Frisbee v. . Cole , 179 N.C. 469 ( 1920 )

Walker, J.,

after stating the facts as above: We do not see that the cases cited by the learned counsel for the defendant militate at all against our view of tbis case, wbicb agrees with that of the learned judge who presided at the trial. These cases are Sims v. Ray, 96 N. C., 87; Rea v. Rea., 156 N. C., 529; Archbell v. Archbell, 158 N. C., 408; Singleton v. Cherry, 168 N. C., 402; Butler v. Butler, 169 N. C., 584. They were cited by the defendant for the position that the deed of a married woman is void, unless the probate of the deed and the privy examination of the wife are properly taken under Rev., 2107, and upon inquiry of the officer taking the same it shall appear, as further required by said section, that the contract or deed is not unreasonable or injurious to her. The section further provides that “the certificate of the officer shall state his conclusion, and shall be conclusive of the facts therein stated. But the same may be impeached for fraud as other judgments may be.” In this case there is no direct attack upon the certificate of the clerk attached to Mrs. Erisbee’s deed, nor is there any suggestion or intimation of fraud or collusion or other fact sufficient to set it aside. The complaint simply states that plaintiff made the contract of sale with the defendant, and is ready, able, and willing to comply with it, and that defendant has failed and refused to do so, and demands judgment for the amount of the purchase money. The defendant, in his answer, admits the contract but denies that plaintiff is the owner of the lands, and is able, ready, and willing to-give, him a good title thereto. There is no direct attack in the pleadings upon the certificate of the clerk. The assault, as appears, is not on the certificate as having been fraudulently or collu-sively obtained, but is upon the finding of the clerk, that the deed is not unreasonable or injurious to Mrs. Erisbee. This is based upon the admission of the parties that there was no consideration for the deed. But is this sufficient to annul the finding of the clerk as contained in his certificate, when the inquiry as to the facts was properly conducted, and the adjudication and certificate of the clerk, as to them, were regularly made? We are of the opinion, as was the learned judge, that it is not. The statute itself expressly declares that the clerk shall state his conclusions, but not the evidence upon which they were based, and that his findings shall be conclusive, but may be impeached for fraud as other judgments may be. It, therefore, must be seen that, according to the statute, the defendant cannot avoid the clerk’s certificate in the collateral way he has adopted, and that it must stand for the truth until it is properly impeached and set aside. It would not do to permit an attack upon the certificate, or any finding in it, by extraneous evidence which was not brought forward for the purpose until many years had elapsed since it was made by the clerk. It was a most solemn adjudication by him, and presumably upon ample evidence to warrant his conclusion, which should not be contradicted or set at naught by any such irregular and unauthorized method. The proceeding to set aside this record should, at least, be as solemn as tbe one wbieb made it. But we have tbe authority of this Court to the same effect. Wynne v. Small, 102 N. C., 133-136, which involved the validity of a married woman’s deed, and the legal effect of the clerk’s certificate, Chief Justice Smith said: “It is true that the certificate, while it retains its form, from the verity attaching to it as such, must be accepted, when it comes up collaterally, and its recitals cannot be disproved, nor its omissions supplied by extraneous proof.” Any record, as he says, may be amended to make it speak the truth, when something was omitted by inadvertence, which was really a part of the record.- But that is not the question here. It is merely attempted to contradict the record by evidence dehors, and that, too, when it does not appear whether that evidence was before the clerk. If it was not before him, it is too late for it to be heard now, if it was before him, then there is no use in offering it at this time, as the presumption is that he gave it due consideration, and that, notwithstanding, he reached, upon all the circumstances in evidence, the conclusion as stated in his certificate. The evidence upon which he proceeded is not before us, but his conclusions are, and they are presumed to have been based upon sufficient evidence, nothing else appearing, to rebut that presumption.

