People v. Cowart , 2015 IL App (1st) 131073 ( 2015 )

Illinois Official Reports
Appellate Court
People v. Cowart, 2015 IL App (1st) 131073
Appellate Court THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption ROBERT COWART, Defendant-Appellant.
District & No. First District, First Division
Docket No. 1-13-1073
Filed February 17, 2015
Held The dismissal of defendant’s pro se motion for relief under the
(Note: This syllabus Post-Conviction Hearing Act was affirmed, regardless of his
constitutes no part of the contention that Padilla v. Kentucky, a decision of the United States
opinion of the court but Supreme Court, required a plea court to admonish defendant of the
has been prepared by the requirement of registering as a sex offender upon a mandatory
Reporter of Decisions supervised release term, since defendant, on appeal, failed to make a
for the convenience of substantial showing of a constitutional violation.
the reader.)
Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, Nos. 94-CR-25257
Review through 94-CR-25261, 94-CR-28843, 94-CR-28844, 94-CR-29080;
the Hon. Thomas V. Gainer, Jr., Judge, presiding.
Judgment Affirmed.
Counsel on Michael J. Pelletier, of State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago
Appeal (Alan D. Goldberg and Robert Hirschhorn, of counsel), for appellant.
Anita M. Alvarez, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg,
Tasha-Marie Kelly, and Gina DiVito, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of
counsel), for the People.
Panel JUSTICE HARRIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Delort and Justice Cunningham concurred in the
judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Defendant Robert Cowart appeals from an order of the circuit court of Cook County
granting the State’s motion to dismiss his pro se petition for relief under the Post-Conviction
Hearing Act (the Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 (West 2010)). On appeal, defendant contends that
the reasoning used by the United States Supreme Court in Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356
(2010), and by the Illinois Supreme Court in People v. Hughes, 2012 IL 112817, required the
plea court to admonish him of the requirement that he register as a sex offender. He asks this
court to remand his case for an evidentiary hearing under the Act. We affirm.
¶2 In late 1994, defendant was indicted with multiple crimes stemming from separate
residential break-ins. Defendant was charged with sexually assaulting or attempting to
sexually assault at least one woman at each of the break-ins. His indictments also included
multiple charges of home invasion, armed robbery, aggravated battery, and residential
burglary. Defendant initially pleaded not guilty to all charges. In January 1996, both the State
and defendant answered ready for trial on charges relating to one of the residential break-ins.
Before a jury was selected, defense counsel indicated that defendant wished to change his
plea. After brief negotiations between the State and defense counsel, the parties reached an
agreement. Defendant pleaded guilty on each of the eight cases and received concurrent
sentences as follows:
 No. 94 CR 25257–two counts of home invasion and two counts of aggravated
criminal sexual assault with a 65-year sentence;
 No. 94 CR 25258–one count of home invasion and one count of aggravated criminal
sexual assault with a 60-year sentence;
 No. 94 CR 25259–one count of home invasion and one count of aggravated criminal
sexual assault with a 60-year sentence;
 No. 94 CR 25260–one count of home invasion with a 60-year sentence;
 No. 94 CR 25261–one count of armed robbery, one count of home invasion, and one
count of attempted aggravated criminal sexual assault with a 65-year sentence;
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 No. 94 CR 28843–one count of home invasion and two counts of aggravated criminal
sexual assault with a 65-year sentence;
 No. 94 CR 28844–one count of residential burglary and one count of attempted
aggravated criminal sexual assault with a 30-year sentence; and
 No. 94 CR 29080–one count of home invasion and one count of attempted aggravated
criminal sexual assault with a 65-year sentence.
¶3 The trial court advised defendant of the rights waived by pleading guilty, specified the
charges, and found that his pleas were knowingly and voluntarily entered. The State then
gave separate factual bases for each of the eight break-ins to which defendant stipulated.
Neither the trial court nor the State mentioned or admonished defendant that he would be
required to register as a sex offender under the Sex Offender Registration Act (730 ILCS
150/1 (West 1996)). The court accepted defendant’s pleas and sentenced defendant in
accordance with his agreement with the State.
¶4 Within 28 days of his guilty pleas, defendant filed a pro se motion to withdraw his pleas
and vacate his sentences, which the trial court denied. Defendant appealed, arguing that the
trial court had violated Illinois Supreme Court Rule 604(d) (eff. Aug. 1, 1992) by failing to
appoint counsel to assist him with his motion. This court summarily remanded defendant’s
case for appointment of counsel. People v. Cowart, No. 1-96-2274 (1997) (dispositional
order). On remand, the trial court appointed counsel for defendant who filed an amended
motion to withdraw defendant’s pleas. The court denied the amended motion.
