McLoughlin v. Williams , 2015 Ohio 3287 ( 2015 )

[Cite as McLoughlin v. Williams, 2015-Ohio-3287.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
CLERMONT COUNTY
SARAH MCLOUGHLIN, A Minor, by Her :
Parents and Next Friends, John P.
McLoughlin and Tabetha McLoughlin, : CASE NO. CA2015-02-020
Plaintiffs-Appellants, : OPINION
8/17/2015
:
- vs -
:
CHERYL A. WILLIAMS, et al., :
Defendants-Appellees. :
CIVIL APPEAL FROM CLERMONT COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
Case No. 2013 CVH 00050
Becker & Cade, Dennis A. Becker, 526A Wards Corner Road, Loveland, Ohio 45140, for
plaintiffs-appellants
Marshall Dennehey Warner Coleman & Goggin, P.C., Timothy B. Schenkel, Matthew D.
Hamm, 312 Elm Street, Suite 1850, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202, for defendant-appellee
Kari Cox, 5652 Viewpoint, Apt. A, Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, defendant, pro se
PIPER, P.J.
{¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, Sarah McLoughlin, a minor, by her parents John and
Tabetha McLoughlin, appeals a decision of the Clermont Count Court of Common Pleas
granting a motion for summary judgment in favor of defendant-appellee, Cheryl Williams.
Clermont CA2015-02-020
{¶ 2} Mariah Cox, who is Williams' granddaughter, and Sarah were friends who lived
in the same neighborhood. Mariah invited Sarah to join her on an overnight stay at her
grandmother's house. Sarah's parents allowed her to attend the sleepover, which began on
Friday. On that evening, and while at Williams' home, Mariah rode an ATV owned by a man
who lived with Williams, Jeff Brandenburg.1 Being afraid, Sarah did not ride the ATV that
night. However, the next morning, Sarah changed her mind, and rode the ATV with Mariah
driving. The children were supervised outside by Mariah's mother, Kari Cox and
Brandenburg. With nine-year-old Sarah as her passenger, seven-year-old Mariah drove the
ATV off Williams' property, onto the street running through the neighborhood. Unfortunately,
Mariah crashed into an abutment causing the ATV to flip, injuring both girls.
{¶ 3} Sarah's parents filed a personal injury suit against Cox and Williams. Cox did
not defend the suit, and a default judgment was entered against her. Williams answered the
complaint, and discovery followed. Williams filed a motion for summary judgment, which was
granted by the trial court. The McLoughlins now appeal the trial court's grant of summary
judgment, raising the following assignment of error.
{¶ 4} THE TRIAL [sic] ERRED IN GRANTING SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON BEHALF
OF DEFENDANT, CHERYL WILLIAMS.
{¶ 5} The McLoughlins argue in their assignment of error that the trial court erred in
granting summary judgment to Williams.
{¶ 6} This court's review of a trial court's ruling on a summary judgment motion is de
novo. Lindsay P. v. Towne Properties Asset Mgt. Co., 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2012-11-215,
2013-Ohio-4124. Civ.R.56 sets forth the summary judgment standard and requires that there
be no genuine issues of material fact to be litigated, the moving party is entitled to judgment
1. Brandenburg passed away during the pendency of the proceedings, and is not a party to this action.
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Clermont CA2015-02-020
as a matter of law, and reasonable minds can come to only one conclusion which is adverse
to the nonmoving party. Slowey v. Midland Acres, Inc., 12th Dist. Fayette No. CA2007-08-
030, 2008-Ohio-3077, ¶ 8. The moving party has the burden of demonstrating that there is
no genuine issue of material fact. Harless v. Willis Day Warehousing Co., 54 Ohio St. 2d 64
(1978).
{¶ 7} The nonmoving party "may not rest on the mere allegations of his pleading, but
his response, by affidavit or as otherwise provided in Civ.R. 56, must set forth specific facts
showing the existence of a genuine triable issue." Mootispaw v. Eckstein, 76 Ohio St. 3d 383,
385 (1996). A dispute of fact can be considered "material" if it affects the outcome of the
litigation. Myers v. Jamar Enterprises, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2001-06-056, 2001 WL
1567352,*2 (Dec. 10, 2001). A dispute of fact can be considered "genuine" if it is supported
by substantial evidence that exceeds the allegations in the complaint. Id.
