in-re-the-general-adjudication-of-all-rights-to-use-water-in-the-big-horn , 2015 WY 104 ( 2015 )


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  •               IN THE SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WYOMING
    
    2015 WY 104
    APRIL TERM, A.D. 2015
    August 13, 2015
    IN RE: THE GENERAL
    ADJUDICATION OF ALL RIGHTS TO
    USE WATER IN THE BIG HORN
    RIVER SYSTEM AND ALL OTHER
    SOURCES, STATE OF WYOMING
    FRANK E. MOHR,
    Appellant
    S-15-0008
    (Objector),
    v.
    THE STATE OF WYOMING and
    FARMERS CANAL COMPANY,
    Appellees
    (Respondents).
    Appeal from the District Court of Washakie County
    The Honorable Robert E. Skar, Judge
    Representing Appellant:
    Frank E. Mohr, pro se.
    Representing Appellee State of Wyoming:
    Peter K. Michael, Wyoming Attorney General; James Kaste, Deputy Attorney
    General; Chris Brown, Senior Assistant Attorney General; Abigail C. Boudewyns,
    Assistant Attorney General.
    Representing Appellee Farmers Canal Company:
    No appearance.
    Before BURKE, C.J., and HILL, KITE*, DAVIS, and FOX, JJ.
    *Justice Kite retired effective August 3, 2015.
    NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in Pacific Reporter Third.
    Readers are requested to notify the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Building,
    Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002, of any typographical or other formal errors so that correction may be
    made before final publication in the permanent volume.
    FOX, Justice.
    [¶1] In the final phase of the general adjudication of water rights in the Big Horn River,
    the Wyoming Board of Control (the Board) recommended elimination of certain unused
    and unadjudicated water rights under Farmers Canal Permit 854 (Farmers Canal Permit),
    including the rights to irrigate Tract 109, now owned by Appellant Frank E. Mohr. Since
    at least 1922, Tract 109 has been irrigated under Permit 3712E (the Perkins Ditch
    Enlargement). In conjunction with his application for that permit, Mr. Mohr’s
    predecessor submitted his affidavit acknowledging that water under the Farmers Canal
    Permit had not been put to beneficial use on Tract 109, and relinquishing his right to
    water under that permit. The Special Master and the district court found that
    relinquishment of the Farmers Canal Permit by Mr. Mohr’s predecessor was final and not
    subject to attack by Mr. Mohr. Mr. Mohr argues on appeal that his predecessor’s actions
    did not eliminate the Farmers Canal right, and he asserts a multitude of procedural errors
    by the district court. We affirm.
    ISSUES
    [¶2] Although Mr. Mohr asserts numerous issues, we can discern and will address the
    following:
    1. Is Mr. Mohr bound by the acts of his predecessor-in-interest and the previous
    adjudication of water rights to Tract 109?
    2. Did the district court give Mr. Mohr a fair opportunity to present his case in
    accordance with the Wyoming Rules of Civil Procedure?
    FACTS
    [¶3] In 1977, the Wyoming Legislature authorized the general adjudication of “the
    nature, extent, and relative priority of the water rights of all persons” in the Big Horn
    River system. Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 1-37-106 (LexisNexis 2015). The Big Horn
    adjudication was divided into three phases:
    The focus of the first phase was on the claims of the United
    States of America and the Shoshone and Arapaho Tribes
    regarding reserved water rights on the Wind River Indian
    Reservation and any other water rights established by federal
    law. The second phase was to focus upon the consideration
    of claims asserted by non-Indian successors in interest to
    lands within the Wind River Indian Reservation that once had
    been owned by Indian allottees and subsequently conveyed.
    The third phase was reserved for litigation of all claims
    1
    founded on state court decrees, state certificates of
    appropriation, state permits that had not been cancelled, or
    any additional state claims otherwise represented.
    In re General Adjudication of All Right to Use Water in Big Horn River System, 
    803 P.2d 61
    , 65 (Wyo. 1990) (Big Horn II). Mr. Mohr’s appeal comes to us under Phase III, and
    concerns the elimination of an uncancelled permit.
    [¶4] The Farmers Canal Permit was filed on November 21, 1894, by “Richard L.
    Preator in the name of and for the Farmers Canal Company,” for irrigation, mill, and
    domestic purposes. The permit originally sought water to irrigate 14,353.81 acres from
    the Greybull River, including 161.73 acres, now known as Tract 109, and currently
    owned by Mr. Mohr. Over the years, the Board adjudicated 9,214.81 of the acres
    identified in the Farmers Canal Permit, but no Farmers Canal water was ever adjudicated
    for Tract 109.
