial, at which the BWC
administrator asserted in his opening statement that Bennett had to show both an
injury proximately caused by the accident and that he had been on company
business at the time of the injury. But Bennett presented his case only on his
contention that his workers’ compensation claim was not barred by the coming-
and-going rule. The BWC administrator then immediately moved for a directed
verdict, arguing that because Bennett had failed to provide any evidence of a
compensable medical condition or injury and failed to establish through expert
medical evidence a causal connection between the accident and the injury,
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Bennett had not sustained his burden to establish every element of his workers’
compensation claim.
{¶ 8} Bennett opposed the motion by arguing that the nature of the injuries
was not ripe for litigation and that the sole question before the court was whether
the injury occurred in the course of Bennett’s employment. The trial court took
the directed-verdict motion under advisement. The administrator then presented
evidence that Bennett had been commuting to work when the accident occurred
and therefore could not participate in the workers’ compensation fund. At the
close of trial, the court ordered briefing on the issue of the scope of its review in
the R.C. 4123.512 appeal.
{¶ 9} The trial court later granted the administrator’s motion for a directed
verdict. The trial court first concluded that Bennett had not been commuting at
the time of the accident and therefore he was not precluded from participating in
the workers’ compensation fund. But the court then held, “Bennett did not
present medical evidence to establish a compensable injury nor a causal
relationship between such an injury and his accident” and so he “failed to
establish he is entitled to participate in the workers’ compensation fund.”
{¶ 10} The Sixth District Court of Appeals affirmed. Bennett v.
Goodremont’s, Inc., 6th Dist. No. L-10-1185, 2011-Ohio-1264, ¶ 1. That court
first reviewed precedent establishing that (1) a trial court in an R.C. 4123.512
appeal from the Industrial Commission’s denial of a workers’ compensation claim
has a duty to determine the claimant’s right to participate in the workers’
compensation fund in a trial de novo, citing Ward v. Kroger Co., 106 Ohio St. 3d
35, 2005-Ohio-3560, 830 N.E.2d 1155, ¶ 8-9, (2) a trial court has no discretion to
remand the case to the Industrial Commission because “de novo” by definition
precludes remand, (3) a trial court’s decision pursuant to R.C. 4123.512 is based
on the evidence presented to the court, not the evidence that was presented to the
Industrial Commission, and (4) the claimant’s right to participate in the fund is
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predicated on showing by a preponderance of the evidence both that the injury
arose out of and in the course of employment and that a causal relationship
existed between the injury and the harm or disability. Id. at ¶ 11-12.
{¶ 11} The appellate court then applied that precedent to reject Bennett’s
claim that the trial court erred in placing the burden on him to establish any
injury-relatedness or causation in his R.C. 4123.512 appeal because those issues
were not considered in the administrative rulings. The court accordingly rejected
Bennett’s accompanying contention that the court should have remanded the
cause to the Industrial Commission after ruling that the accident occurred in the
course of his employment. The appellate court reiterated that a de novo
proceeding precludes remand and held that Bennett’s failure to establish a causal
relationship between the accident and the claimed injury justified the trial court’s
grant of the administrator’s directed-verdict motion. Id. at ¶ 13-14.
{¶ 12} Bennett’s alternative argument, that he did present and/or the court
could infer sufficient evidence of injury and its causation to create a question of
fact on the issues was also rejected by the appellate court. Id. at ¶ 20. It held that
Bennett had “failed to claim a specific injury for which he was seeking a right to
participate in the fund, or provide any expert medical testimony showing a
proximate causal relationship between any alleged injuries and his automobile
accident.” Id. at ¶ 21.
{¶ 13} We accepted Bennett’s appeal under our discretionary jurisdiction
for review of a single proposition of law. Bennett v. Goodremont’s, Inc., 129
Ohio St. 3d 1487, 2011-Ohio-5129, 954 N.E.2d 661. That proposition asserts,
“The only issue(s) to be considered in an R.C. 4123.512 appeal are those which
were determined in the administrative order appealed.”
II. Analysis
{¶ 14} Under Civ.R. 50(A)(4), a motion for a directed verdict should be
granted if “the trial court, after construing the evidence most strongly in favor of
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the party against whom the motion is directed, finds that upon any determinative
issue reasonable minds could come to but one conclusion upon the evidence
submitted and that conclusion is adverse to such party.” Because a motion for a
directed verdict presents a question of law, appellate review of a trial court’s
decision on the motion is de novo. White v. Leimbach, 131 Ohio St. 3d 21, 2011-
Ohio-6238, 959 N.E.2d 1033, ¶ 22; Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Aetna Cas. &
Sur. Co., 95 Ohio St. 3d 512, 2002-Ohio-2842, 769 N.E.2d 835, ¶ 4.