It appears here that the land now in question was formerly owned by the husband; that he conveyed it to his wife, and she a month afterwards reconveyed it to him, which gives color to the theory that there had been some understanding between them entered into for théir joint benefit, by which she was under some obligation to act as she did by executing the deed to her husband, and that the clerk found the arrangement^ whatever it was, was not unreasonable or injurious to her. We would not change his finding, if we could do so, without knowing what evidence the clerk had before him. In the absence of such knowledge, we must presume conclusively that his decision was correct. It cannot be reversed simply upon suggestion that he found erroneously, or upon extraneous matter, without first setting aside his judgment for fraud or upon some other legal and adequate ground. While the order or judgment stands, it must be respected as importing verity, as “jurisdiction existing, any order or judgment is conclusive in respect to its own validity, in a dispute concerning any right or title derived through it, or anything done by virtue of its authority.” Yanfleet on Collateral Attack, sec. 17, p. 29; Irvine v. Randolph L. Corporation, 111 Va., p. 408. The clerk of the court had jurisdiction to hear the evidence and determine therefrom whether the deed would be reasonable and not injurious to the wife, and his judgment is final and conclusive until reversed in proper proceedings for that purpose. The following cases show what the law is in this State with respect to judgments of courts which have general jurisdiction, and tbeir exemption from collateral attack: Wade v. Dick, 36 N. C., 313; Morris v. Gentry, 99 N. C., 483; Bedewith v. Lamb, 35 N. C., 400; Marshall v. Fisher, 46 N. C., 111-115. Chief Justice Pearson says for tbe Court, in Marshall v. Fisher, supra, citiug Beckwith v. Lamb, 35 N. C., 400: “Every court, where tbe subject-matter is within its jurisdiction, is presumed to have done all that is necessary to give force and effect to its proceedings, unless there is something on the face of the proceedings to show to the contrary. This must be the rule, unless we adopt the conclusion that the court is unfit for the business which by law is confided to it.”

With regard to courts of special or limited jurisdiction, the rule is not so broad as the other which is applicable to those of general jurisdiction, but they also are, to a certain extent, immune from indirect or collateral attack, as will appear from the text-books and decisions. Justice Hoke says, in Fann v. R. R., 155 N. C., at margin p. 139: “In this day and time, and under our present system, it seems to be generally conceded that the decrees of probate courts, when acting within the scope of their powers, should be considered and dealt with as orders and decrees of courts of general jurisdiction, and where jurisdiction over the subject-matter of inquiry has been properly acquired, that these orders and decrees are not, as a rule, subject to collateral attack.”

Referring to administration on an estate, where the question as to the domicile of the intestate and the place where his assets are as determining the right of administration and the power of the clerk to appoint a personal representative, he further says: “These are the very questions referred to him (the clerk) for decision. But if a person has been selected contrary to the prevailing rules of law, the error must be corrected by proceedings instituted directly for the purpose, and not by a collateral attack on the letters,” citing several cases.

It may be, as we have said, and now repeat, that the clerk ascertained and determined from all the facts and circumstances that the conveyance by the husband to the wife, and her reconveyance to him one month afterwards, were acts done in furtherance of an arrangement or agreement between them to advánce their joint interests, and that, instead of being injurious, it was reasonable and a distinct advantage to her. We can conceive of circumstances in which she might be benefited. But whatever the nature of the transaction was, we must presume the clerk acted properly, and rightly, instead of improperly and wrongly, as there is no principle which would justify the latter conclusion in a collateral proceeding.

There is nothing in the objection that the probate of the husband was taken after the wife’s death. He assented to the conveyance, at the time it was executed, as stated by the clerk in the first certificate made at the time, and be joined in the execution of the deed witb bis wife tbougb bis acknowledgment of the execution by bim was made some time afterwards. The latter is not the execution of the deed by bim, but merely the proof thereof, and the taking of it long afterwards, does not affect the validity of the conveyance. Rev., 953.

There was no error in Judge Webb’s ruling as to the plaintiff’s title.

Affirmed.