Laudisi v. American Exchange National Bank , 239 N.Y. 234 ( 1924 )

The plaintiff, who lived on Long Island, made a contract with Grande Di Paola, Incorporated, which was doing business in New York city, for the purchase of a quantity of Alicante Bouchez grapes which were to be shipped from California. As a method of paying for said grapes he made a contract with the defendant for the issue to said vendor of a letter of credit under which the latter's drafts for the purchase price of the grapes were to be paid by defendant on presentation when accompanied by certain documents. Grapes were shipped to plaintiff from California in purported execution of this contract and a draft for the purchase price thereof was paid by defendant on account of plaintiff and on presentation therewith of certain documents. The latter now claims that the grapes so shipped were much inferior to those which he had contracted to buy and that the documents presented by the vendor did not so comply with the letter of credit issued in pursuance of his contract with defendant as to entitle it to pay said draft.

Most of the details of the contract between plaintiff and defendant and of the letter of credit are not material or involved in this controversy. In fact the only provision which requires our consideration and interpretation is the one describing the documents to be presented with the draft as an authority for paying the latter on account of plaintiff.

The contract was in the form of a letter addressed by plaintiff to defendant and, referring to drafts of the vendor to be paid on account of the purchase price of the grapes, it provided: "It is understood and agreed that you may accept and/or pay the draft and/or drafts under said letter of credit on presentation of one copy of bill of lading * * * together with copy of invoice and/or other documents as required by said letter of credit." The letter of credit issued in pursuance of said contract to the vendor provided for drawing of drafts against shipments to be made at a certain time of Alicante Bouchez grapes at a certain price from California to Long Island City. It then contained the following clause whose interpretation and application immediately encompass the dispute between these parties: "Invoice and negotiable railroad bill of lading showing destination to Eighth Street yard Long Island Railroad, Long Island City, to accompany drafts."

When the vendor presented the contemplated draft it presented therewith a bill of lading duly issued at the shipping point in California but which described the article shipped not as Alicante Bouchez grapes but simply as "grapes" and an invoice made out by the vendor in New York instead of by the shipper at the shipping point which fully described the grapes as complying with the contract between plaintiff and his vendor. Thus the two instruments together showed a shipment of the articles which plaintiff's contract of sale called for and which fully warranted the payment of the draft, but the plaintiff says that this is not sufficient. He argues that the bill of lading by itself should have shown a shipment of the particular kind of grapes called for by his contract and specified in the letter of credit and that the defect in the description contained in it cannot be remedied by the invoice made out by the vendor in New York city. He cites no case which, in our opinion, sustains the contention nor are we aware of any such one, and the allegations of the affidavits presented on the application for judgment do not sustain such contention.

The relation which arises between a customer and a bank in respect of a letter of credit issued by the latter for the account of the former is a familiar one and in its general aspects well understood. As a convenient method of paying for goods which he may purchase, the customer authorizes the bank to issue a letter of credit providing for the payment of drafts drawn by the vendor on such conditions as he may elect. He may authorize the bank to pay drafts without any accompanying documents; he may authorize payment on a bill of lading and invoice, as in this case; he may prescribe much more stringent limitations upon the power of the bank. But in any case the bank has the power and is subject to the limitations which are given and imposed by this authority. If it keeps within the powers conferred it is protected in the payment of the draft. If it transgresses those limitations it pays at its peril. A customer having the right to prescribe and phrase limitations as he desires, it is our duty to give to language its ordinary and sensible meaning which will neither destroy the protection which the customer has exacted nor on the other hand impose upon the bank some obligation not fairly warranted by the language which has been adopted by the parties.

Following these principles we find nothing in the description of the documents which were to accompany the drafts when presented for payment which, in our judgment, places upon the bill of lading the requirement of so describing all of the characteristics of the article shipped that it alone will show that such article is the one described in the letter of credit. The paramount purpose of a bill of lading is to show the shipment of goods which, so far as appears, conform to necessary requirements as stated in the letter of credit. If it affirmatively shows the shipment of goods which do not comply with the requirements of a letter of credit a bank would not be justified in acting upon it. If it describes the goods shipped by a nomenclature different than that employed in the letter of credit a bank would be justified in refusing to make payments on the strength of it and thereby incurring the possible burden of establishing in litigation that the different terms meant the same thing. Such, in the case of a guaranty, was our decision inBank of Italy v. Merchants National Bank (236 N.Y. 106). If a customer in his contract with the bank and by the letter of credit requires that the bill of lading shall by itself and on its face show that certain described goods have been shipped a bank will not be protected which pays on the faith of a bill which does not comply with this requirement. Such in its fundamental features and in its theory was the decision of this court in Bank of Montreal v. Recknagel (109 N.Y. 482) especially relied on by the plaintiff.