{¶ 15} Bennett’s essential argument is that the trial and appellate courts
erred in their view of the scope of his R.C. 4123.512 appeal and that once the trial
court determined that the accident occurred in the course of his employment, it
should have remanded the case for further administrative proceedings. Bennett
asserts that the trial court should not have placed an obligation on him to also
establish any injury-related and causation aspects of his claim because the
previous administrative consideration went solely to what he refers to as the basic
“validity” of his claim and therefore did not address the “injury” aspects in any
way.
{¶ 16} Bennett’s arguments in this regard, however, fail to take into
account the unique features of an R.C. 4123.512 appeal that differentiate it from
other types of administrative appeals, and they ignore the extensive body of
authoritative case law on the scope of an R.C. 4123.512 appeal that the lower
courts here correctly applied.
{¶ 17} The starting points for our analysis are the long-established
principles that an R.C. 4123.512 appeal is de novo, in which a claimant bears the
burden of proving his or her right to participate in the workers’ compensation
fund regardless of an Industrial Commission decision. R.C. 4123.512(D), the
controlling law, provides: “The court * * * shall determine the right of the
claimant to participate in the fund upon the evidence adduced at the hearing of the
action.” See also Benton v. Hamilton Cty. Educational Serv. Ctr., 123 Ohio St. 3d
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347, 2009-Ohio-4969, 916 N.E.2d 778, ¶ 14 (“appeal under R.C. 4123.512(D)
involves a de novo review in which the claimant has the burden of proof” as to
whether a claimant can participate in the fund); Fowee v. Wesley Hall, Inc., 108
Ohio St. 3d 533, 2006-Ohio-1712, 844 N.E.2d 1193, ¶ 22 (in an R.C. 4123.512
appeal, “[o]ur opinions have consistently held” that a claimant “continues to carry
the burden of initially filing the petition and proving her cause of action in what is
essentially a trial de novo”); Afrates v. Lorain, 63 Ohio St. 3d 22, 26, 584 N.E.2d
1175 (1992) (recognizing that appeals pursuant to former R.C. 4123.519 (now
4123.512)2 are “subject to de novo review” while holding that the only decisions
reviewable pursuant to the statute “are those decisions involving a claimant’s
right to participate or to continue to participate in the fund”); Youghiogheny &
Ohio Coal Co. v. Mayfield, 11 Ohio St.3d. 70, 71, 464 N.E.2d 133 (1984) (“The
appeal authorized by [former] R.C. 4123.519 [now 4123.512] is unique in that it
is considered a trial de novo”).
{¶ 18} Furthermore, to establish the right to participate in the fund, a
claimant has always had to show by a preponderance of the evidence both that the
injury arose out of and in the course of employment and that a proximate causal
relationship existed between the injury and the harm or disability. White Motor
Corp. v. Moore, 48 Ohio St. 2d 156, 357 N.E.2d 1069 (1976), paragraph one of the
syllabus; Oswald v. Connor, 16 Ohio St. 3d 38, 41-42, 476 N.E.2d 658 (1985).
See Fox v. Indus. Comm., 162 Ohio St. 569, 125 N.E.2d 1 (1955), paragraph one
of the syllabus.
2. Former R.C. 4123.519 was amended and renumbered as R.C. 4123.512, effective October 20,
1993. Am.Sub.H.B. No. 107, 145 Ohio Laws, Part II, 2990, 3153-3156. For purposes here, the
relevant statutory provisions are essentially the same.
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{¶ 19} In Robinson v. B.O.C. Group, Gen. Motors Corp., 81 Ohio St. 3d
361, 368, 691 N.E.2d 667 (1998),3 this court explained that an R.C. 4123.512
appeal “necessitates a new trial, without reference to the administrative claim file
or consideration of the results of the administrative hearings” and “is not a record
review or an error proceeding.” Rather, pursuant to the key final sentence of R.C.
4123.512(D), “[t]he court, or the jury under the instructions of the court, if a jury
is demanded, shall determine the right of the claimant to participate or to continue
to participate in the fund upon the evidence adduced at the hearing of the action.”