{¶ 8} In order to establish a negligence claim, the plaintiff must demonstrate a duty
owed by the defendant to the plaintiff, a breach of that duty, and that the plaintiff's injury
proximately resulted from the defendant's breach of duty. Johnston v. Filson, 12th Dist.
Clinton No. CA2014-04-007, 2014-Ohio-4758, ¶ 9. "The existence of a duty is fundamental
to establishing actionable negligence, without which there is no legal liability." Uhl v.
Thomas, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2008-06-131, 2009-Ohio-196, ¶ 10. The McLoughlins
contend that Williams owed Sarah a duty because Sarah was a social guest or because
Williams stood in loco parentis to the child.
{¶ 9} According to the Ohio Supreme Court, "the term 'in loco parentis' means
charged, factitiously, with a parent's rights, duties, and responsibilities. * * * A person in loco
parentis has assumed the same duties as a guardian or custodian, only not through a legal
proceeding." State v. Noggle, 67 Ohio St. 3d 31, 33, (1993). "The key factors of an in loco
parentis relationship have been delineated as the intentional assumption of obligations
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incidental to the parental relationship, especially support and maintenance." Evans v. Ohio
State Univ., 112 Ohio App. 3d 724, 736 (10th Dist.1996)
{¶ 10} The record is clear that Williams did not stand in loco parentis to the child. The
undisputed facts indicate that Williams did not support, accept, or assume responsibility for
the care or maintenance of Sarah. Instead, Williams only allowed the child to accompany her
grandchild for a sleepover, and the night before the accident was the first and only time the
child had stayed at Williams' home. Nor did Williams assume the duties of a guardian, as the
record indicates that Mariah's mother, Cox, was providing direct supervision of the children
as they played outside. There is no indication in the record that Williams treated Sarah as a
member of her family, or discharged any parental duties toward the child. As such, the trial
court was correct in determining that Williams owed no duty based on the doctrine of in loco
parentis.
{¶ 11} The McLoughlins also argue that Williams breached a duty to Sarah because
Sarah was a social guest of Williams, and Williams failed to uphold the duty a premises
owner owes her guests. A host who invites a social guest to her premises owes the guest
the duty to exercise ordinary care not to cause injury to her guest by any act of the host or by
any activities carried on by the host while the guest is on the premises, and to warn the guest
of any condition of the premises which is known to the host and which one of ordinary
prudence and foresight in the position of the host should reasonably consider dangerous, if
the host has reason to believe that the guest does not know and will not discover such
dangerous condition. Brennan v. Schappacher, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2008-09-231, 2009-
Ohio-927, ¶ 11. A host is not an insurer of the safety of a guest and owes a duty only to
refrain from acts of negligence and to warn of concealed or hidden dangers which he has
reason to believe the guest would not discover through the use of ordinary care. Galinari v.
Koop, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2006-10-086, 2007-Ohio-4540, ¶ 11.
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{¶ 12} The facts are undisputed that the accident did not occur on Williams' property.
Additionally, the ATV the children rode did not belong to Williams, and instead, was owned
by Brandenburg. Williams testified she knew Mariah rode on the ATV the night before the
accident, but that she had no knowledge of Sarah riding on the ATV before the accident
occurred.
{¶ 13} At the time of the accident, Williams was inside her home cleaning, and Cox,
along with Brandenburg, was outside supervising the children.2 There is no indication in the
record that Williams allowed the children to ride the ATV or gave permission to either child to
ride on the ATV. Williams testified that she was not outside with the children at any time on
the morning of the accident, that she never exercised any control over Sarah or provided her
direction, and that she never heard Brandenburg give the children permission to ride the
ATV. Williams also testified that the children never asked her if they could go outside, and
that Cox would have given them that permission.
{¶ 14} Sarah testified in her deposition that Brandenburg gave Mariah permission to
ride the ATV, and that Williams was inside her house when Brandenburg gave the children
permission to ride it.3 Sarah also testified that Brandenburg supervised the children on
Friday night when Mariah first began riding the ATV and that he was the adult outside
"supervising" the children the entire time. Sarah also testified that it was Brandenburg, not
Williams, who gave her permission to ride the ATV.
