People v. Snyder , 74 Cal. App. 138 ( 1925 )

[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] The defendant was accused by information containing two counts. By the first count he was charged with grand larceny in the stealing of the sum of $800 on December 7, 1924, belonging to Arthur H. Wilkie, and by the second count with the crime of burglary in entering the store of said Arthur H. Wilkie on the same date with the intent to commit larceny. It is conceded that the evidence shows that both crimes grew out of, and were the result of, the same transaction. In other words, that the eight hundred dollars, alleged in count one to have been stolen by defendant, was taken from the store of the complaining witness after, and on the occasion of, the entry of said storeroom by defendant with intent to commit larceny. The jury found defendant guilty of each offense by verdicts rendered separately upon each count of the information, and the court pronounced judgment upon such verdicts, the sentence to run consecutively. [1] It is first contended by appellant that the two offenses charged, being based upon one single act or transaction, constitute only one offense, and although under section 954 of the Penal Code, the two offenses might be charged in separate counts in the information, the defendant could be found guilty of and punished for but one offense. This question seems to have been definitely settled by the supreme court of this state adversely to appellant's contention. In People v. Garnett,29 Cal. 622, 628, the court held that "Larceny is not necessarily included in burglary, like manslaughter in murder, within the sense of the statute; on the contrary, it is no part of it. The offense of burglary is complete without any larceny being committed." This case was approved in People v. Curtis,76 Cal. 57 [17 P. 941], the court holding that the offense of larceny was not included in that of burglary, and that a defendant prosecuted under indictment charging him with burglary could not be found guilty of an attempt to commit larceny. InPeople v. Devlin, 143 Cal. 128 [76 P. 900], the defendant was charged with burglary. Upon the trial he sought to prove, as a bar to said charge of burglary, that he had prior thereto been convicted of the crime of larceny for stealing and carrying away certain personal property on the same occasion. The trial court sustained an objection to the introduction of this evidence and the supreme court, in sustaining this action of the trial court, said: "It is evident that one can commit burglary by entering a building with intent to commit any felony, such as rape, robbery, arson, or murder. It is also evident that the crime consists of the entry with the intent set forth in the statute. After one has entered a building with intent to commit any other felony than grand or petit larceny, he has committed burglary, but he may then find that it is impossible, for various reasons, to commit the felony which it was his intention to commit when he entered, and conclude to commit larceny by stealing some article of value in the building. He thus, in rapid succession, commits two crimes. Indeed, after he has committed burglary he might under favorable circumstances commit any felony named in the statute. He might commit rape, and in such case he would be guilty of burglary and also of rape. Therefore, we conclude that the evidence did not show, nor tend to show, that defendant had been before in jeopardy for burglary." This case was cited with approval in People v.Kerrick, 144 Cal. 46 [77 P. 711]. The weight of authority in other jurisdictions agrees with the above cases decided by our supreme court. "Burglary and larceny are distinct offenses and a conviction of one is not a bar to a prosecution for the other." (State v. Martin, 76 Mo. 337.) "If a man feloniously enters a house with intent to steal, he is guilty of burglary though he may not accomplish the theft. If he accomplishes the theft he is guilty of the further offense and may, by statute, be indicted and punished for both burglary and larceny, and he may be charged with the two offenses separately, or jointly in different counts of the same indictment." (Dodd v. State, 33 Ark. 517.) For further authorities upon this same subject, see note found in 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 727. There are jurisdictions in which a contrary doctrine is held, but we are satisfied that the great weight of authority is with the rule enunciated by our own courts.

[2] The claim of appellant that the court improperly admitted the evidence of Charles Saxton, who was charged jointly with appellant, and against whom said charge was then pending, cannot be sustained. Appellant contends that an accomplice charged jointly with the defendant cannot be a witness against said defendant until he has been discharged, and cites section 1099 of the Penal Code in support of this contention. Appellant has apparently misapprehended the meaning and purpose of this section of the code. Its sole purpose is to permit a dismissal of a criminal action, wherein two or more defendants are jointly charged with the same crime, against any one of the said defendants in order that the defendant so discharged may be compelled to become a witness in the action. This purpose is made clear by section 1101, which declares that the dismissal so made "is an acquittal of the defendant discharged." Section 1099 has no reference to an accomplice or to a codefendant who voluntarily becomes a witness on behalf of the people. In the present action there is no intimation that the accomplice Saxton, who testified in behalf of the prosecution, made any objection to becoming a witness in the case. [3] Having voluntarily testified, his evidence was admissible against the appellant and competent to prove any fact testified to by him, subject only to the limitations applicable to testimony given by an accomplice. Our attention has been directed by appellant's brief, in support of this last contention, to a number of authorities holding that declarations or confessions of an accomplice made after the completion of the offense are not admissible against the other persons charged with said offense jointly with said accomplice. The cases cited by appellant correctly state the law upon the subject therein under discussion, but they have no application to the question under consideration in this action. No declaration or confession of an accomplice was admitted in evidence in this case, but on the other hand, the evidence of one who was undoubtedly an accomplice was given at the trial against the defendant. This evidence, as we have already stated, was unquestionably admissible against the appellant. It was in no sense a declaration or confession of the party giving it, as these terms are understood in law. [4] This testimony of the accomplice, having been corroborated by the admissions and confessions of the appellant, taken in connection with proof that the storeroom had been entered and the money stolen therefrom, justified the verdict and was sufficient to sustain the judgment. It is true that another accomplice, named McLaughlin, testified that appellant was not present at the time the house was entered and the money stolen, but this statement on his part simply produced a conflict between his evidence and that of the witness Saxton, and the jury apparently accepted the statement of the latter, who testified to appellant's direct participation in the crime.

[5] Appellant questions the sufficiency of the evidence to justify the verdict finding him guilty of burglary in the first degree. The accomplice Saxton testified that the storeroom, which the defendant with his associates was charged with burglarizing, had been entered during the night-time. There was also admitted in evidence the confession of the appellant that on the evening of November 6th, he, with his codefendants, had gone to Newhall and burglarized the store and returned to Los Angeles with the merchandise. It has repeatedly been held that the testimony of an accomplice is sufficient to prove the corpus delicti, and when corroborated by the admission or confession of the defendant, warrants a verdict of conviction. (People v. Richardson, 161 Cal. 552, 563 [120 P. 20]; People v. Leavens, 12 Cal.App. 178, 184 [106 P. 1103]; People v. Barnnovich, 16 Cal.App. 427, 430 [117 P. 572]; People v. Tobin, 39 Cal.App. 76 [179 P. 443].) [6] Regarding the confession of appellant, he complains that the court failed to instruct the jury that before they could consider any confession as evidence, they must believe that such confession was voluntarily made. No request for any such instruction was made by appellant. He therefore cannot complain of any omission to instruct the jury in this regard.

[7] We discover no error in the rulings of the court in refusing to give two instructions requested by appellant. One in reference to the possession of stolen property, and the other dealing with the fact that appellant was found in the presence of one of his codefendants.

Judgment and order denying motion for a new trial are affirmed.

Conrey, P.J., concurred.

A petition by appellant to have the cause heard in the supreme court, after judgment in the district court of appeal, was denied by the supreme court on October 8, 1925.

All the Justices concurred.