{¶ 20} As especially significant to our inquiry, Robinson fully endorsed
the following reasoning from Marcum v. Barry, 76 Ohio App. 3d 536, 539-540,
602 N.E.2d 419 (10th Dist.1991), calling that analysis “particularly poignant”:
“Although labeled an appeal and commenced initially by
the filing of a notice of appeal, the action in the common pleas
court under R.C. 4123.519 [now 4123.512] seeking a
redetermination of a decision of the Industrial Commission is not
a traditional error proceeding[ ] * * *. R.C. 4123.519 [now
4123.512] contemplates not only a full and complete de novo
determination of both facts and law but also contemplates that
such determination shall be predicated not upon the evidence
3. The syllabus of Robinson held, “When an employer has appealed a decision of the Industrial
Commission to a court of common pleas under R.C. 4123.512, the court of common pleas may
subsequently grant a motion to voluntarily dismiss the employer’s complaint without prejudice
under Civ.R. 41(A)(2).” This holding, along with the holding in Kaiser v. Ameritemps, Inc., 84
Ohio St. 3d 411, 704 N.E.2d 1212 (1999), regarding a claimant’s ability to voluntarily dismiss an
employer’s R.C. 4123.512 appeal pursuant to Civ.R. 41(A)(1)(a), has since been superseded by
statute. See Thorton v. Montville Plastics & Rubber, Inc., 121 Ohio St. 3d 124, 2009-Ohio-360,
902 N.E.2d 482, ¶ 5 (R.C. 4123.512(D), as amended in 2006, now requires that in an employer
appeal under R.C. 4123.512, “the claimant may not dismiss the complaint without the employer’s
consent”). This provision does not apply to claims that arose before August 25, 2006, the
effective date of the amendment. Id. at ¶ 20. Discussion in Robinson regarding the nature of an
R.C. 4123.512 appeal is not affected by this statutory amendment.
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adduced before the Industrial Commission but, instead, upon
evidence adduced before the common pleas court as in any civil
action, which may involve a jury trial if demanded. The
proceedings are de novo both in the sense of receipt of evidence
and determination. The common pleas court, or the jury if it be
the factual determiner, makes the determination de novo without
consideration of, and without deference to, the decision of the
Industrial Commission. R.C. 4123.519 [now 4123.512]
contemplates a full de novo hearing and determination. * * *
“* * * With respect to an R.C. 4123.519 [now 4123.512]
appeal, there are no words such as ‘review, affirm, modify, or
reverse’ as are contained in R.C. 2505.02, nor even the word
‘affirm’ or the words ‘reverse, vacate, or modify’ as set forth in
R.C. 119.12 with respect to administrative appeals generally.
Rather, the express language of R.C. 4123.519 is that contained in
division (C) [now section (D) of R.C. 4123.512] that the court or
jury shall ‘determine the right of the claimant to participate or to
continue to participate in the fund upon the evidence adduced at
the hearing of the action.’ (Emphasis added.)” (Citations
omitted.)
Robinson, 81 Ohio St. 3d at 368, 691 N.E.2d 667.
{¶ 21} The specific issue before the Tenth District in Marcum was
whether the entire case in an R.C. 4123.519 (now 4123.512) proceeding “is before
the court of common pleas de novo so that all factual and legal issues are to be
resolved by that court” or whether the appeal is an error proceeding in which the
common pleas court, if it determines that a legal error is present, may remand the
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matter to the Industrial Commission. Id., 76 Ohio App.3d at 537, 602 N.E.2d
419.
{¶ 22} After setting forth the analysis quoted above in Robinson, the court
in Marcum further concluded that the full and complete de novo nature of the
appeal precludes a remand to the Industrial Commission in this situation:
[A] court of common pleas in an appeal from a decision of the
Industrial Commission has no power to remand the cause to the
Industrial Commission for further proceedings—the equivalent of a
new trial before the Industrial Commission. Nor is such power
somehow conferred because the Industrial Commission applied the
wrong rule of law in determining the matter upon its facts. There is
a mandatory duty upon a court of common pleas to proceed to a
final determination of the appealed issues, especially the right to
participate in the Workers’ Compensation Fund upon the law and
the evidence adduced before that court. Such duty cannot be
avoided by remand to the Industrial Commission.
Id. at 540-541.
