State v. Corker , 2013 Ohio 5446 ( 2013 )

[Cite as State v. Corker, 2013-Ohio-5446.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
State of Ohio, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
No. 13AP-264
v. : (C.P.C. No. 12CR-04-1955)
Ja Michael Corker, : (REGULAR CALENDAR)
Defendant-Appellant. :
:
State of Ohio,
:
Plaintiff-Appellee,
: No. 13AP-265
v. (C.P.C. No. 12CR-05-2343)
:
Ja Michael Corker, (REGULAR CALENDAR)
:
Defendant-Appellant.
:
State of Ohio, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
No. 13AP-266
v. : (C.P.C. No. 12CR-05-2344)
Ja Michael Corker, : (REGULAR CALENDAR)
Defendant-Appellant. :
D E C I S I O N
Rendered on December 12, 2013
Nos. 13AP-264, 13AP-265 and 13AP-266 2
Ron O'Brien, Prosecuting Attorney, and Michael P. Walton,
for appellee.
Stephen Dehnart, for appellant.
APPEALS from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas
CONNOR, J.
{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Ja Michael Corker ("defendant"), appeals from the
judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas convicting him of aggravated
robbery, kidnapping, two counts of robbery, four count of felonious assault, and a firearm
specification for each conviction.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
{¶ 2} In the spring of 2012, defendant was the subject of three indictments
handed down by the Franklin County Grand Jury, arising out of three separate incidents
that occurred in early 2012.1
{¶ 3} The first incident took place on January 1, 2012, involving victim Larry
Fraganato. At approximately 8:30 p.m., Fraganato arrived at the Sunoco gas station on
Georgesville Road, in Columbus, Ohio. As he entered the store to buy a drink, Fraganato
noticed two men standing beside a white Impala. According to Fraganato, the two men
appeared to be waiting for someone to jump start the car.
{¶ 4} When Fraganato exited the building after paying for his gas, the two men
approached him and asked for his help. Fraganato attempted to help the two men jump
start the car but his efforts were unsuccessful. As Fraganato attempted to drive away, one
of the men, later identified as defendant, jumped into the passenger seat brandishing a
handgun. According to Fraganato, defendant ordered him to drive away from the gas
station as the other man followed in the Impala.
{¶ 5} Fraganato testified that he was forced to drive a short distance down the
road and to take a right-hand turn onto Industrial Boulevard. Shortly after making the
turn onto Oakwood, defendant ordered Fraganato to stop the vehicle at Nationwide
Boulevard and to empty his pockets. Defendant took Fraganato's cell phone, a play
station portable game, and $30 to $40. At that point, defendant pressed the gun to
1 Case Nos. 12CR-04-1955, 12CR-05-2343, and 12CR-05-2344.
Nos. 13AP-264, 13AP-265 and 13AP-266 3
Fraganato's head and demanded his wallet. When Fraganato told defendant he did not
have his wallet with him, defendant became angry. As defendant fled the scene, he
threatened to kill Fraganato and his family if he went to police.
{¶ 6} The second incident, also involving Fraganato, occurred on February 3,
2012, in the Walmart store on Georgesville Road, in Columbus, Ohio. Fraganato testified
that he and his girlfriend, Dominique Nickel, and their two children, were sitting in the
Subway restaurant located inside the Walmart store when he saw defendant and some of
defendant's friends enter the store and walk by the restaurant. Fraganato believed that
defendant had recognized him.
{¶ 7} Fraganato told his girlfriend to take the kids to the car and to call police.
Fraganato also called the police to report that the man who had robbed him was in the
store. When Fraganato confronted defendant in the Walmart store, a fight ensued.
Fraganato sustained a blow to the head from one of defendant's friends, and a slight
laceration on his arm from a box cutter wielded by defendant. Defendant ran from the
store and escaped police. Surveillance video from the store reveals that defendant was
wearing a black jacket with a distinctive white design on the back.
{¶ 8} On February 4, 2012, just hours after the Walmart incident, defendant was
involved in a shooting at Burnzie's Bar. According to witnesses, a fight between two
women erupted just outside the entrance of the bar and that the fight quickly escalated
into a melee involving as many as ten individuals. As the brawl moved out onto the
sidewalk, defendant was seen running away from a group of men. Stephanie Clark
testified that when she saw the same men running back toward the bar, several shots rang
out. Clark sustained a gunshot wound to her right leg, and Katrina Sparks took a bullet in
her left shoulder. Both victims survived the attack and Clark testified for the prosecution
at trial. Burnzie's Bar co-owner, Wayne Scanlon, testified that he saw defendant fire
several shots at a group of men as they ran back toward the bar. Witnesses described the
shooter as a black man wearing a black jacket with a distinctive design on the back. Much
of the incident was captured on video surveillance equipment, and the footage was shown
to the jury at trial.
