State v. Gibbs , 2014 Ohio 5773 ( 2014 )

[Cite as State v. Gibbs, 2014-Ohio-5773.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
GEAUGA COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : OPINION
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
CASE NO. 2014-G-3213
- vs - :
RICHARD W. GIBBS, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal from the Geauga County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 06 C
000077.
Judgment: Affirmed.
James R. Flaiz, Geauga County Prosecutor, and Nicholas A. Burling, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, Courthouse Annex, 231 Main Street, Suite 3A, Chardon, OH
44024 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).
Richard W. Gibbs, pro se, PID: A530-087, London Correctional Institution, P.O. Box
69, 1580 State Route 56, SW, London, OH 43140 (For Defendant-Appellant).
CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, J.
{¶1} This matter, submitted on the record and briefs of the parties, involves an
appeal taken by appellant, Richard W. Gibbs, from a judgment entered by the Geauga
County Court of Common Pleas denying appellant’s motion for relief from judgment,
pursuant to Civ.R. 60(B)(5). We affirm.
{¶2} On July 11, 2006, appellant was indicted on 10 counts of gross sexual
imposition (“GSI”), in violation of R.C. 2907.05(A)(3), felonies of the third degree, for
crimes he allegedly committed between January 1, 1987 and December 31, 1989.
Appellant pleaded not guilty to the charges. He eventually entered pleas of guilty on the
first six of the 10 counts. The trial court accepted the plea and nolled the remaining
counts. Appellant was ultimately sentenced pursuant to the felony-sentencing scheme
in effect at the time the crimes were committed. Appellant received indefinite terms of
four to 10 years on counts one and two, to run concurrently to each other; four to 10
years on counts three and four, to run concurrently with each other, but consecutively to
counts one and two; and four to 10 years on counts five and six, to run concurrently with
each other, but consecutively to counts three and four. In total, appellant received an
aggregate prison term of 12-30 years. He was also classified as a sexual predator.
Appellant did not appeal his conviction.
{¶3} In February 2010, appellant filed a “motion to vacate a void sentence.”
The trial court denied the motion and appellant appealed the judgment to this court. The
appeal, however, was dismissed for failure to file a timely notice of appeal. See State v.
Gibbs, 11th Dist. Geauga No. 2010-G-2967, 2010-Ohio-2675, ¶10.
{¶4} Appellant then filed a “motion to dismiss the indictment” in September,
2012. The court denied the motion and appellant did not appeal that judgment.
{¶5} In October 2012, appellant filed a “motion to withdraw his guilty plea.” The
court denied the motion. Appellant appealed and, in State v. Gibbs, 11th Dist. Geauga
No. 2012-G-3123, 2014-Ohio-1341, this court affirmed the judgment.
{¶6} In April 2014, appellant filed a “motion for relief from judgment pursuant to
Civ.R. 60(B).” The trial court denied the motion on May 23, 2014. This appeal follows.
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{¶7} Appellant assigns two errors for this court’s review. We shall first address
appellant’s second assignment of error, which provides:
{¶8} “The trial court erred to the prejudice of the appellant when the court
recast appellant’s motion and treated it as a post conviction petition were not dehores
the record ruled it to be untimely, applied res judicata to the issues presented in his
motion and denied it without any finding of facts or conclusions of law in regards to the
issues presented.” (Sic passim).
{¶9} Under this assigned error, appellant argues the trial court improperly
construed his Civ.R. 60(B) motion as a petition for postconviction relief. And, in doing
so, the trial court improperly found the motion untimely as well as erred in applying the
doctrine of res judicata. We do not agree.
{¶10} When the rules of criminal procedure do not address an issue, an
applicable Ohio Civil Rule may apply. State v. Belknap, 11th Dist. No. 2002-P-0021,
2004-Ohio-5636, ¶25. In this matter, appellant attempts to have his conviction vacated
because it was entered in violation of the ex post facto clause of the United States
Constitution. Given the nature of appellant’s challenge, Civ.R. 60(B) does not apply.
