United States v. Christopher Harris , 794 F.3d 885 ( 2015 )

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 14-2269
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United States of America,
lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
Christopher J. Harris,
lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant.
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Western District of Missouri - Kansas City
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Submitted: January 13, 2015
Filed: July 21, 2015
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Before RILEY, Chief Judge, COLLOTON and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
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COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.
After Christopher J. Harris sold cocaine to an undercover officer at his
residence, police obtained a search warrant and discovered cocaine and several
firearms on July 17, 2013. Harris eventually pleaded guilty to unlawful possession
of a firearm as a previously convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g).
At sentencing, the district court determined that Harris was an armed career
criminal under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e), and sentenced him to the statutory minimum of
180 months’ imprisonment. The court, on its own initiative, also imposed a novel
special condition of supervised release that “there be no unprotected sex activities
without probation office approval during the period of supervised release.” In a later
written order and judgment, the court attempted to modify the special condition to say
that Harris “shall use contraceptives before engaging in sexual activity that may
otherwise cause pregnancy unless such use would violate his religious scruples or is
expressly rejected by his sexual partner.” On appeal, Harris challenges both the
armed career criminal determination and the special condition.
I.
We consider first the term of imprisonment. The Armed Career Criminal Act
provides for a minimum term of fifteen years’ imprisonment for a felon in possession
of a firearm, if the defendant has three previous convictions for a “violent felony” or
a “serious drug offense,” committed on occasions different from one another. 18
U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). Otherwise, the statutory maximum punishment for Harris’s
offense is ten years’ imprisonment. 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(2). Before committing the
offense in this case, Harris had sustained one conviction for felony assault and two
convictions for felony sale of a controlled substance on different occasions. The
district court thus concluded that Harris had previous convictions for one violent
felony and two serious drug offenses, and that he was subject to enhanced punishment
under § 924(e)(1). The court imposed the statutory minimum term of fifteen years.
On appeal, Harris argues that whether his prior drug convictions were
committed on different occasions is a fact that increases the prescribed punishment
for his offense. Relying on Alleyne v. United States, 133 S.Ct. 2151, 2160-61 (2013),
he argues that the district court violated his rights under the Sixth Amendment by
finding that his prior offenses were committed on different occasions without
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requiring that the fact be proved beyond a reasonable doubt to a jury or admitted by
the defendant. According to Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 243-
44 (1998), however, recidivism is not an element that must be admitted or proved to
a jury. The Court in Alleyne did not revisit that “narrow exception” to the general
rule. 133 S. Ct. at 2160 n.1. Whether prior offenses were committed on different
occasions is among the recidivism-related facts covered by the rule of Almendarez-
Torres. United States v. Evans, 738 F.3d 935, 936-37 (8th Cir. 2014) (per curiam).
In any event, Harris admitted that his prior drug offenses were committed on two
different occasions during a colloquy at his plea hearing, R. Doc. 32, at 9-10, and by
not objecting to the factual recitation in the presentence report. United States v. Paz,
411 F.3d 906, 909 (8th Cir. 2005). Harris’s challenge to the application of § 924(e)
is therefore without merit.1
II.
A.
The district court raised the special condition of supervised release concerning
Harris’s sexual activity for the first time during a brief discussion with counsel
immediately before the sentencing hearing. The probation office did not recommend
the condition. The government did not suggest it. The defendant received no
advance notice about it. The district court acknowledged that it was “probably a
surprise to everyone.”
The district court observed that Harris had fathered ten children out of wedlock
with seven different women and declared that Harris’s conduct was “creating a very
1
Harris does not assert that his prior conviction for felony assault was counted
as a violent felony under the “residual clause” of § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii), rather than under
§ 924(e)(2)(B)(i), so the invalidation of the residual clause in Johnson v. United
States, No. 13-7120, 2015 WL 2473450 (U.S. June 26, 2015), has no effect here.
