People v. Stellabotte , 421 P.3d 1164 ( 2016 )

COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS 2016COA106
Court of Appeals No. 14CA1954
El Paso County District Court No. 12CR3669
Honorable Thomas L. Kennedy, Judge
The People of the State of Colorado,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
John Arthur Stellabotte,
Defendant-Appellant.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED, SENTENCES AFFIRMED IN PART,
VACATED IN PART, AND CASE REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS
Division I
Opinion by JUDGE TAUBMAN
Freyre, J., concurs
Dailey, J., concurs in part and dissents in part
Announced July 14, 2016
Cynthia H. Coffman, Attorney General, Patricia R. Van Horn, Senior Assistant
Attorney General, Matthew S. Holman, First Assistant Attorney General,
Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellee
Lynn C. Hartfield, Alternate Defense Counsel, Denver, Colorado, for Defendant-
Appellant
¶1 Defendant, John Arthur Stellabotte, appeals the judgment of
conviction entered after a jury verdict finding him guilty of one
count of aggravated motor vehicle theft, two counts of felony theft,
and one count of misdemeanor theft. He also appeals his sentence,
as enhanced by three habitual criminal counts. We affirm the
conviction, vacate the sentences for felony theft, affirm the other
sentences, and remand for resentencing on the felony theft
convictions.
I. Background
¶2 Stellabotte, owner of J&J Towing, was charged with six counts
of first degree aggravated motor vehicle theft, under section 18-4-
409(2) and (3)(a), C.R.S. 2015; four counts of theft, under section
18-4-401(1), C.R.S. 2015; and five habitual criminal counts
pursuant to section 18-1.3-801, C.R.S. 2015. The counts related to
J&J towing five vehicles. A jury convicted Stellabotte of one count
of aggravated motor vehicle theft, a class 4 felony; two counts of
theft, class 4 felonies; and one count of theft, a class 2
misdemeanor relating to two tows — the B.W. and P.H. tows.
1
A. The B.W. Tow
¶3 In June 2012, B.W. parked her car at an apartment complex.
The following morning, her car was missing. A sign in the parking
lot stated that cars without parking permits would be towed by J&J
Towing. B.W., whose car did not have a parking permit sticker,
called J&J to recover her car, but the company stated that it did not
have it. B.W. reported her car stolen.
¶4 Five days later, J&J towed the car to a police station.
Stellabotte said that J&J had notified the police of the initial tow on
June 8, as required by state towing regulations. The officer,
however, could not find such a notification.
¶5 J&J initially requested that B.W. pay $215 to release her car
but eventually returned it to her without her making any payment.
However, several days later, Stellabotte told B.W. that he would put
a lien on her car and tow it again if she did not pay him the money.
The next day, he towed B.W.’s car, which was parked on a public
street across from her house. Stellabotte refused to release the car
to B.W. until she paid him $498.50, which she did. She noticed
damage to her car, and Stellabotte said if she did not sign a release
form he would charge her another $200, so she signed the form.
2
¶6 Teresa Hill, the apartment complex property manager, testified
that rules in place for the property required license plate stickers
indicating that any parked car belonged to a resident.1 As manager,
she entered into a contract with J&J, through an employee named
James Ward.2 The complex permitted J&J to tow cars without the
proper stickers without first contacting management at the
apartment complex.
¶7 B.W. reported J&J to the Colorado Public Utilities Commission
(PUC).
B. The P.H. Tow
¶8 In July 2012, K.S. parked a truck, registered to her father,
P.H., in the parking lot of a shopping mall, where she worked at a
yogurt shop. She arranged for P.H. to pick up the truck the
following day, but when he arrived to pick up the truck, it was
missing.
1 Visitors were required to park on the street.
2 Although he denied being a partner at J&J, Ward testified that
when he signed documents on behalf of J&J, he designated himself
as an owner. One of J&J’s drivers testified that Ward hired
employees, obtained the majority of the towing contracts, and was
in charge of day-to-day operations.
3
¶9 K.S.’s mother, R.H., and P.H. contacted Griffis-Blessing, the
company they believed to be the property manager for the mall.
Griffis-Blessing could not provide them with any information about
whether the truck had been towed, but the family later received an
unsigned letter from J&J, which advised them that J&J had towed
the truck. At the time the truck was towed, its registration had
expired. P.H. paid $583 to retrieve the truck.
¶ 10 R.H. requested a refund from J&J after Griffis-Blessing
advised her that it had not authorized the tow. However, Ward
advised her that she could only claim her refund if she signed a
letter of final settlement, stating that the refund settled all
outstanding amounts and that R.H. would “not slander or speak of
this matter to any partys [sic] outside of this matter,” including the
PUC. When she refused to sign the acknowledgment, Ward called
Stellabotte, who reiterated that if R.H. refused to sign the
agreement, he would not give her a refund.
¶ 11 Kelly Clay, a property manager who worked for Griffis-
Blessing, testified that she was unaware of any towing contract with
J&J for the portion of the shopping mall that she managed and that
she had not authorized the tow of P.H.’s truck. She stated that a
4
different property management company managed the property
where the yogurt shop was located.3
C. PUC Investigation & Trial
¶ 12 Following B.W.’s complaint, Anthony Cummings, an
investigator with the PUC, spoke with Ward, who provided towing
invoices for both B.W. tows. Cummings determined that the
documents did not comply with PUC regulations. Specifically, the
invoices lacked authorizing signatures, a release date, and a
specific rate statement, and they contained an incorrect address for
the business. According to Cummings, these deficiencies rendered
the towing contracts invalid and meant that J&J was not
authorized to collect the $493 that B.W. had paid to have her car
released.