{¶11} The Supreme Court of Ohio has observed that “where a criminal
defendant, subsequent to his or her direct appeal, files a motion seeking vacation or
correction of his or her sentence on the basis that his or her constitutional rights have
been violated, such a motion is a petition for postconviction relief as defined in R.C.
2953.21.” State v. Reynolds, 79 Ohio St.3d 158, 160 (1997). Because appellant is
seeking to vacate his conviction based upon a violation of his constitutional rights, the
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trial court properly construed his motion as a petition for postconviction relief pursuant to
R.C. 2953.21.
{¶12} Moreover, it is well settled that a final judgment of conviction bars a
defendant from raising in any proceeding, except a direct appeal from that conviction,
any non-jurisdictional issues that were raised or could have been raised by the
defendant at trial or on an appeal from that judgment. See e.g. State v. Perry, 10 Ohio
St.2d 175 (1967), paragraphs six and nine. The expiration of a statute of limitations is a
non-jurisdictional defect. Daniel v. State, 98 Ohio St.3d 467, 2003-Ohio-1916, ¶7, citing
State ex rel. Tubbs Jones v. Suster, 84 Ohio St.3d 70, 76 (1998). Accordingly,
appellant’s failure to raise the issue on a direct appeal operates to bar the argument by
operation of res judicata. The trial court did not err in so concluding.
{¶13} Appellant’s second assignment of error lacks merit.
{¶14} Appellant’s first assignment of error provides:
{¶15} “Appellant’s rights were violated when the state violated the statute of
limitations and prosecuted appellant beyond the statute of limitations and applying the
tolling statute to his case retroactively.”
{¶16} Under his first assignment of error, appellant argues, at the time he
committed the offenses, between 1987 and 1989, the statute of limitations period for
gross sexual imposition was six years. He was not indicted, however, until 2006. He
asserts the limitations period expired prior to his indictment, and the trial court
consequently violated the constitutional prohibition against ex post facto laws by utilizing
the 20-year limitation period that became effective in 1999.
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{¶17} As discussed under appellant’s second assignment of error, his argument
under his first assignment of error is barred by res judicata. Even if appellant’s
argument was not barred by res judicata, however, it lacks merit.
{¶18} The United States Supreme Court has set forth the following list of actions
that are constitutionally prohibited under the ex post facto clause:
{¶19} “1st. Every law that makes an action done before the passing of the
law, and which was innocent when done, criminal; and punishes
such action. 2d. Every law that aggravates a crime, or makes it
greater than it was, when committed. 3d. Every law that changes
the punishment, and inflicts a greater punishment, than the law
annexed to the crime, when committed. 4th. Every law that alters
the legal rules of evidence, and receives less, or different,
testimony, than the law required at the time of the commission of
the offence, in order to convict the offender. All these, and similar
laws, are manifestly unjust and oppressive.” (Emphasis removed.)
Stogner v. California, 539 U.S. 607, 612 (2003), quoting Calder v.
Bull, 3 U.S. 386, 390-391 (1798).
{¶20} “[A] statute of limitations reflects a legislative judgment that, after a certain
time, no quantum of evidence is sufficient to convict.” Stogner, supra, at 615. To pursue
or revive a prosecution after the expiration of a statute of limitations would eliminate the
conclusive presumption forbidding prosecution. Id. at 616. Nevertheless, the Court in
Stogner acknowledged, albeit in dicta, that the extension of existing limitations periods
is not ex post facto so long as the prior limitations period has not expired. Id. at 618.
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{¶21} In 1995, the time at which the corpus delicti of appellant’s crimes was
disclosed and the limitations period commenced running, the statute of limitations for
GSI was six years. See former R.C. 2901.13(A)(1). The Ohio General Assembly
amended this statute, effective March 9, 1999, and extended the limitations period for
GSI to 20 years. As it now reads, R.C. 2901.13(A)(3)(a) requires that a prosecution for
GSI, inter alia, commence within 20 years subsequent to the commission of the offense.
The amendment applies retroactively to offenses committed prior to the amendment,
provided that the statute of limitations for such offenses had not expired prior to the
amendment. See State v. Bentley, 11th Dist. Asthabula No. 2005-A-0026, 2006-Ohio-
2503, ¶12.