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serious social problem” that was “more serious than a lot of the things that we do deal
with on conditions of supervised release.” During the hearing, the court again raised
a “social problem of apparently a great deal of unprotected sex.”
Harris, through counsel, objected to the suggested condition, stating that there
was no evidence that the mothers of his ten children were incapable of caring for
them. He argued that “[b]abies aren’t diseases,” and that many single mothers are
capable of caring for children by themselves. Harris also alluded to a “right to
procreate” and raised logistical problems that would arise from requiring the
probation office to approve his sexual activities. The government described the
court’s proposal as “an unexpected situation” and made no recommendation on the
condition. In his allocution, Harris declared that none of his children was “a
hindrance to the government.”
The district court then commented further on its suggested condition of release.
The court said that it would “back away” if there was “a religious problem,” because
it doubted the court’s authority to modify First Amendment rights. The court
explained that if Harris advised the probation office that he had a spouse or a partner
with whom he was living on a regular basis, and that the couple wanted to have
children, then the court was “confident that the probation officer would allow
unprotected sex” or the court would direct that it be permitted. The court explained
that it did not mean to be “targeting” Harris, and that the court contemplated imposing
a condition regarding sexual activity “rather frequently when there appears to be a
problematic number of illegitimate children.”
In the oral pronouncement of sentence, the court directed that Harris must
comply with an “additional special condition that there be no unprotected sex
activities without probation office approval during the period of supervised release.”
The court then declared that there are many times when “the worst conduct by a
defendant, although not illegal, is the apparent irresponsibility in a sexual manner,”
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and expressed concern about “its effect on society” and “its effect on the children
who have frequently, not perhaps in this case, frequently no financial or emotional
support from a defendant.”
One week later, the district court filed a memorandum to counsel reporting that
the judgment form submitted to the court included “an accurate statement of the
additional condition of supervised release” pronounced in the courtroom, to wit: “the
defendant shall not participate in any unprotected sex activities without approval of
the Probation Office during the term of supervision.” The court wrote that its
comments at sentencing also had referred to its “supposition that the Probation Office
would defer to religious scruples and to the desire of couples to conceive children.”
The court stated that on further consideration, it believed that the condition should
include “specific language to that effect, and that open-ended discretion by the
Probation Officer is inappropriate.”
The memorandum explained that the written judgment would substitute “more
limited” language for the oral pronouncement, providing that “the defendant shall use
contraceptives before engaging in sexual activity that may otherwise cause pregnancy
unless such use would violate his religious scruples or is expressly rejected by his
sexual partner.” The court believed that because the substitute language was “less
restrictive and more clearly articulated than the original wording,” there was no need
for “a reopened sentencing hearing.”
The court then acknowledged the likelihood of an appeal and closed the
memorandum as follows:
We deal with various types of less serious social evils during
supervision, including minimal drug usage, unlicensed driving,
associations with felons and being present in a barroom. Irresponsible
sexual conduct by defendants under supervision greatly burdens women
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who may be unwilling to conceive children as well as offspring
routinely abandoned by biological fathers.2
B.
Conditions of supervised release are governed by 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d). The
court may order a special condition of release if it is consistent with any pertinent
policy statement of the Sentencing Commission and satisfies two other criteria. The
condition must be “reasonably related to” four factors: the nature and circumstances
of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant, the need to afford
adequate deterrence to criminal conduct, the need to protect the public from future
crimes of the defendant, and the need to provide the defendant with needed
educational or vocational training, medical care, or other correctional treatment in the
most effective manner. The condition also must “involve[] no greater deprivation of
liberty than is reasonably necessary” to afford adequate deterrence, protect the public
from future crimes of the defendant, and provide the defendant with needed training
and medical care. 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d); see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
Harris renews his objections to the special condition of supervised release,
arguing both that the district court abused its discretion under § 3583(d) and violated
Harris’s constitutional rights. The government does not address the special condition
pronounced at sentencing, but defends the special condition set forth in the district
court’s written judgment. According to the government, the written condition
“merely requires [Harris] to follow the law and not engage in non-consensual sexual
contact or essentially engage in sexual assault.”