{¶ 23} Other appellate courts have consistently held that a remand to the
Industrial Commission is not an option generally available to the trial court in an
R.C. 4123.512 appeal concerning a claimant’s right to participate in the fund.
See, e.g., Green v. B.F. Goodrich Co., 85 Ohio App. 3d 223, 226, 619 N.E.2d 497
(9th Dist.1993) (“the duty imposed upon the court by R.C. 4123.519(C) [now
4123.512(D)] is mandatory. By [the statute’s] use of the word ‘shall’ the court is
given no discretion to remand the case to the Industrial Commission for further
proceedings, but must determine the claimant’s right to participate in the fund”);
Aldridge v. LTV Steel Co., 5th Dist. No. 95-CA-0158, 1996 WL 74697, *1 (Jan.
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29, 1996) (R.C. 4123.512 “does not authorize a court to remand an action back to
the commission”); Wagner v. Fulton Industries, Inc., 116 Ohio App. 3d 51, 54,
686 N.E.2d 559 (6th Dist.1997) (once an appeal from the Industrial Commission
is taken pursuant to R.C. 4123.512, it is the trial court’s “mandatory responsibility
to determine whether the claimant has a right to participate in the State Insurance
Fund and the court has no discretion to remand the case to the commission”). See
also Broyles v. Conrad, 2d Dist No. 20670, 2005-Ohio-2233, ¶ 15 (because R.C.
4123.512 prohibits remand to the Industrial Commission when the Industrial
Commission made no determination on the merits of the claim, the trial court
must determine the claim’s merits, except as to the extent of disability, in the de
novo trial required by R.C. 4123.512; if the court finds in favor of the claimant’s
right to participate, only then does the case return to the Industrial Commission
for an administrative determination of the extent of the claimant’s disability).
{¶ 24} Several treatises on Ohio law have recognized the force of these
precedents. See 1 Philip Fulton, Ohio Workers’ Compensation Law, Section 12.6
(Rev.Ed.2012) (extensively quoting the decision in Marcum and describing it as
“an informative and extensive discussion concerning the status of [a] de novo
trial” to explain Marcum’s holding “that the court of common pleas had no power
to remand for a claim to produce the equivalent of a new trial before the Industrial
Commission despite the Industrial Commission’s application of the wrong rule of
law in determining the matter upon its facts”); Jo Ann F. Wasil and Mark E.
Mastrangelo, Baldwin’s Ohio Workers’ Compensation Law, Section 14:118
(2009) (citing Marcum and other precedent in recognizing that as a general rule, a
common pleas court in an R.C. 4123.512 appeal “has no power to remand a cause
to the Commission for further proceedings”).
{¶ 25} Bennett bases much of his argument on Ward, 106 Ohio St. 3d 35,
2005-Ohio-3560, 830 N.E.2d 1155. In Ward, we considered whether “the scope
of an R.C. 4123.512 appeal is limited to the medical conditions addressed in the
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order from which the appeal is taken.” Id. at ¶ 6. We resolved that issue by
holding that a “claimant in an R.C. 4123.512 appeal may seek to participate in the
Workers’ Compensation Fund only for those conditions that were addressed in the
administrative order from which the appeal is taken.” Id. at syllabus.
{¶ 26} Ward involved a discrete situation in which a specific medical
condition was administratively considered and the claimant then attempted to add
new conditions in his R.C. 4123.512 appeal. See id. at ¶ 1-3. The instant case
does not involve that situation and is fundamentally distinguishable.
{¶ 27} Ward, which specifically recognized that “an R.C. 4123.512 appeal
is a de novo determination of fact, and law,” id. at ¶ 7, see also id. at ¶ 8, does not
call into question the extensive authorities relied on by the trial court and the court
of appeals here. As the appellate court in this case stated when it denied
Bennett’s motion for reconsideration and rejected his arguments based on Ward:
“Ward pertained to alleging new medical conditions. Such was not the scenario
involved in the instant case. In addition, Ward reflects that a claimant must state
a specific medical injury or condition as the basis of seeking compensation from
the fund. The record clearly reflects that appellant failed to do so.”