    [¶5] In November 1916, Levi Johnson, Mr. Mohr’s predecessor-in-interest to Tract
    109, signed an application for the Perkins Ditch Enlargement for the purpose of irrigating
    Tract 109 and for domestic use. In conjunction with his application, Mr. Johnson
    executed the following affidavit:
    I, Levi Johnson of Burlington, County of Big Horn,
    State of Wyoming, being first duly sworn according to law
    depose and say, that the water from the Farmers’ Canal under
    Permit No. 854 has never, to my knowledge, been applied to
    the land known as Tract No. 109, Twp. 51 North, Range 96
    West as according to the terms of the permit and further, prior
    to purchasing the above land, it has not been irrigated for a
    continuous period for five years since.
    The deponent further says that it is his belief that the
    said Permit No. 854 covering Tract No. 109 is not in good
    standing and further asks that said Permit No. 854 be
    cancelled so far as effecting Tract No. 109 said township and
    range above written.
    The deponent further says that he is the sole owner of
    the within described land.
    The affidavit was filed, but the State did not remove references to Tract 109 in the
    Farmers Canal Permit or otherwise formalize the requested cancellation.
    2
    [¶6] The State Engineer issued a permit for the Perkins Ditch Enlargement in
    December 1916. Construction began in May 1917, was completed in October 1920, and
    water was put to beneficial use on Tract 109 through the ditch in September 1921. Mr.
    Johnson submitted a Proof of Appropriation, and the Board subsequently issued a
    Certificate of Appropriation of Water to Tract 109 under the Perkins Ditch Enlargement.
    The certificate provided for 2.31 cubic feet per second (cfs) of water for 161.73 acres in
    Tract 109 with a priority date of August 8, 1916. Through a series of subsequent changes
    to points of diversion and means of conveyance, Tract 109 continues to receive water
    under the Perkins Ditch Enlargement, though since at least 1942 it has been delivered via
    the Farmers Canal.
    [¶7] In accordance with Phase III procedures for the Big Horn River General
    Adjudication, the Board inspected unadjudicated water rights under the Farmers Canal
    Permit, and in May 1992, the following report was transmitted to the Board’s Division III
    Supervisor:
    Of the 14,257.61 acres permitted, 9,239.41 acres, stock and
    domestic use (not permitted) are adjudicated (includes 75
    acres misadjudicated and 60 acres over-adjudicated), leaving
    5153.2 acres and mill use unadjudicated. Much of this
    unadjudicated acreage is adjudicated under other permits
    from the same source and other sources as tabulated on the
    attached sheet.
    ....
    The remaining unadjudicated acreage (5153.2 acres) is
    recommended for elimination.
    The attachment to the report identified Tract 109 as adjudicated under the Perkins Ditch
    Enlargement.
    [¶8] In 2008, the Administrator for the Big Horn River General Adjudication
    recommended eliminating the unadjudicated acreage from the Farmers Canal Permit,
    including Tract 109. The recommendations were provided to the Farmers Canal
    Company, which then forwarded the notice to each landowner in accordance with the Big
    Horn River General Adjudication procedures. Nine appropriators filed objections to the
    report, including Mr. Mohr. In response to the objections, the State Engineer’s staff
    conducted further inspection of the unadjudicated lands under the Farmers Canal Permit
    and submitted an amended report to the district court for adjudication. Though the
    amended report resolved most objections, it still recommended elimination of Tract 109,
    and Mr. Mohr continued to object.
    3
    [¶9] The Special Master held a two-day hearing on Mr. Mohr’s objection in February
    2010. At the hearing, Mr. Mohr admitted that Tract 109 had never been adjudicated
    under the Farmers Canal Permit, but was adjudicated under the Perkins Ditch
    Enlargement with a priority date of 1916. He also admitted that he currently irrigates
    Tract 109 with water permitted under the Perkins Ditch Enlargement Permit and
    conveyed via the Farmers Canal. Nevertheless, he contended that Levi Johnson’s
    affidavit was signed without sufficient knowledge of what rights were being relinquished
    and therefore was ineffective to terminate Tract 109’s right to Farmers Canal Permit
    water. The Big Horn Administrator testified that adjudicating the Farmers Canal Permit
    to apply to Tract 109 at this point in time would “create a double right on the same
    system on the same tract of lands[,]” and it would “create[] a water conflict on the
    ground, in addition to the paper record.”