{¶22} In Bentley, this court concluded the amendment was not an ex post facto
law. Following the Tenth Appellate District’s decision in State v. Dycus, 10th Dist.
Franklin No. 04-AP-751, 2005-Ohio-3990, this court held:
{¶23} “[The 1999 amendment] does not punish any action that was
formerly not a crime or increase the penalty for a crime already
committed. Nor does it alter the legal rules of evidence. Because
the pre-existing six-year statute of limitations period applicable to
defendant had not expired when the statutory amendment to R.C.
2901.13 was enacted, we find that the retroactive application of
amended R.C. 2901.13 does not violate the Ex Post Facto Clause.”
Bentley, supra, at ¶51, quoting Dycus, supra, at ¶21.
{¶24} In this matter, the amendment took effect within the then-existing, six-year
limitations period for a GSI prosecution. Accordingly, the 1999 amendment, permitting
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a GSI charge to be prosecuted within 20 years, became retroactively applicable to
appellant’s criminal acts. Because appellant was indicted in 2006, eleven years from
the limitation period’s commencement, the prosecution was proper. Thus, even if the
matter was not res judicata, appellant’s prosecution was not premised upon the
application of an ex post facto law and, furthermore, was accomplished within the
relevant limitations period.
{¶25} Appellant’s first assignment of error is without merit.
{¶26} For the reasons discussed in this opinion, the judgment of the Geauga
County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
TIMOTHY P. CANNON, P.J., concurs,
COLLEEN MARY O’TOOLE, J., concurs with a Concurring Opinion.
______________________
COLLEEN MARY O’TOOLE, J., concurs with a Concurring Opinion.
{¶27} I concur with the majority’s holding that appellant’s failure to raise these
issues on a direct appeal prevents him from arguing them now as they are barred by res
judicata. I write separately to note that appellant has never had his case reviewed on
direct appeal. Appellant has filed multiple appeals and motions with this court over the
years all seeking the same thing: appellate review of his conviction.
{¶28} Appellant’s judgment of conviction was filed in May 2007. In May 2010,
appellant filed a “motion to vacate a void sentence” in the trial court. The trial court
denied the motion and appellant appealed the judgment to this court. This appeal was
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dismissed as untimely. State v. Gibbs, 11th Dist. Geauga No. 2010-G-2967, 2010-
Ohio-2675. In December 2012, appellant filed an appeal to this court based upon the
trial court’s denial of his motion to withdraw his guilty plea. This court affirmed the trial
court. State v. Gibbs, 11th Dist. Geauga No. 2012-G-3123, 2014-Ohio-1341. Currently,
Mr. Gibbs has a pro se motion for leave to file a delayed appeal pursuant to App.R. 5(A)
pending before this court, Case No. 2014-G-3201.
{¶29} The Staff Note to the 1994 Amendment to App.R. 5(A) warns of the
subsequent litigation that can occur when appellants are denied review of their cases.
The Staff Note provides in part:
{¶30} “Although there was also concern about the fairness of requiring usually
indigent, and frequently unrepresented, criminal defendants to demonstrate (often
without the benefit of a transcript) the probability of error, the primary reason for this
amendment is judicial economy. Denial of leave to file a delayed appeal for failure to
demonstrate the probability of error usually leads to subsequent litigation of the issue by
direct appeals to the Ohio and United States Supreme Courts, petitions to vacate
sentence under R.C. 2953.21 et seq., and appeals thereon, and/or federal habeas
corpus petitions and appeals. Review of the merits by the courts of appeals upon the
initial (albeit delayed) appeal would thus avoid the presentation of the probability of error
issue to as many as nine subsequent tribunals.”
{¶31} Denied review of the merits of his case, appellant continues to file motions
with the trial court and subsequent appeals with this court, all at the taxpayer’s expense.
It would be more cost effective for this court to consider any such alleged error, bring
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this matter to a quick, final close and thus avoid the presentation of error issues to
subsequent tribunals or further filings by Mr. Gibbs with the trial court.
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