{¶ 28} If Bennett had prevailed at some level in the administrative
proceedings on the question of his accident’s occurring in the course of his
employment, in order to establish his right to participate in the fund, he would
have been required to administratively prove the injury-related and causation
aspects of his claim at whatever stage in the administrative proceedings he
received a ruling in his favor on the course-of-employment question. See Starkey
v. Builders FirstSource Ohio Valley, L.L.C., 130 Ohio St. 3d 114, 2011-Ohio-
3278, 956 N.E.2d 267, ¶ 15 (claimants “must submit a medical diagnosis of an
injury at the administrative level to prevail” and must “establish a causal
connection between the documented physical harm and the industrial injury for it
to be compensable”). R.C. 4123.512, with the requirement that a trial court
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conduct a de novo consideration upon the evidence presented at the hearing
before it in order to determine a claimant’s right to participate in the fund,
supports the conclusion that a claimant continues to bear the obligation to
establish all aspects of the right to participate through the appeal to common pleas
court. A trial court’s consideration in an R.C. 4123.512 appeal does not involve
weighing evidence regarding the extent of a claimant’s disability. Instead, the
right to participate is a separate matter that the claimant must establish in the de
novo proceeding conducted under R.C. 4123.512.
{¶ 29} Bennett’s arguments are based to a considerable degree on the
contention that an R.C. 4123.512 appeal is similar to administrative appeals in
other contexts taken pursuant to different statutory authority. However, these
arguments are conclusively rebutted by a comparison of the provisions of R.C.
4123.512 to the provisions of a typical administrative-appeal statute such as R.C.
119.12, as explained in Marcum in the analysis adopted by this court in Robinson.
See Robinson, 81 Ohio St. 3d at 368, 691 N.E.2d 667, quoting Marcum, 76 Ohio
App.3d at 539, 602 N.E.2d 419 (words such as “ ‘affirm, * * * reverse, vacate, or
modify,’ ” which appear in R.C. 119.12, are absent from R.C. 4123.512).
{¶ 30} An R.C. 4123.512 appeal is by no means a “typical” administrative
appeal, but is a distinctive appeal with unique characteristics. The legal analysis
employed by the court of appeals in this case was in accord with the provisions of
R.C. 4123.512 and with the relevant precedent, which properly delineates the
scope of an R.C. 4123.512 appeal. The lower courts correctly determined that a
remand for additional administrative proceedings upon the trial court’s conclusion
that the coming-and-going rule did not bar participation in the fund was not an
option under the controlling law. The fundamentals of the de novo appeal under
R.C. 4123.512 required Bennett to establish his right to participate in the fund,
including the injury-related and causation aspects of his claim relevant to that
question, in the common pleas court.
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III. Conclusion
{¶ 31} For all the above reasons, we determine that the trial court and
court of appeals were correct in their analysis of the specifics of a claimant’s
burden in an R.C. 4123.512 appeal proceeding. We affirm the judgment of the
court of appeals.
Judgment affirmed.
O’CONNOR, C.J., and O’DONNELL, FISCHER, and MCGEE BROWN, JJ.,
concur.
LANZINGER, J., not participating.
PFEIFER and LUNDBERG STRATTON, JJ., dissent.
PATRICK F. FISCHER, J., of the First Appellate District, sitting for
LANZINGER, J.
__________________
PFEIFER, J., dissenting.
{¶ 32} This case had been fought for years through every level of the
worker’s compensation system, through the trial court on appeal, to the court of
appeals, and back to the trial court over one issue: whether appellant, Mark
Bennett, was in the course of his employment when his car was rear-ended and he
was injured on his way to his employer’s place of business. At every level, this
case had been about the “coming-and-going rule” and its application to Bennett.
It had been about that rule to such an extent that Bennett’s employer and the
Industrial Commission had never disputed that Bennett was, in fact, injured in the
car accident.
{¶ 33} Finally, more than four years after Bennett’s accident, the factual
issue of whether the accident occurred when Bennett was working—or was
merely on his way to work—was to be settled by the trial judge. But then came a
“Gotcha” moment: after Bennett presented his evidence, counsel for appellee
administrator, Bureau of Workers’ Compensation (“BWC”) moved for a directed
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verdict. He argued that Bennett had not proven an injury or that the accident was
a direct and proximate cause of his injury. What had never been an issue
suddenly became the deciding issue in the case. The trial court did not rule on the
motion immediately, but after posttrial briefing, ruled in the favor of the
administrator.
{¶ 34} I would hold that the issue of Bennett’s injury was conceded by his
employer and the administrator, and based upon the trial court’s holding that
Bennett was indeed injured in the course of his employment, I would order this
case back to the BWC for a determination of the extent of Bennett’s injury.