{¶ 9} On April 19, 2012, a Franklin County Grand Jury indicted defendant on two
counts of felonious assault arising out of the February 4, 2012 shooting at Burnzie's Bar.
Nos. 13AP-264, 13AP-265 and 13AP-266 4
Each count contained a firearm specification. The grand jury handed down two more
indictments on May 10, 2012, charging defendant with the following offenses: felonious
assault, kidnapping, aggravated robbery, and two counts of robbery in connection with
the January 1, 2012 incident; and felonious assault in connection with the February 3,
2012 incident at Walmart. Each count contained a firearm specification.
{¶ 10} The jury found defendant guilty of all charges. Following a sentencing
hearing on February 28, 2013, the trial court sentenced defendant to a total of 38 years in
prison, which includes a two-year term for an unrelated conviction.
II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
{¶ 11} Defendant filed his appeals to this court, assigning the following
assignments of error:
[I.] The trial court erred in joining 12CR-1955 with 12CR-
2343 and 12CR-2344 where there were no common victims,
were not part of the same act or transaction and were not part
of a common scheme or plan or course of criminal conduct.
This error deprived appellant of due process of law under the
U.S. Constitution and Ohio Constitution.
[II.] The trial court erred in entering multiple convictions and
sentences for offenses that were allied offenses of similar
import committed with a single animus.
[III.] The trial court erred in imposing consecutive sentences
without making the necessary findings in violation of O.R.C.
2929.14(C)(4).
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
{¶ 12} We typically review a trial court's decision on joinder of offenses for trial
under an abuse of discretion standard. State v. Banks, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-1087, 2010-
Ohio-5714, ¶ 30, citing State v. LaMar, 95 Ohio St. 3d 181, 2002-Ohio-2128. However,
where the defendant fails to object to improper joinder at trial, the error is waived for
purposes of appeal. State v. Cameron, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-56, 2009-Ohio-6479, ¶ 37,
citing State v. Burks, 10th Dist. No. 07AP-553, 2008-Ohio-2463, ¶ 50. "Plain error does
not exist unless the appellant establishes that the outcome of the trial clearly would have
been different but for the trial court's allegedly improper [joinder]." State v. McGee, 8th
Nos. 13AP-264, 13AP-265 and 13AP-266 5
Dist. No. 92019, 2010-Ohio-2081, ¶ 24, citing State v. Waddell, 75 Ohio St. 3d 163, 166
(1996).
{¶ 13} Although defendant objected to the joinder of indictments prior to trial, he
failed to move the trial court to sever the indictments either at the close of the State's case-
in-chief or at the close of all evidence. Thus, defendant waived all but plain error with
regard to improper joinder. Id. See also State v. Shipley, 9th Dist. No. 03CA008275,
2004-Ohio-434.
IV. JOINDER OF INDICTMENTS
{¶ 14} In his first assignment of error, defendant contends that the trial court
committed plain error when it joined the indictment arising from the Burnzie's Bar
incident with the two indictments arising from the crimes against Fraganato. We
disagree.
{¶ 15} "The court may order two or more indictments * * * to be tried together, if
the offenses * * * could have been joined in a single indictment." Crim.R. 13. Crim.R.
8(A) states that two or more offenses may be charged in the same indictment if they are of
"the same or similar character, or are based on the same act or transaction, or are based
on two or more acts or transactions connected together or constituting parts of a common
scheme or plan, or are part of a course of criminal conduct." State v. Sullivan, 10th Dist.
No. 10AP-997, 2011-Ohio-6384, ¶ 21. The law favors joining multiple offenses in a single
trial because it conserves judicial and prosecutorial time, lessens the considerable
expenses associated with multiple trials, diminishes inconvenience to witnesses, and
minimizes the possibility of inconsistent results in successive trials before different juries.
Id., citing State v. Walters, 10th Dist. No. 06AP-693, 2007-Ohio-5554, ¶ 21.
A. Same or Similar Character
{¶ 16} The threshold argument in this case is whether the indicted offenses arising
from the Burnzie's Bar incident and the indicted offenses arising out of defendant's crimes
against Fraganato are of the "same or similar character."2 We believe the offenses
charged in the indictments are of the same or similar character.
2 Appellant concedes that the two indictments arising from the offenses committed against Fraganato are of
similar character and that the two indictments were properly joined for trial.