¶5 In October of 2006, defendant filed a pro se petition under the Act. 725 ILCS 5/122-1
(West 2004). In that petition, he argued, inter alia, that the trial court’s failure “to admonish
him of the condition of registering as a sex offender upon supervised release term”
substantially violated his constitutional rights. The trial court dismissed the petition as
frivolous and patently without merit. Defendant appealed the dismissal to this court. He
argued, in relevant part, that the lower court erred in dismissing his petition because it stated
the gist of an argument that his convictions violated his constitutional rights. This court, in a
published opinion, concluded defendant’s petition “was neither frivolous nor patently
without merit” and reversed the dismissal, remanding the entire petition for further
proceedings under the Act. People v. Cowart, 389 Ill. App. 3d 1046, 1052 (2009). This court
also vacated one of defendant’s home invasion charges and reduced the extended-term
sentences on several of defendant’s charges. Id. Defendant’s aggregate 65-year term
remained unchanged.
¶6 Following remand, the trial court appointed counsel for defendant who filed a supplement
to defendant’s pro se petition. The supplement listed several new sentencing issues and
reiterated the claims of defendant’s pro se petition. The State moved to dismiss the motion
arguing, in relevant part, that the petition was untimely and the trial court was not required to
admonish defendant regarding his mandatory registration as a sex offender because it was
only a collateral consequence of his plea. The trial court dismissed defendant’s petition,
concluding that defendant’s untimely filing of his postconviction petition was “a sufficient
ground for dismissal.” The court then alternatively held, “As the State correctly explains, it is
well-stated that registration as a sex offender is a collateral consequence of petitioner’s guilty
plea, of which the court had no duty to admonish him. [Citation.] This claim is without merit
and must fail.” Defendant appeals.
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¶7 Defendant contends that his postconviction petition made a substantial showing that his
constitutional rights were violated and thus the trial court erred when it dismissed his petition
without holding an evidentiary hearing. He notes that it is clear from the record that the lower
court never admonished him that his guilty pleas would require him to register as a sex
offender. He argues that rulings by the United States Supreme Court, in Padilla v. Kentucky,
559 U.S. 356 (2010), and by the Illinois Supreme Court, in People v. Hughes, 2012 IL
112817, supersede Illinois Appellate Court cases holding that registration as a sex offender is
a collateral consequence of conviction and that admonishment is required for only direct, not
collateral consequences. See, e.g., People v. Fredericks, 2014 IL App (1st) 122122, ¶ 41.
¶8 The State first responds that defendant forfeited this issue by failing to include it in his
original appeal and that defendant’s petition fails to meet the affidavit requirements of
section 122-2 of the Act. 725 ILCS 5/122-2 (West 2010). Alternatively, the State argues that
defendant failed to make a substantial showing of a constitutional violation, because the
lower court was not required to admonish him of the collateral consequences of his plea. We
first address the State’s two procedural arguments in turn before analyzing defendant’s claim
on its merits.
¶9 The State first argues that defendant forfeited the issue of admonishment by failing to
include it in his original appeal to this court. It notes that in his direct appeal, defendant only
argued that his motion to withdraw his guilty plea had not been reviewed in accordance with
Supreme Court Rule 604(d). In defendant’s second appeal, the State raised a similar
forfeiture argument in regard to a different issue raised in defendant’s postconviction
petition. Cowart, 389 Ill. App. 3d at 1051. We find our reasoning in the prior appeal equally
applicable here. Any claims made in a postconviction petition that could have been raised on
direct appeal are procedurally defaulted. People v. Williams, 209 Ill. 2d 227, 232-33 (2004).
However, a defendant’s failure to appeal does not forfeit such issues. People v. Flores, 153
Ill. 2d 264, 274 (1992). In postconviction forfeiture analysis, a summary remand for
noncompliance with Rule 604(d) is treated as if the defendant filed no appeal at all. Cowart,
389 Ill. App. 3d at 1051-52 (citing People v. Teague, 83 Ill. App. 3d 990, 994 (1980)). Since
defendant’s original appeal is the equivalent of filing no appeal, he has not forfeited his claim
regarding failure to admonish.
¶ 10 Next, the State argues that defendant’s petition fails to meet the requirements of section
122-2 of the Act. 725 ILCS 5/122-2 (West 2010). The State asserts that defendant has
provided no affidavit or other support to show that he would not have pleaded guilty if he
had been admonished of his duty to register. It notes that his claim is predicated only on an
affidavit by the defendant stating that he told his trial counsel that he was “dissatisfied” with
the plea offer. Defendant responds that the State has waived this argument by failing to
include it in its motion to dismiss. We agree.