{¶ 35} From the beginning and throughout this entire case, Bennett’s
injury has been conceded. In its answer to Bennett’s petition/complaint,
Goodremont’s admitted that Bennett had been injured in the accident at issue.
Paragraph four of Bennett’s complaint reads: “As a result of the collision, Mr.
Bennett suffered bodily injuries, required and requires medical treatment, has had
a loss of income and has been disabled.”
{¶ 36} The answer of Goodremont’s reads at paragraph four:
“Goodremont’s states that Mr. Bennett was injured on February 28, 2006, but
otherwise denies the allegations in paragraph 4 of the Complaint for want of
knowledge sufficient to form a belief as to the truth thereof.” (Emphasis added.)
{¶ 37} In a motion for summary judgment filed on July 20, 2007, the
appellees admitted that Bennett had been injured. Whether Bennett was injured
played no part at all in their motion for summary judgment. And they made a
statement that would be repeated over and over again throughout the life of the
case, acknowledging Bennett’s injury:
{¶ 38} “At approximately 7:42 a.m. on February 28, 2006, Bennett was
injured when his vehicle was rear-ended by another driver while Bennett was
stopped at an on-ramp yield sign off of Central Ave. waiting to enter the on-ramp
to Northbound I-475.”
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{¶ 39} On September 12, 2007, appellees made a further admission of
Bennett’s injury. In a motion in limine (attached as an appendix), the appellees
requested the trial court to “exclude the admission and presentation of any
evidence, including witness testimony and any and all documents, at trial * * *
concerning the extent of Plaintiff’s injuries and the cost of related medical
services resulting from the motor vehicle accident in which Plaintiff, Mark
Bennett * * * was involved on February 28, 2006 on the grounds that such
evidence is irrelevant to the sole issue in this case—whether Plaintiff is entitled to
participate in the Ohio Workers’ Compensation Fund, such evidence is barred by
the Civil Rules, and such evidence would be needlessly time-consuming at trial.”
{¶ 40} The appellees framed the issue as solely about the “coming and
going” rule. “[T]he extent of Bennett’s injuries is not at issue in this case * * *.
Therefore, [those witnesses] cannot possibly have any relevant information
concerning the purely legal issue in this case—whether the motor vehicle accident
at issue * * * occurred in the course of and arose from Bennett’s employment at
Goodremont’s.”
{¶ 41} The appellees also made a familiar admission in that motion: “On
February 28, 2006, Bennett was involved in a motor vehicle accident while
driving his personal vehicle on his way from his home to Goodremont’s Toledo
office for a customer demonstration scheduled to take place that morning. (Mark
Bennett Deposition Transcript, filed in this case on July 18, 2007, pp. 20-21.)
Bennett was injured at 7:42 a.m. on February 28, 2006, when his vehicle was rear-
ended by another driver while Bennett was stopped at an on-ramp yield sign off of
Central Ave. waiting to enter the on-ramp to Northbound I-475. (id. pp. 19-20).”
{¶ 42} The appellees wrote that Bennett had already provided evidence of
his injuries: “Bennett’s responses to discovery requests served by undersigned
counsel for Goodremont’s, Inc. and by undersigned counsel for the Administrator
of the BWC included detailed information and medical records concerning the
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extent of Bennett’s injuries and the cost of related medical services allegedly
resulting from those injuries.”
{¶ 43} The appellees asked for other documents and witnesses to be
excluded: “Therefore, because medical records, medical expenses incurred, and
the testimony of Bennett’s relatives and former co-workers at a previous job are
not relevant to the sole issue before this Court, all such testimony and documents
should be excluded from trial under Ohio Rule of Evidence 402 [relevant
evidence is generally admissible].” Does not requesting a ban on evidence of the
extent of the injury constitute an admission that there is, in fact, an injury?
{¶ 44} The trial court never ruled on the motion in limine, and it was
never withdrawn. But the trial court did grant appellees’ motion for summary
judgment, deciding the issue entirely on the “coming and going” rule. Yet the
court did note that Bennett had suffered an injury, writing, “At 7:42 a.m. on that
day, February 28, 2006, Mr. Bennett sustained injuries while in his automobile on
his way to the office when another driver rear-ended him. (Bennett depo. 19-20).”