Nos. 13AP-264, 13AP-265 and 13AP-266 6
{¶ 17} In this instance, defendant committed all of the charged offenses within a
short period of time. In fact, the incident at Burnzie's Bar occurred just one day after the
incident at Walmart. All three incidents occurred at business establishments, during
business hours. Both the Burnzie's Bar and the Walmart incidents arise from physical
altercations during which defendant resorted to the use of a weapon. Additionally,
defendant was charged with felonious assault with a handgun specification in both the
Burnzie's Bar incident and the incident that began at Sunoco. And, in each of the
incidents, witnesses identified defendant as wearing a black jacket with a distinctive
design.
{¶ 18} There is no doubt that the joinder of the indictments for a single trial
conserved judicial and prosecutorial resources, lessened the expenses associated with
multiple trials, and minimized the possibility of inconsistent results in successive trials
before different juries. While the specific crimes charged in the indictments are not
identical and the circumstances surrounding the charged offenses differ in many respects,
we find that there are enough similarities to justify the joinder of the indictments under
Crim.R. 13 and 8(A). Accordingly, we find that the initial joinder of the indictments for
trial was not plain error.
B. Defendant's Claim of Prejudice
{¶ 19} An accused may move the trial court, pursuant to Crim.R. 14, to sever
counts of an indictment on the grounds that he or she will be prejudiced by the joinder of
multiple offenses. LaMar at ¶ 49. And, "[i]f it appears that a defendant * * * is prejudiced
by a joinder of offenses * * * in an indictment, * * * the court shall order * * * separate trial
of counts* * * or provide such other relief as justice requires." Crim.R. 14. Additionally,
inasmuch as defendant did not move the court to sever the indictments, we will reverse
the decision of the trial court only if there is plain error.
{¶ 20} As a general rule, in order for the accused to establish that the trial court
erred by refusing to sever the indictments, the accused must show "(1) that his rights were
prejudiced, (2) 'that at the time of the motion to sever he provided the trial court with
sufficient information so that it could weigh the considerations favoring joinder against
the defendant's right to a fair trial,' and (3) 'that given the information provided to the
court, it abused its discretion in refusing to separate the charges for trial.' " McGee,
Nos. 13AP-264, 13AP-265 and 13AP-266 7
quoting State v. Schaim, 65 Ohio St. 3d 51, 59 (1992), citing State v. Torres, 66 Ohio St. 2d
340 (1981), syllabus.
{¶ 21} Defendant's only claim of prejudice in this case is his bare assertion that he
might have testified in his own defense as to the offenses charged in one of the
indictments had they not been joined for trial. Defendant does not specify which of the
indictments his testimony would have been applicable. We note that "there is always the
possibility of prejudice in joining separate instances of any offense in the same
indictment." State v. Strobel, 51 Ohio App. 3d 31, 32 (3d Dist.1988). Defendant bares the
burden to " 'either affirmatively demonstrate before trial that his rights would be
prejudiced by the joinder, or to show at the close of the state's case, or at the conclusion of
all the evidence, that his rights actually had been prejudiced by the joinder.' " (Emphasis
sic.) Id. at 33, quoting State v. Williams, 1 Ohio App. 3d 156, 159 (10th Dist.1981). In our
view, defendant has completely failed to demonstrate prejudice arising from the joinder of
the indictments for trial, and no such prejudice is revealed in the record.
{¶ 22} Moreover, when defendant asserts that his defense will be prejudiced by the
joinder of two or more indictments in a single trial, the prosecution may negate
defendant's claim of prejudice with a showing that: (1) the evidence of the other crimes
would be admissible even if the counts were severed, or (2) if not, whether the evidence of
each crime is simple and distinct. Banks, citing Schaim at 59. The two tests are
disjunctive, so that the satisfaction of one negates a defendant's claim of prejudice without
consideration of the other. Sullivan at ¶ 22, citing State v. Gravely, 188 Ohio App. 3d 825,
2010-Ohio-3379 (10th Dist.).
{¶ 23} Although most of the evidence relevant the Burnzie's Bar incident would be
inadmissible if offered in a separate trial of defendant's crimes against Fraganato, we find
that the evidence relevant to each indictment was both simple and distinct. Indeed, the
bulk of the evidence in support of defendant's guilt of the offenses committed against
Fraganato came from Fraganato's testimony at trial. Fraganato was not involved in the
Burnzie's Bar shooting so there was no danger that the jury would connect Fraganato's
testimony to the shooting at Burzie's Bar or consider his testimony when determining
defendant's guilt of the offenses charged in the Burnzie's Bar indictment.