¶ 11 The State forfeits a nonjurisdictional procedural challenge to a postconviction petition
when it fails to raise that challenge in a motion to dismiss. People v. Turner, 2012 IL App
(2d) 100819, ¶ 42. In Turner, the defendant failed to include a verification affidavit with his
postconviction petition. Id. ¶ 35. While the State argued on appeal that the Turner
defendant’s petition should be dismissed because of that failure, it had not included that
argument in its motion to dismiss. Id. ¶ 42. The reviewing court reasoned that had the State
included the argument in its motion, the defendant could have sought leave to rectify the
deficiency. Id. ¶ 43. The Turner court held the State had forfeited the issue. Id. ¶ 44. We find
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Turner persuasive. Had the State raised defendant’s lack of supporting affidavits in its
motion to dismiss, defendant could have supplied the affidavits. In failing to do so, the State
has procedurally defaulted the issue and we need not determine whether the dismissal can be
affirmed on that basis. Id.
¶ 12 We now turn to the substantive merits of defendant’s claim. At the second stage of a
postconviction proceeding, as in this case, the State may either file an answer to the
defendant’s petition or a motion to dismiss it. People v. Lofton, 2011 IL App (1st) 100118,
¶ 27. Before a postconviction petition moves to the third stage, an evidentiary hearing, the
trial court must determine if the petition and any attached documents “make a substantial
showing of a constitutional violation.” People v. Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d 239, 246 (2001). In
making this determination the court takes all well-pleaded facts in the petition and attached
documents as true, unless contradicted by the record. People v. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d 366,
381-82 (1998). When a petition is dismissed at the second stage, review is de novo. Id. at
389.
¶ 13 Due process requires that all pleas be knowing and voluntary. People v. Fuller, 205 Ill.
2d 308, 322 (2002); Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 242-43 (1969). Therefore, plea courts
must admonish a defendant of the direct consequences of his or her plea. See People v.
Hughes, 2012 IL 112817, ¶ 35; People v. Fredericks, 2014 IL App (1st) 122122, ¶ 40. Courts
need not admonish defendants as to consequences that are merely collateral. Hughes, 2012 IL
112817, ¶ 36. A direct consequence “has a definite, immediate and largely automatic effect”
on the defendant’s punishment. Hughes, 2012 IL 112817, ¶ 35 (citing People v. Williams,
188 Ill. 2d 365, 372 (1999)). Illinois courts have held that mandatory sex offender
registration is a collateral consequence, rather than a direct one. See Fredericks, 2014 IL App
(1st) 122122, ¶ 40; People v. Downin, 394 Ill. App. 3d 141, 146 (2009); see also People v.
Starnes, 273 Ill. App. 3d 911, 914 (1995). Registration is neither a restraint on liberty nor a
punishment. People v. Malchow, 193 Ill. 2d 413, 424 (2000); Fredericks, 2014 IL App (1st)
122122, ¶ 40; Downin, 394 Ill. App. 3d at 146.
¶ 14 Defendant argues that the reasoning used by the United States Supreme Court in Padilla
and adopted by the Illinois Supreme Court in Hughes should be extended to require a trial
court to admonish a defendant of mandatory lifetime sex offender registration.
¶ 15 In Padilla, the defendant, a resident alien, pleaded guilty to drug distribution charges.
Padilla, 559 U.S. at 359. The defendant alleged his attorney provided ineffective counsel
when he did not advise the defendant that the conviction made him eligible for deportation
and had told him not to worry about deportation. Id. The Kentucky Supreme Court affirmed
the defendant’s conviction, holding that the sixth amendment did not apply because
deportation was a civil and, therefore, collateral consequence. Id. at 359-60. The United
States Supreme Court reasoned that even though deportation is a civil consequence of a
guilty plea, it could not be “categorically removed” from defense counsel’s duties, given
deportation’s increased enmeshment with the criminal process. Id. at 366. The Court then
remanded the defendant’s case for further consideration under sixth amendment doctrine. Id.
at 369.
¶ 16 The Illinois Supreme Court considered Padilla’s reasoning in Hughes. The Hughes
defendant pleaded guilty to an aggravated sexual abuse charge in exchange for the State’s
dropping of other charges, withdrawal of a petition to commit the defendant as a sexually
dangerous person, and a sentence recommendation. Hughes, 2012 IL 112817, ¶ 7. After the
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defendant’s plea was accepted, the State filed a petition to commit him as a sexually violent
person under a separate statute and the defendant filed a motion to withdraw his guilty plea.
