Davis v. National Casualty Co. ( 1943 )

Respondent issued to petitioner an accident policy, insuring him against death or dismemberment resulting from bodily injury, if sustained, among other means, "By being struck, knocked down or run over while walking or standing on a public highway, by a vehicle propelled by Steam, Cable, Electricity, Naptha, Gasoline, Compressed Air, Liquid or Horse Power (excluding injuries sustained while on a railroad right of way, except an established crossing, or sustained while doing work on a public highway or railroad right of way)."

According to the agreed statement of facts on which the case was tried, petitioner was injured while working for his employer, a rig-building contractor, and while engaged in moving a derrick from one location in the oil field to another over a public highway. The derrick was being pulled on rollers by a caterpillar tractor which was propelled by gasoline. Petitioner had been carrying rollers from the back to the front of the derrick and placing them under it, and while he was standing or walking on the highway, his right foot was caught under a roller with the derrick on it, near the front of the derrick, as it was being pulled by the tractor. His foot and ankle were crushed so that it was necessary to amputate the foot.

The trial court's judgment in favor of petitioner for $500.00, the amount of indemnity provided by the policy for the loss of a foot, and for $60.00 as penalty and $140.00 as attorney's fees was reversed by the Court of Civil Appeals and judgment was rendered by that court that petitioner take nothing. 172 S.W.2d 131. The Court of Civil Appeals held that neither the derrick nor the roller under it was a "vehicle" and consequently that petitioner was not struck by a "vehicle" within the meaning of the quoted paragraph of the policy.

Jurisdiction in this court is alleged on account of conflict between the decision of the Court of Civil Appeals in this case and the decision of the Court of Civil Appeals for the Ninth Supreme Judicial District in Commercial Standard Insurance Company v. McKinney, 114 S.W.2d 338.

In that case the policy of insurance on which the suit was brought exempted the insurer from liability for injuries "caused by the ownership, maintenance or use of a vehicle of any description." The plaintiff, a road contractor, was operating on the road a scarifier drawn by a caterpillar tractor, and as he was preparing to park the machine for the night and while the machines were on the "wrong side" of the road without lights, a passenger bus collided with them. The operator of the tractor and scarifier adjusted the claims made against him by passengers in the bus who were injured in the collision and sued the insurer for indemnity. The controlling question in the case was whether the injuries were or were not caused by the ownership, maintenance or use of a vehicle. The Court of Civil Appeals held that they were so caused.

1 The conflict that confers jurisdiction upon this court exists when the decisions are based on practically the same state of facts and announce antagonistic conclusions. Sun Mutual Insurance Co. v. Roberts, Willis Taylor, 90 Tex. 78, 37 S.W. 311; Garitty v. Rainey, 112 Tex. 369, 247 S.W. 825; Layton v. Hightower, 118 Tex. 166, 12 S.W.2d 110; Employers' Liability Assurance Corp. v. Trane Co., 139 Tex. 388, 163 S.W.2d 398. It is not essential that the facts of the two cases be identical. We believe that the facts of this case and the facts in Commercial Standard Ins. Co. v. McKinney, 114 S.W.2d 338, are so nearly the same that they raise for decision the same question of law.

In each of the two cases the decision turned on the question whether the contrivance or device that was operated on the road and caused the injury was or was not a "vehicle" within the meaning of a policy of insurance which did not define the word. In this case the contrivance or device was a tractor and the attached derrick resting on and carried by rollers placed under it. In the other case the contrivance or device was a tractor and the attached scarifier carried on its own wheels. In this case it was held by the Court of Civil Appeals that the contrivance or device was not a vehicle; in the other case it was held that the contrivance or device was a vehicle.

2,3 Since the insurer did not in its policy define the word "vehicle," it is to be construed according to its ordinary import or as the word is generally defined. Many definitions may be found in the decisions. Often the word is defined with reference to a statute or ordinance. No statutory definition is pertinent in this case, but it may be observed that the definition of "vehicle" appearing in the statutes regulating the registration of motor vehicles used on the public highways and providing for drivers' licenses is substantially the same as the definition generally given. It is:

"``Vehicle' means every device in or by which any person or property is or may be transported or drawn upon a public highway, except devices moved only by human power or used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks." Section 1, Subdivision (a), Chapter 88, Acts Second Called Session 41st Legislature, page 172; Section 1, Subdivision (a), Article I, Chapter 173, Acts Regular Session, 47th Legislature, page 245 (Vernon's Annotated Civil Statutes, Article 6675a, 6687b.

The definition given in Corpus Juris and quoted in the opinion of the Court of Civil Appeals is:

"VEHICLE. As used in common speech, the word has a varied and somewhat extended meaning. ``Vehicle' has been defined as a conveyance; a means of conveyance; an instrumentality for transporting persons or things from place to place; that in or on which any person or thing is or may be carried; specifically, a means of conveyance upon land; and hence a carriage; any carriage moving on land, either on wheels or on runners; any carriage or conveyance used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on land. ``Vehicle' includes every description of carriage or other artificial contrivance used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on land. But the term is more generally applied to wheeled carriages. ``Vehicle' may include the machine drawing as well as the thing drawn. In a wider sense, that which is used as an instrument of conveyance or communication, of conveyance, transmission, or communication." 66 C.J. pp. 426-428.