    [¶10] In her Report and Recommendation to the district court, the Special Master
    recommended elimination of Tract 109 from the Farmers Canal Permit and concluded:
    8. A water right user, like a landowner, is bound by the
    actions of the previous landowner in title. Further, once a
    final decree/certificate is issued by the Wyoming Board of
    Control, such adjudication is deemed conclusive as to all
    prior appropriations, and estoppel from claiming greater
    rights exists. The actions by Levi Johnson, Mr. Mohr’s
    predecessor in title, required actions before the Board of
    Control. The adjudication and certification of water rights for
    Tract 109 under Permit No. 3712E has already occurred.
    Levi Johnson removed all his claims for Tract 109 in the
    Farmers Canal, in order to achieve adjudication of the
    Enlargement of the Perkins Ditch. The previous landowner’s
    actions regarding water supply for Tract 109 are binding on
    the property with regard to the water right serving such
    property. Arguments that Levi Johnson did so without
    knowledge of consequences are unpersuasive.
    ....
    12. In Mr. Mohr’s case, his land, like all of Tract 109, has
    been historically irrigated under Permit No. 3712 Enl., under
    which his lands in Township 51 North, Range 96 West, Tract
    109, Big Horn County, Wyoming, were adjudicated in 1922.
    While the means of conveyance of that water is currently via
    Farmers Canal, no Permit No. 854 water has been used to
    irrigate Mr. Mohr’s lands since at least 1922. There is an
    overlap or conflict which arises as a result of this and, for that
    4
    reason, Mr. Mohr’s lands in Township 51 North, Range 96
    West, Tract 109, Big Horn County, Wyoming should be
    eliminated from Permit No. 854.
    (Internal citations omitted.) Mr. Mohr filed an objection to the Report and
    Recommendation, and requested a hearing with the district court.
    [¶11] The district court approved the Special Master’s Report and Recommendation,
    finding: “Since 1916 the lands of Mr. Mohr have been receiving water pursuant to the
    [Perkins Ditch Enlargement] and not the [Farmers Canal Permit].” It concluded “[t]hat
    Tract 109 owned by Mr. Mohr is serviced under the [Perkins Ditch Enlargement] and not
    the [Farmers Canal Permit].”
    [¶12] Mr. Mohr responded by filing multiple motions objecting to the Special Master’s
    Report and Recommendation. Several of the motions attacked generally the factual
    findings in the Special Master’s Report and Recommendation, and several more argued
    that the State’s failure to submit a final order within twenty days of the district court’s
    December 6, 2010 decision letter violated W.R.C.P. 58(a). On June 2, 2011, the district
    court held a hearing on the motions and issued its final order adopting the Special
    Master’s Report and Recommendation with a number of clerical changes. The district
    court also issued an order denying all of Mr. Mohr’s motions. Following the hearing, Mr.
    Mohr filed approximately twenty motions, again attacking generally the findings of the
    Special Master adopted by the district court, alleging incompetence and fraud by the
    district court, requesting stays to the June 2, 2011 final order, and objecting to the district
    court’s failure timely to enter a final judgment. On June 30, 2011, the district court
    issued an order affirming its previous June 2, 2011 order, explaining that the order
    technically was not final in the full scope of the Big Horn River General Adjudication
    and denying all of Mr. Mohr’s motions. The district court also warned Mr. Mohr about
    submitting motions that “harass, cause unnecessary delay or needless increase to the costs
    of litigation[,]” and indicated the district court would “not tolerate any further demeaning
    pleadings[.]”
    [¶13] Mr. Mohr filed approximately seven more motions between July 6 and July 22,
    2011, arguing that the district court and the State misunderstood and misrepresented his
    argument during the adjudication and his requested hearings. On August 10, 2011, the
    district court denied all of Mr. Mohr’s motions. Mr. Mohr attempted to appeal the district
    court’s decisions to this Court, however his appeal was dismissed for lack of a final order
    in the Big Horn River General Adjudication.
    [¶14] On September 5, 2014, the district court entered its Final Order for Phase III of the
    Big Horn River General Adjudication. Because many objectors were not served with the
    final order, the district court extended the appeal period, and Mr. Mohr timely filed his
    appeal during the extension.