{¶ 45} Bennett sought reversal of that summary judgment at the court of
appeals and won. The court held:
On the basis of these facts, a reasonable factfinder might
well conclude that Bennett’s employment situs was non-fixed, in
which case the coming-and-going rule would not apply to preclude
recovery for Bennett. Because there remains a genuine issue of fact
with respect to this issue, the trial court’s granting of summary
judgment on the basis of the coming-and-going rule was clearly
inappropriate.
Bennett v. Goodremont’s, Inc., 6th Dist. No. L-08-1193, 2009-Ohio-2920, ¶ 20.
The case was remanded to the trial court.
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{¶ 46} In interrogatories filed with the court on February 18, 2010,
appellees asked Bennett: “State with specificity the injury(ies) and/or medical
conditions that are alleged as being compensable and are the subject of this
appeal.” Bennett responded, “I received back and neck injuries resulting in
surgery. I am presently totally disabled.”
{¶ 47} Finally, during the trial on April 16, 2010, the shocked counsel for
the administrator realized that Bennett was never injured at all and moved for a
directed verdict. Four good years of litigation wasted over a fellow who was
never even hurt!
{¶ 48} What followed was a second trip to the appellate court and a trip to
this court to battle over an elemental fact that everyone involved in this case
actually agrees on: Bennett was hurt. The appellees should be irretrievably bound
to the admissions they consistently made throughout this case, and this case
should be over.
{¶ 49} In arriving at its conclusion that the judgment of the Sixth District
Court of Appeals should be affirmed, the majority engages in a discussion of this
court’s decision in Robinson v. B.O.C. Group, Gen. Motors Corp., 81 Ohio St. 3d
361, 368, 691 N.E.2d 667 (1998), and instruction it finds in the Tenth District
Court of Appeals case of Marcum v. Barry, 76 Ohio App. 3d 536, 539-540, 602
N.E.2d 419 (10th Dist.1991). Informative, but not useful in this matter. Neither
party disputes that if Bennett had prevailed, this matter would necessarily be
returned to the Industrial Commission and ultimately to the BWC for an
administrative determination of the level of benefits and compensation
appropriate for Bennett’s injuries. See R.C. 4123.512(G). That would be the case
no matter what evidence Bennett could have presented at trial regarding his
specific medical injuries. The real decision about the compensation due Bennett
would come from the BWC.
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{¶ 50} The supposed de novo nature of the trial—“de novo” does not
appear in R.C. 4123.512—in this case is vastly overstated. The injuries a
claimant can allege at trial are controlled by what he alleged at the BWC, and the
verdict in the trial has no real meaning until it becomes the holding of the BWC
and it makes its decision regarding compensation. The de novo trial is bookended
and controlled by what happens at the BWC. Only the barest proof of injury is
necessary at trial.
{¶ 51} This matter has been twice to a trial court and twice to the Sixth
District Court of Appeals and now to this court, without any BWC administrative
determination on the injuries—which still remains a prerequisite to any
compensation award to Bennett. That was the exact argument advanced by the
defendants to preclude injury and medical testimony on the R.C. 4123.512 appeal
by Bennett. After losing their “coming and going” arguments in this case, the
defendants ask this court to convert the sword they wielded in their motion in
limine into a shield from liability when Bennett accepted their position and did
not offer his medical evidence at trial.
{¶ 52} The cases discussed in the majority opinion bear no relationship to
the facts and procedural posture of Bennett’s claim for compensation. The
majority opinion allows the defendants here to set a “bear trap” for Bennett by
ignoring the admissions contained throughout the litigation and in their motion in
limine. Perhaps one should not be surprised that there are employers and
attorneys in this state that are comfortable with the legal subterfuge present in this
case. It is quite a surprise that the attorney general and the BWC/Industrial
Commission would not just go along for the ride, but actively participate. This is
not just a case of justice delayed; it is most certainly a case of justice denied. I
dissent.
LUNDBERG STRATTON, J., concurs in the foregoing opinion.
_________________
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Kennedy, Purdy, Hoeffel & Gernert, L.L.C., and Paul E. Hoeffel, for
appellant.
Michael DeWine, Attorney General, Alexandra T. Schimmer, Solicitor
General, Elisabeth A. Long and Matthew P. Hampton, Deputy Solicitors, and
Joshua W. Lanzinger, Assistant Attorney General, for appellee Administrator,
Ohio Bureau of Workers’ Compensation.
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THE APPENDIX TO JUSTICE PFEIFER’S DISSENTING OPINION
APPEARS ON THE FOLLOWING PAGES
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