But when we pass these particular cases and others which perhaps might be cited we think that a bank permitted to pay drafts on "invoice and negotiable bill of lading showing destination" to a certain point is justified in acting on a bill of lading which, so far as its description goes, shows the shipment of required goods and is then supplemented by a proper invoice which completes the description and shows that the goods are the ones mentioned in the letter of credit. Such seems to us to be the natural and compelling interpretation of the clause which was used in this case. Even if we could be justified in straining the natural meaning of words in such a letter of credit so as to meet some call of policy or to secure some element of greater and proper safety to the one on whose account the draft is being paid, we do not see how we could find those conditions existent here. A bill of lading in this case, even if it specified the shipment of the particular kind of grapes ordered by the plaintiff would be no guaranty of the fact of such shipment. Of course nobody would expect a railroad company to open and examine the contents of 1,240 boxes of grapes and see that they all complied with the description in the letter of credit. In such a case it inevitably would take from the shipper the description of the goods which were being transported as indicated by the marks on the packages or by other statements and would then protect itself from inaccuracy or mistake by the clause ordinarily found in bills of lading and included in this particular one, "contents and condition of contents of packages unknown," and which, we have held, does protect a railroad company from inaccuracy in its description of goods being transported. (Dworkwitz v. N.Y.C.R.R. Co., 230 N.Y. 188.)

Then, passing to the contention made by defendant that the indeterminate description employed by the bill of lading in this particular case was so supplemented by the description of the invoice that the defendant was authorized to find a conformity of the shipment with the letter of credit, the plaintiff urges that the invoice was made in New York instead of California, that its correctness was not authenticated or certified by any outside party and that it was, therefore, merely a self-serving declaration of the vendor which furnished no authority for payment by the defendant. Again we find nothing which justifies these criticisms of the plaintiff or prevents the invoice from being regarded as a proper and sufficient supplement to the bill of lading. We certainly should not feel authorized in the absence of sufficient provision to that effect, or of facts not appearing on this motion, to hold that an invoice may not be made out by the vendor at the place where he is doing business rather than at the point from which he procures the goods to be shipped. Nobody can foresee the results to which any such requirement as that would lead. Neither is the invoice to be dismissed for the purpose claimed by defendant because it was made out by the vendor and was, as stated, a self-serving statement. Invoices ordinarily are made out by the vendor and contain its version of the transaction under review. A vendee apprehensive of the results which may flow from such action can very easily guard against them by requiring an invoice certified by some designated person or authority. This plaintiff might have made various provisions in his contract with the defendant to the end of securing a true, fair and accurate invoice which should accompany the bill of lading and which would protect him from the misfortune which he now says has befallen him of having the purchase price paid for goods which were much inferior to those which he had ordered. The trouble is that he did not do it and the courts have no right to interpolate in his contract provisions, guaranties and safeguards which he himself did not deem it necessary to put there.

The whole process of authorizing banks to issue letters of credit under which the purchase price of goods is often paid for account of the vendee before he has had a chance to examine them is largely based on confidence in the honesty of the vendor. If the vendee is suspicious of dishonesty he can guard against it by appropriate clauses in his contract. But certainly the courts ought to exercise no power of embarrassing or confusing widespread processes of commercial life by inserting in such contracts as this one clauses which it may deem in a particular case might have been quite properly placed there but which as a matter of fact the parties were content to disregard and omit. The customer can impose and it will be the duty of the courts fairly to enforce all the restrictions and safeguards he desires. But they should not by strained interpretation impose those which he has omitted.

There remains one feature to be briefly considered. Before the defendant paid the draft it was notified by the plaintiff that the grapes did not comply with the requirements of the contract but were much inferior thereto and it was notified or requested not to pay the draft. We do not think that it is very earnestly urged by the plaintiff that this fact changed the relations and rights of the parties. It did not. The contract between the customer and the bank under which the latter issues an irrevocable letter of credit is entirely distinct and apart from the contract between such customer and, as in this case, his vendor under which goods are to be shipped. The question between the customer and the vendor is the one whether the goods comply with the contract and if they do not the former has his appropriate right of action. The question between the customer and the bank which issues the letter of credit is whether the documents presented with the draft fulfill the specific requirements and if they do, speaking of such facts as exist in this case, the bank has the right to pay the draft no matter what may be the defects in the goods which have been shipped. The bank is not obliged to assume the burdens of a controversy between the vendor and vendee and incur the responsibility of establishing as an excuse for not paying a draft that the vendee's version is the correct one.

These views lead to the conclusion that the judgments which have been rendered must be reversed, with costs in all courts and plaintiff's motion to strike out defendant's answer and to grant summary judgment must be denied, with ten dollars costs, and defendant's motion for judgment dismissing plaintiff's complaint must be granted, with ten dollars costs. We think, however, that inasmuch as defendant's motion to dismiss the complaint has the effect of a demurrer, plaintiff should have leave to plead over if he so elects.

POUND, McLAUGHLIN and ANDREWS, JJ., concur with HISCOCK, Ch. J.

CARDOZO, J., concurs in the result upon the ground that in the absence of banking or commercial usage to the contrary, the defendant was at liberty, under the letter of credit in controversy, to act upon the bill of lading as supplemented by the invoice, and that if usage to the contrary existed, it should have been stated in the complaint.

LEHMAN, J., in opinion, following, concurs in so much of opinion as holds that judgment entered on plaintiff's motion for summary judgment be reversed and dissents from so much of said opinion as holds that defendant's motion for judgment dismissing complaint should be granted. CRANE, J., dissents.