Nos. 13AP-264, 13AP-265 and 13AP-266 8
{¶ 24} Moreover, the primary factual issue with respect to the Burnzie's Bar
incident was the identification of defendant as the shooter. The State presented testimony
from the victim and several eyewitnesses, video surveillance footage, and forensic
evidence connecting defendant to the gun that fired ten of the spent shell casings
recovered at the scene. There was little chance that the jury would consider such evidence
in determining defendant's guilt of the offenses committed against Fraganato or that the
jury could become confused about the relevance of such evidence.
{¶ 25} In short, we find that the State negated any possible prejudice to defendant
arising from the joinder of the indictments for trial by showing that the evidence
presented at trial was both simple and distinct. After reviewing the entire record, we
cannot say that it was an abuse of the trial court's discretion, let alone plain error, for the
court to allow the indictments to remain joined throughout the trial.
{¶ 26} For the foregoing reasons, defendant's first assignment of error is overruled.
V. MULTIPLE SENTENCES/ALLIED OFFENSES
{¶ 27} Pursuant to R.C. 2941.25(A), where defendant's conduct " 'can be construed
to constitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment or information
may contain counts for all such offenses, but the defendant may be convicted of only
one.' " State v. Roush, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-201, 2013-Ohio-3162, ¶ 66, quoting R.C.
2941.25(A). Where, however, " 'the defendant's conduct constitutes two or more offenses
of dissimilar import' or 'results in two or more offenses of the same or similar kind
committed separately or with a separate animus as to each, the indictment or information
may contain counts for all such offenses, and the defendant may be convicted of all of
them.' " Id., quoting R.C. 2941.25(B).
{¶ 28} The analysis adopted by the Supreme Court of Ohio in State v. Johnson, 128
Ohio St. 3d 153, 2010-Ohio-6314, requires a court to ask whether "multiple offenses can be
committed by the same conduct" and "whether the offenses were committed by the same
conduct, i.e., 'a single act, committed with a single state of mind.' " Id. at ¶ 49, quoting
State v. Brown, 119 Ohio St. 3d 447, 2008-Ohio-4569, ¶ 50. If the answer to both
questions is yes, the court must merge the allied offenses prior to sentencing. Id. at ¶ 50
"Conversely, if the court determines that the commission of one offense will never result
in the commission of the other, or if the offenses are committed separately, or if the
Nos. 13AP-264, 13AP-265 and 13AP-266 9
defendant has separate animus for each offense, then, according to R.C. 2941.25(B), the
offenses will not merge." (Emphasis sic.) Id. at ¶ 51. As an appellate court, we must
employ a de novo standard in reviewing the trial court's determination whether R.C.
2941.25 requires merger of multiple convictions. Roush at ¶ 47, citing State v. Williams,
134 Ohio St. 3d 482, 2012-Ohio-5699, ¶ 1.
{¶ 29} A conviction for aggravated robbery, as defined in R.C. 2911.01(A)(1),
requires proof that defendant brandished a deadly weapon in order to facilitate the theft
offense. Kidnapping, in accordance with R.C. 2905.01, requires proof that defendant
restrained Fraganato of his liberty or removed him from the place where he was found.
The Supreme Court has recognized that the commission of aggravated robbery necessarily
involves the restraint of the victim. See State v. Jenkins, 15 Ohio St. 3d 164, 198 (1984), fn.
29.
{¶ 30} However, aggravated robbery and kidnapping are not allied offenses of
similar import where (1) "the restraint is prolonged, the confinement is secretive, or the
movement is substantial so as to demonstrate a significance independent of the other
offense," or (2) "the asportation or restraint of the victim subjects the victim to a
substantial increase in risk of harm separate and apart from that involved in the
underlying crime." State v. Logan, 60 Ohio St. 2d 126 (1979), syllabus.
{¶ 31} Here, defendant forced Fraganato to drive away from the gas station at gun
point, followed by a second vehicle driven by his accomplice, and then ordered Fraganato
to stop the vehicle in a more secluded area where he assaulted and robbed him. Thus, the
facts of this case show that defendant transported his victim from the location where he
first confronted him and that such transportation was both secretive and greater than was
necessary to commit the underlying robbery offense.
{¶ 32} In State v. Cobb, 10th Dist. No. 90AP-793 (July 30, 1991), appellant made
the victim drive his car several miles from a parking lot before ordering him out of the car
and robbing him at gunpoint. In affirming the trial court's refusal to merge the
kidnapping and aggravated robbery convictions, we found that the restraint of the victim
exceeded that necessary to complete the offense of aggravated robbery and that there was
a separate animus for each offense. Id., citing State v. Moss, 69 Ohio St. 2d 515 (1982). In
holding that kidnapping and aggravated burglary were not allied offenses of similar
Nos. 13AP-264, 13AP-265 and 13AP-266 10
import and that separate sentences were appropriate, we noted that "if appellant had left
his victim in the parking lot, the kidnapping and aggravated robbery would have been
allied offenses of similar import." Id.