Most of the decisions give the word an extended meaning. It was held in McBoyle v. U.S., 283 U.S. 25, 75 L. ed. 816, 51 S. Ct. 340, that an airplane is not a motor vehicle as defined in the National Motor Vehicle Theft Act. Justice Holmes, who wrote the opinion, said in substance that the word "vehicle" in every day speech and as used in the statute calls up the picture of a thing moving on land, a vehicle that runs, not a vehicle that flies.

Justice McReynold, in a case arising out of the seizing of an automobile for unlawful transportation of distilled spirits, after quoting the definition of "vehicle" as "That in or on which a person or thing is or may be carried from one place to another," said:

"A wheelbarrow, a covered wagon, a ``Rolls-Royce,' the patient mule, a ``Man of War' and possibly a Pullman car or ocean liner is a vehicle." United States v. One 1936 Model Ford, 307 U.S. 219, 83 L. ed. 1 249, 1261, 59 S. Ct. 861.

In Peterson v. King County, 199 Wash. 106, 90 P.2d 729, it was held that a motor-driven road grader equipped to carry at least one person was a vehicle under a statute defining "vehicle" as "Every device in, upon or by which any person or property is or may be transported or drawn upon a public highway." The opinion discusses a number of cases, quoting definitions from them.

The policy upon which the suit was brought in Gilbert v. Life Casualty Company, 185 Ark. 256, 46 S.W.2d 807, in language substantially the same as the policy in this case, insured against injury resulting from the insured's being struck while walking or standing on a public highway by a vehicle propelled by steam, gasoline, etc. The insured, while standing on a highway in process of construction or improvement, was struck by a cable attached to a tractor pulling a stump out of the highway. The court held that he was struck and injured by a vehicle within the meaning of the policy.

The Supreme Court of Tennessee, construing a like provision in an accident policy, held that the plaintiff's declaration stated a case of liability under the policy, in its averments that he was walking along a newly graveled highway when the rapidly turning wheels of an automobile propelled by gasoline, which had passed him, knocked or otherwise caused a rock to be thrown against him, and that the rock struck his eye with such force as to destroy its sight. In so holding the court said:

"The peril against which the insured here had bought protection was that of a blow from a moving vehicle on a public highway. He could not, of course, have been struck except by a vehicle in motion. No part of the automobile hit his eye. The automobile hit the rock and cast it into his eye. A blow from the automobile was the efficient and proximate cause of his injury. It seems immaterial that the moving car struck him with a rock instead of with some part of the machine. He was none the less struck, and the agency which inflicted the blow was a moving vehicle upon a public highway, against blows from which he had contracted for indemnity." Maness v. Life Casualty Ins. Co., 161 Tenn. 41,28 S.W.2d 339.

4 It is our opinion that the contrivance or device by which petitioner was struck was a "vehicle" within the ordinary meaning of the word. The tractor, the derrick and the rollers under the derrick, taken together, were a device or instrumentality assembled and used to transport the derrick from one place to another. The vehicle thus formed was propelled by the gasoline used in the tractor's motor. We give no importance to the fact that the rollers were not attached to the derrick. They served the purpose that wheels would have served and, together with the tractor to which the derrick was attached by a cable, were the means of carrying the derrick. It profits little to consider separately the tractor or the derrick or the roller and to determine whether it separately would be or would not be a vehicle. All of them were brought together and together became and were used as a device on or by which the derrick, even though forming during its transportation a part of the vehicle, was transported. When a motor truck or tractor and a trailer are joined for the purpose of moving both over the highway they become in effect one motor vehicle. Miller v. Berman, 55 Cal. App. 2d 569,131 P.2d 18; Eddleman v. City of Brazil,201 Ind. 84, 166 N.E. 1; Kern v. Contract Cartage Company, 55 Ohio Appeals 481, 9 N.E.2d 869. It has been held that they are not, when thus attached, considered one motor vehicle if a pertinent statute treats them as separate units, Hennessy v. Walker,249 N.Y. 94, 17 N.E.2d 782, 119 A.L.R. 1029.

If it may be said that the language of the policy, which was selected by the insurer, is in its use of the word "vehicle" ambiguous or of uncertain meaning, it is at least fairly susceptible of the construction that we have given it and that construction should be adopted because it is favorable to the insured. Brown v. Palatine Insurance Co., 89 Tex. 590,35 S.W. 1060; McCaleb v. Continental Casualty Co., 132 Tex. 65, 116 S.W.2d 679; United States Service Automobile Association v. Miles,139 Tex. 138, 161 S.W.2d 1048.

5 The policy excludes injuries sustained "while doing work on a public highway." Respondent contends that the insured was not protected by the policy when he was injured because he was engaged in moving the derrick along the highway and therefore was "doing work on a public highway." The words "doing work on" thus used in the policy may be given that meaning, but they may also reasonably be given the meaning that they exclude from the protection afforded by the policy injuries suffered by the insured while the work that he is doing is directed to or concerns the highway itself, as constructing, maintaining or repairing the highway. Under the rule announced by the authorities last cited, we give the words "doing work on" the latter meaning.

The judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals is reversed and the judgment of the district court is affirmed.

Opinion adopted by the Supreme Court, December 8, 1943.