Id. ¶ 10. He alleged that his plea was involuntary because the trial court failed to admonish
that he could be committed under the other statute, and alternatively, because his trial
counsel’s failure to advise of the same possibility constituted ineffective assistance of
counsel. Id. The Illinois Supreme Court first addressed the trial court’s failure to admonish,
holding that an admonishment from the trial court was not required, as commitment was a
collateral consequence of the conviction. Id. ¶ 40. The court reasoned that collateral
consequences “lack [a] definite, immediate or automatic effect on the sentence imposed.” Id.
¶ 36. It focused on the fact that involuntary civil commitment was not automatic and imposed
by an outside agency, not the court. Id. ¶¶ 37-39. The Illinois Supreme Court did not discuss
Padilla anywhere in its discussion of admonishments. The Hughes court discussed Padilla
only when addressing the defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim. See id. ¶ 43.
¶ 17 In Fredericks, decided after the decisions in Padilla and Hughes, this court considered
whether a trial court was required to admonish a defendant of the requirement to register as a
sex offender following a guilty plea. Fredericks, 2014 IL App (1st) 122122. In Fredericks,
the defendant pleaded guilty to methamphetamine possession and, as a result of an earlier
aggravated criminal sexual abuse conviction, was required to register as a sex offender. Id.
¶ 1. The defendant filed a motion to withdraw his plea, arguing, inter alia, upon the trial
court’s failure to admonish him of the mandatory registration. Id. ¶ 2. The trial court denied
the motion and the defendant appealed. Id. On appeal, the defendant argued that Padilla
required a trial court to admonish a pleading defendant of the requirement to register as a sex
offender. Id. ¶ 41. This court declined to extend Padilla, explaining that the Illinois Supreme
Court had continued to use the collateral/direct consequence distinction following Padilla.
Id. ¶ 42 (citing Hughes, 2012 IL 112817, ¶¶ 35-41, and People v. Delvillar, 235 Ill. 2d 507,
521-22 (2009)).1 Our opinion also distinguished Padilla because it dealt with a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel, rather than one of a trial court’s failure to admonish.
¶ 18 We find Fredericks to be persuasive. In Hughes, the Illinois Supreme Court reaffirmed
the distinction between direct and collateral consequences, noting that direct consequences
have definite and automatic effects on a defendant’s punishment. Hughes, 2012 IL 112817,
¶ 35 (citing People v. Williams, 188 Ill. 2d 365, 372 (1999)). The requirement to register as a
sex offender is definite and automatic. However, it does not affect the defendant’s
punishment. Unlike deportation or involuntary civil commitment, the registration of sex
offenders is not a punishment or a restraint of a liberty interest. See Malchow, 193 Ill. 2d at
424. Therefore, the registration requirement remains a collateral consequence under
Hughes’s definition, and the lower court was not required to admonish defendant on it.
¶ 19 As in Fredericks, we decline to extend the reasoning of Padilla to the issue of trial court
admonishments. Padilla concerns an ineffective representation of counsel under the sixth
amendment. Defendant does not argue that his attorney failed to advise; he argues that the
plea court failed to admonish him. The Illinois Supreme Court had the opportunity to apply
Padilla’s reasoning to admonishment cases in Hughes but did not. In Hughes, the court first
1
Defendant correctly notes that Delvillar, contrary to this court’s assertion in Fredericks, was
published before Padilla. However, Fredericks’ reliance on Hughes is accurate, despite the error in
regard to Delvillar.
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addressed whether the trial court should have admonished the defendant using the direct or
collateral consequence distinction. Hughes, 2012 IL 112817, ¶¶ 35-41. The court did not
mention Padilla until it had finished discussing admonishment and turned to the defendant’s
claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Id. ¶ 43. Thus, we are bound by Hughes’s
admonishment analysis and its continued distinction between collateral and direct
consequences.
¶ 20 As we find the plea court was not required to admonish defendant in regard to
registration as a sex offender, the absence of such admonishment does not render his plea
unknowing or involuntary. Fredericks, 2014 IL App (1st) 122122, ¶ 40. As such, even when
all of the factual allegations in defendant’s petition are taken as true, he has failed to “make a
substantial showing of a constitutional violation.” People v. Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d 239, 246
(2001).
¶ 21 We note briefly that the court below also found that defendant’s petition was untimely as
an alternative ground for dismissal. Neither defendant nor the State addressed this alternative
finding in their briefs. As we affirm the dismissal of defendant’s petition on its merits, we
need not address the question of its timeliness.
¶ 22 For the foregoing reasons, we find that defendant has failed to make a substantial
showing of a constitutional violation. Accordingly, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook
County is affirmed.
¶ 23 Affirmed.
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