{¶ 33} As was the case in Cobb, had defendant robbed Fraganato in his car and
then left him at the gas station, the kidnapping and aggravated robbery convictions likely
would have merged for purposes of sentencing. However, the facts of this case establish
that defendant's restraint and asportation of Fraganato exceeded that which was
necessary to complete the offense of aggravated robbery, and that the kidnapping and
aggravated robbery were committed with a separate animus. Accordingly, the convictions
do not merge and defendant is subject to a separate conviction for each offense. See, e.g.,
State v. Ross, 8th Dist. No. 98763, 2013-Ohio-3130, ¶ 57-58 (When contrasted to the
moments it took to steal victim's cell phone, the time it took defendant to drive the victim
approximately two blocks in a van was a prolonged restraint sufficient to establish that
the aggravated robbery and kidnapping were not allied offenses); State v. Helms, 7th Dist.
No. 08 MA 199, 2012-Ohio-1147, ¶ 47 (Where defendant pushed a vehicle containing
injured victim off the main road in order to avoid detection while he searched for items to
steal, a separate animus existed for the kidnapping conviction and such conviction did not
merge with defendant's conviction for aggravated robbery).
{¶ 34} Based upon the foregoing, defendant's second assignment of error is
overruled.
VI. CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES
{¶ 35} "R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) now requires the trial court to make three findings
before imposing consecutive sentences: (1) that consecutive sentences are necessary to
protect the public from the future crime or to punish the offender; (2) that consecutive
sentences are not disproportionate to the seriousness of the offender's conduct and to the
danger the offender poses to the public; and (3) that one of the subsections (a), (b), or (c)
apply." Roush at ¶ 76. " The trial court is not required to give reasons explaining these
findings, nor is the court required to recite any 'magic' or 'talismanic' words when
imposing consecutive sentences." Id., quoting State v. Farnsworth, 7th Dist. No. 12 CO
10, 2013-Ohio-1275, ¶ 8. "Nevertheless, the record must reflect that the court made the
findings required by the statute." Id.
Nos. 13AP-264, 13AP-265 and 13AP-266 11
{¶ 36} There is no dispute that trial court failed to make the required findings in
this case. It is also clear that defendant failed to raise the error in the trial court.
Accordingly, we review the alleged error under the plain error standard. State v. Hunter,
10th Dist. No. 13AP-196, 2013-Ohio-4013.
{¶ 37} The State argues that the trial court's failure to make the required findings
does not constitute "plain error" absent some showing of prejudice to defendant.
However, at least two recent decisions from this court have rejected the State's argument,
without further discussion, based upon the established authority in this district. State v.
Howze, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-386, 2013-Ohio-4800, ¶ 21; State v. Hunter, 10th Dist. No.
13AP-196, 2013-Ohio-4013, ¶ 9.3 We see no reason to depart from established precedent
in this case.
{¶ 38} "[W]hen the trial court fails to articulate the appropriate findings required
by R.C. 2929.14(C)(4), the case is to be remanded for the trial judge to consider whether
consecutive sentences are appropriate under [R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)] and, if so, to enter the
proper findings on the record." State v. Bass, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-622, 2013-Ohio-4503,
¶ 44. Accordingly, defendant's third assignment of error is sustained.
VII. CONCLUSION
{¶ 39} Based upon the foregoing, we overrule defendant's first and second
assignments of error but we sustain defendant's third assignment of error. The judgment
of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed in part and reversed in part,
and the case is hereby remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with
this decision.
Judgment affirmed in part
and reversed in part;
cause remanded.
BROWN and O'GRADY, JJ., concur.
_________________
3State v. Wilson, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-551, 2013-Ohio-1520, ¶ 18 ("Because the record demonstrates that the
trial court failed to make the findings required by R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) before imposing consecutive sentences
on appellant's multiple offenses, appellant's sentence is contrary to law and constitutes plain error"); State v.
Bender, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-934, 2013-Ohio-2777, ¶ 7 ("Our recent cases indicate a tendency of this court to
view a failure to precisely comply with R.C. 2929.14 as plain error as a matter of law") State v. Bailey, 10th
Dist. No. 12AP-699, 2013-Ohio-3596, ¶ 46 ("Failure to fully comply with R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) is plain error as
a matter of law.").
Nos. 13AP-264, 13AP-265 and 13AP-266 12