    5
    STANDARD OF REVIEW
    [¶15] Whether Mr. Mohr is bound by his predecessor’s actions is a legal question which
    we review de novo.1 In re General Adjudication of All Rights to Use Water in the Big
    Horn River System, 
    753 P.2d 76
    , 88-89 (Wyo. 1988) (Big Horn I), abrogated on other
    grounds by Vaughn v. State, 
    962 P.2d 149
    (Wyo. 1998); W.R.C.P. 53(e); see also
    F.R.C.P. 53(f)(4) (“The court must decide de novo all objections to conclusions of law
    made or recommended by a master.”). To the extent that Mr. Mohr challenges the factual
    findings of the Special Master, we review for clear error. W.R.C.P. 53(e)(2); In re
    General Adjudication of All Rights to Use Water in Big Horn River System, 
    2002 WY 89
    ,
    ¶ 9, 
    48 P.3d 1040
    , 1045 (Wyo. 2002) (Big Horn VI).
    [¶16] Mr. Mohr also presents approximately fourteen procedural issues, asserting
    generally that the district court failed to properly follow the Wyoming Rules of Civil
    Procedure. Interpretation of procedural rules is a question of law this Court reviews de
    novo. Lavitt v. Stephens, 
    2015 WY 57
    , ¶ 7, 
    347 P.3d 514
    , 517 (Wyo. 2015). However,
    as discussed infra ¶ 24, Mr. Mohr presents no cogent argument or pertinent authority to
    support these issues, and we therefore will not address them.
    DISCUSSION
    I.   Is Mr. Mohr bound by the acts of his predecessor-in-interest and the previous
    adjudication of water rights to Tract 109?
    [¶17]                 Under administrative procedures adopted by
    Wyoming, water rights are perfected in three steps. First, a
    prospective user must apply for a permit to divert or impound
    state waters. Second, if the permit application is approved
    (upon a finding that water is available and other requirements
    are met), the applicant is authorized to construct diversion
    and/or storage structures, and to appropriate water through
    such structures, in accord with the permit’s terms. Finally,
    upon presentation of proof of appropriation for beneficial use
    under a direct-flow permit or proof of construction under a
    reservoir permit, the Wyoming State Board of Control will
    issue a certificate formally confirming rights acquired under
    the permit, with a date of priority relating to the filing of the
    original permit application.
    1
    Mr. Mohr does not dispute the finding of the Special Master that Tract 109 has been irrigated under the
    Perkins Ditch Enlargement since at least 1922.
    6
    In re General Adjudication of All Rights to Use Water in Big Horn, 
    2004 WY 21
    , ¶ 29,
    
    85 P.3d 981
    , 989 (Wyo. 2004) (Big Horn VII) (internal citations omitted).
    [¶18] The Farmers Canal Permit was properly applied for and issued by the State
    Engineer in 1894. However, the Special Master concluded that there was insufficient
    evidence to find that water had been put to beneficial use on Tract 109 from the Farmers
    Canal prior to 1942 when multiple water rights were consolidated at the Farmers Canal
    headgate. To the extent that Mr. Mohr’s appeal challenges these findings, we find no
    clear error. Our own record review confirms that none of Mr. Mohr’s affidavits, maps, or
    other certificates of appropriation for adjacent properties establish the application of
    water to beneficial use on Tract 109 from the Farmers Canal Permit prior to 1916.2
    Because no formal proof of appropriation or certificate of appropriation was ever issued
    for the Farmers Canal Permit in relation to Tract 109, it remained unperfected, or
    “inchoate.” Green River Dev. Co. v. FMC Corp., 
    660 P.2d 339
    , 348 (Wyo. 1983). “An
    ‘inchoate right’ as distinguished from a ‘vested right’ is that which is not yet completed
    or finished.” 
    Id. [¶19] The
    Perkins Ditch Enlargement followed a different trajectory and was perfected
    as to Tract 109 in 1922. The State Engineer conditioned the issuance of Mr. Johnson’s
    permit on his execution of an affidavit waiving any existing rights in the Farmers Canal
    Permit.
    [¶20] The State argues that the affidavit executed by Mr. Johnson is sufficient evidence
    of abandonment of the Farmers Canal Permit; however, the abandonment statutes in
    effect at the time, like those in effect today, envision a formal abandonment or forfeiture
    procedure before abandonment is accomplished, which never occurred here. 1890-91
    Wyo. Sess. Laws; ch. 8, §§ 14, 16; 1907 Wyo. Sess. Laws, ch. 86, § 12; Wyo. Stat. Ann.
    §§41-3-401-402 (LexisNexis 2015).