{¶ 15} When the children started riding the ATV, with Mariah in the front closest to the
steering and Sarah straddled behind her, Cox and Brandenburg were supervising the
2. The record indicates that a referral was made against Cox to Children Services for her lack of supervision
over the children.
3. Sarah later testified that Williams was present when Brandenburg gave the children permission to ride the
ATV, but Sarah never testified that Williams was asked if they could ride the ATV or that Williams ever gave
permission or even discussed them riding the ATV.
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children. Sarah specifically testified more than once that when she and Mariah rode the
ATV on the morning of the accident, Williams was inside her house. Sarah also testified that
she understood Brandenburg to be in charge of the ATV because he owned it and that "he
was the one who got to make all the decisions about the ATV."
{¶ 16} This evidence demonstrates that Williams did not assume a duty to Sarah on
the day of the accident, as the duty to supervise and make reasonable decisions for the
children was specific to Brandenburg and Cox. At no time did Williams either permit the
children to ride the ATV or exert any control or supervision over the children. As such, and
without Williams owing a duty to Sarah, the trial court properly determined that Williams
cannot be liable for negligence as a matter of law.
{¶ 17} Furthermore, and as found by the trial court, we would also note that Sarah
assumed the risk when she rode the ATV that day. The effect of raising primary assumption
of the risk as a defense, if successful, "means that the duty element of negligence is not
established as a matter of law, [preventing] the plaintiff from even making a prima facie
case." Gallagher v. Cleveland Browns Football Co., 74 Ohio St. 3d 427, 431-432 (1996).
"Primary assumption of the risk relieves a recreation provider from any duty to eliminate the
risks that are inherent in the activity * * * because such risks cannot be eliminated."
Whisman v. Gator Invest. Properties, Inc., 149 Ohio App. 3d 225, 236, 2002-Ohio-1850 (1st
Dist.). "The types of risks associated with [an] activity are those that are foreseeable and
customary risks of the * * * recreational activity." Pope v. Willey, Clermont App. No. CA2004-
10-077, 2005-Ohio-4744, ¶ 11. "Losing control and flipping an ATV is a foreseeable and
customary risk associated with the activity of driving or riding on an ATV." Curtis v. Schmid,
5th Dist. Delaware No. 07 CAE 11 0065, 2008-Ohio-5239, ¶ 56; Paxton v. Ruff, 12th Dist.
Butler No. CA97-04-089, 1998 WL 8695, (Jan.12, 1998). Generally speaking, children can
assume the risk of a recreational activity. Gentry v. Craycraft, 101 Ohio St. 3d 141, 2004-
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Ohio-379, ¶ 8.4
{¶ 18} The record is clear that Sarah assumed the foreseeable and customary risk
associated with riding on an ATV, and that she had some appreciation for the inherent
danger of riding an ATV. Sarah indicated that she did not ride on the ATV on Friday night
because she was apprehensive. During her deposition, Sarah stated that she was "scared to
get on so I didn't get on," but that she later changed her mind because riding it looked "really,
really fun." Sarah also testified that she thought that Brandenburg was irresponsible to have
let them ride the ATV because he allowed them to "get on it without any protection. We
didn't have helmets or anything on us." Sarah also testified that when she was getting on the
ATV, the "first thought that came in to [her] head," was that her mother and father would not
approve of her riding on the ATV. Thus, and while Sarah was nine years old at the time of
the accident, her own testimony indicates that she was mature enough to appreciate the risks
associated with riding on an ATV, and that she assumed the risk because she wanted to
experience potential fun.
{¶ 19} After reviewing the record, we find that the trial court properly granted summary
judgment, as there are no genuine issues of material fact that require further litigation. As
such, the McLoughlins' assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 20} Judgment affirmed.
S. POWELL and M. POWELL, JJ., concur.
4. While some might debate the appropriateness of applying assumption of the risk to children of tender years,
the Ohio Supreme Court has clearly announced that a child can assume the risks inherent in recreational
activities and that such theories apply "regardless of whether the activity was engaged in by children or adults, or
was unorganized, supervised, or unsupervised." Craycraft at ¶ 8. The Ohio Supreme Court has thus analyzed
assumption of the risk on multiple occasions, and as it applied to injuries that occurred while children were
building a chair and when playing the game "kick-the-can." Craycraft; Marchetti v. Kalish, 53 Ohio St. 3d 95
(1990).
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