2
This defendant is said to offer financial support and
nurturing for his illegitimate children. There are ten such
children, with numerous mothers. In my view, this would
not preclude addressing a general problem.
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This argument is unsupported. No law cited by the government requires a man
to use contraception unless his sexual partner “expressly rejects” its use. If a man
proposes to engage in consensual sexual activity without mentioning contraception,
and a woman voluntarily agrees without mentioning contraception, then there is no
violation of law. If a man proposes to forego use of contraception while engaging in
consensual sexual activity, and a woman voluntarily agrees, then there is no violation
of law. That the woman in neither case “expressly rejects” a proposed use of
contraceptives does not mean that the man has committed sexual assault or engaged
in non-consensual sexual contact. The written condition imposes a restriction that
exceeds a general requirement to obey the law. This point evidently was not lost on
the district court, which described Harris’s past sexual conduct as “irresponsible” but
“not illegal.”
Harris, like the government, addresses the written version of the special
condition, but the written judgment is not the correct focus. It is well established that
when an oral pronouncement of sentence conflicts with the written judgment, the oral
pronouncement controls. Hill v. United States ex rel. Wampler, 298 U.S. 460, 464-65
(1936); United States v. Morais, 670 F.3d 889, 895 (8th Cir. 2012); United States v.
Brave, 642 F.3d 625, 627 (8th Cir. 2011); United States v. Durham, 618 F.3d 921,
945 (8th Cir. 2010). The sentencing court cannot alter the terms of a sentence once
the defendant has begun to serve it, Johnson v. Mabry, 602 F.2d 167, 170 (8th Cir.
1979), and an after-the-fact written judgment cannot cure an illegal sentence imposed
in court. United States v. Foster, 514 F.3d 821, 825 (8th Cir. 2008).
The special condition as pronounced orally provided in substance that Harris
“shall not participate in any unprotected sex activities without approval of the
Probation Office during the term of supervision.” This special condition cannot be
sustained.
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For one thing, the special condition as pronounced is even broader than the
novel restriction on fathering children that the court seemed to contemplate during
the hearing. By restricting “unprotected sex activities,” without limitation, the
condition purports to regulate conduct that could not result in pregnancy. The
condition is not even reasonably related to the purposes that motivated the condition.
The special condition also is not reasonably related to the statutory factors set
forth in § 3583(d). As in United States v. Smith, 972 F.2d 960 (8th Cir. 1992), where
this court set aside a special condition attempting to regulate a defendant’s fathering
of children while on supervised release, the condition here is not related to the nature
and circumstances of Harris’s offense. The court did not find that Harris’s sexual
activity was related to his unlawful possession of a firearm. Nor did the district court
explain how restrictions on Harris’s sexual activity would deter Harris from future
criminal conduct, protect the public from future crimes by Harris, or assist in Harris’s
training, medical care, or correctional treatment. For similar reasons, the condition
impermissibly involves a greater deprivation of liberty than is reasonably necessary
to afford adequate deterrence, protect the public from future crimes, and provide the
defendant with needed training, care, or treatment. As in Smith, the district court
sought to address a perceived social problem that does not have the required nexus
to factors that guide sentencing in a federal criminal case.
We conclude that the district court exceeded its authority under § 3583(d) when
it imposed the special condition of supervised release at sentencing. The revised
condition included in the written judgment is not properly before us, but it would of
course raise similar issues with respect to the requirement that a condition bear a
reasonable relationship to the statutory factors that govern sentencing.
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For the reasons stated, we modify the judgment of the district court to delete
the eighth additional condition of supervised release. The judgment of the district
court is affirmed as modified. See United States v. Juan-Manuel, 222 F.3d 480, 488
(8th Cir. 2000).
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