    [¶21] In the alternative, the State argues that Mr. Mohr’s predecessor waived any right
    he had to water under the Farmers Canal Permit when, in order to obtain the Perkins
    Ditch Enlargement Permit, he submitted his affidavit requesting the Farmers Canal
    Permit be cancelled as to Tract 109.
    We have defined waiver as the intentional
    relinquishment of a known right that must be manifested in
    some unequivocal manner. “While the necessary intent for
    waiver may be implied from conduct, the conduct should
    speak the intent clearly.” In addition, we have recognized
    2
    The dispute regarding pre-1916 beneficial use is not material to the dispositive issue in this
    case―whether Mr. Mohr’s predecessor relinquished his rights under the Farmers Canal Permit when he
    sought and perfected his water right under the Perkins Ditch Enlargement.
    7
    that the three elements of waiver are: 1) an existing right; 2)
    knowledge of that right; and 3) an intent to relinquish it.
    Jensen v. Fremont Motors Cody, Inc., 
    2002 WY 173
    , ¶ 16, 
    58 P.3d 322
    , 327 (Wyo. 2002)
    (citations omitted). Here, Mr. Mohr’s predecessor recognized his existing right to water
    under the Farmers Canal Permit, and clearly expressed his intent to relinquish it. He
    further manifested that intent by proceeding to perfect his water right under the Perkins
    Ditch Enlargement, and water has been supplied to Tract 109 under that Permit since at
    least 1922. Mr. Johnson’s 1916 affidavit and subsequent actions to perfect the Perkins
    Ditch Enlargement effected a waiver of any right to water under the Farmers Canal
    Permit. Mr. Mohr is bound by the actions of his predecessor-in-interest. Campbell v.
    Wyo. Dev. Co., 
    55 Wyo. 347
    , 
    100 P.2d 124
    , 138 (1940) (parties “are in no better
    position” than their predecessors).
    [¶22] In Green River Dev. 
    Co., 660 P.2d at 349-50
    , we recognized the importance of
    observing the water permitting process and the critical final step of issuing a certificate of
    appropriation. Here, the Board issued a certificate of appropriation for Tract 109 in 1922,
    which served as the final determination of the water rights for that property (2.31 cfs for
    the 161.73-acre tract provides the statutory “duty of water,” one cubic foot per second for
    each seventy acres of land. Wyo. Stat. § 41-4-317 (LexisNexis 2015)). Mr. Johnson, the
    owner of Tract 109, waived the right to water under the Farmers Canal Permit in 1916,
    and that decision was made final when the Perkins Ditch Enlargement certificate of
    appropriation was issued in 1922.
    [¶23] We affirm the Special Master’s Report and Recommendation and the district
    court’s adoption of the Report and Recommendation eliminating Tract 109 from the
    Farmers Canal Permit.
    II. Did the district court give Mr. Mohr a fair opportunity to present his case in
    accordance with the Wyoming Rules of Civil Procedure?
    [¶24] Mr. Mohr presents approximately fourteen procedural issues asserting generally
    that the district court failed to properly follow various Wyoming Rules of Civil
    Procedure. He provides no specific facts, analysis, or authorities explaining how the
    district court violated the rules. “[E]ven pro se litigants must present support for their
    arguments in order to succeed in their appeals.” Chapman v. State, 
    2015 WY 15
    , ¶ 20,
    
    342 P.3d 388
    , 394 (Wyo. 2015). “When a brief fails to present a valid contention
    supported by cogent argument or pertinent authority, ‘we consistently have refused to
    consider such cases, whether the brief is by a litigant pro se or is filed by counsel.’”
    Hamburg v. Heilbrun, 
    889 P.2d 967
    , 968 (Wyo. 1995) (quoting E.C. Cates Agency, Inc.
    v. Barbe, 
    764 P.2d 274
    , 276 (Wyo. 1988)); see also W.R.A.P. 7.01. Furthermore, Mr.
    Mohr fails to articulate how he was harmed by the district court’s alleged errors. “Any
    error, defect, irregularity or variance which does not affect substantial rights shall be
    8
    disregarded by the reviewing court.” W.R.A.P. 9.04. As a result, we affirm the district
    court’s procedural rulings. W.R.A.P. 1.03.
    CONCLUSION
    [¶25] We affirm the Special Master’s Report and Recommendation and the district
    court’s adoption of the Report and Recommendation in which it recommended
    elimination of Tract 109 from the Farmers Canal Permit.
    9