¶ 13 Cummings found similar PUC violations regarding P.H.’s tow.
Ward was unable to provide a written towing contract for the
shopping mall property. Ward claimed that “S.R.,” which stood for
Sean Reilly, had authorized the tow because his initials appeared
on the towing invoice. Reilly, the former leasing agent for the
3 At trial, no evidence indicated who managed the property where
the yogurt shop was located, but Stellabotte does not raise this as
an issue on appeal.
5
shopping mall, testified that his responsibilities did not include
authorizing tows from the property. He denied authorizing the tow
of the truck.
¶ 14 On August 22, 2014, after a trial and jury verdict, the court
adjudicated Stellabotte a habitual criminal for convictions on three
counts ― a 2005 aggravated motor vehicle theft, a 2003 attempted
aggravated motor vehicle theft, and felony menacing in 1996.
¶ 15 In accordance with the habitual criminal statute, the court
quadrupled the maximum sentencing ranges of the felony
convictions, resulting in twenty-four-year sentences for each of the
three felony convictions. The court sentenced Stellabotte to one
year for the misdemeanor theft conviction. The sentences all ran
concurrently.
¶ 16 Stellabotte raises four contentions on appeal: (1) the trial court
erred in instructing the jury on aggravated motor vehicle theft; (2)
the court erred in providing the jury with a dictionary definition of
the term “authorization”; (3) the twenty-four-year sentences
imposed for Stellabotte’s two felony theft convictions should be
halved because of new legislation reducing the severity of those
offenses; and (4) the twenty-four-year sentences imposed for
6
Stellabotte’s three habitual criminal counts are grossly
disproportionate to the nature and severity of the offenses. We
agree with Stellabotte’s third contention that he should benefit from
the General Assembly’s amendatory legislation to reduce the
severity of felony theft offenses. However, we disagree with his
other contentions.
II. Jury Instruction
¶ 17 Stellabotte contends that the trial court erred in instructing
the jury on aggravated motor vehicle theft, where, in contrast to the
theft instruction, the aggravated motor vehicle theft instruction did
not convey that he had to act knowingly without authorization. We
disagree.
A. Standard of Review
¶ 18 We apply a two-tier standard of review to jury instructions.
First, we review de novo the jury instructions as a whole to
determine whether the instructions accurately informed the jury of
the governing law. People v. Lucas, 232 P.3d 155, 162 (Colo. App.
2009). Second, if the trial court correctly informed the jury of the
governing law, we review the court’s formulation of the instructions
for an abuse of discretion. People v. Pahl, 169 P.3d 169, 183 (Colo.
7
Ohio App. 2006). A court abuses its discretion when its ruling is
manifestly arbitrary, unreasonable, or unfair, People v. Rath, 44
P.3d 1033, 1043 (Colo. 2002), and when it misconstrues or
misapplies the law, People v. Henson, 2013 COA 36, ¶ 9, 307 P.3d
1135, 1136.
B. Applicable Law
¶ 19 Under section 18-4-409(2), a person commits first degree
aggravated motor vehicle theft “if he or she knowingly obtains or
exercises control over the motor vehicle of another without
authorization or by threat or deception.”
¶ 20 The culpable mental state, “knowingly,” applies not only to a
defendant’s exercise of control over the vehicle, but also to his or
her awareness of lack of authority. People v. Bornman, 953 P.2d
952, 954 (Colo. App. 1997). When a mental state is listed as a
stand-alone element, it applies to the succeeding elements. See
People v. Chase, 2013 COA 27, ¶ 62, ___ P.3d ___, ___ (“Knowingly”
is set out “as a standalone element, thereby indicating that it
applied to all of the subsequent elements of the offense.”); People v.
Stephens, 837 P.2d 231, 234 (Colo. App. 1992) (stating that
8
“knowingly,” listed as separate element, applied to succeeding
elements, including the “without authorization” element).
C. Analysis
¶ 21 The court instructed the jury that the elements of first degree
aggravated motor vehicle theft were that Stellabotte:
1. In the State of Colorado, at or about the
date and place charged,
2. knowingly,
3. obtained and exercised control over the
motor vehicle,
4. belonging to another person,
5. without authorization, and
6. the value of the motor vehicle involved is
twenty thousand dollars or less, and
7. the defendant,
8. had possession and control over the motor
vehicle for more than twenty-four (24) hours.
¶ 22 The court listed “knowingly” as the second element and listed
“without authorization” as the fifth element. We conclude that the
trial court did not err in instructing the jury on aggravated motor
vehicle theft because the court listed the culpable mental state,
“knowingly,” as a separate element. Therefore, “knowingly” applied
9
to the succeeding elements, including “without authorization,” and
thus the instruction indicated that Stellabotte had to have known
that possession of the automobile was without authorization.
¶ 23 Stellabotte next argues that when the jury read the theft and
aggravated motor vehicle theft instructions together, it reasonably
would have believed that the two offenses had different standards of
proof because the theft instruction explicitly tied the “without
authorization” element to the “knowingly” element, but the
aggravated motor vehicle theft instruction did not. The court
instructed the jury that the elements of theft were:
1. That the defendant,
2. in the State of Colorado, at or about the
date and place charged,
3. knowingly
a. obtained or exercised control over
b. anything of value
c. which was the property of another person,
d. without authorization . . . .
¶ 24 We conclude that the court properly instructed the jury as to
the elements of theft. In the theft instruction, the court listed
“without authorization” as a lettered subpart of the numbered
10
“knowingly” element. Albeit in a different manner, this instruction
also conveyed that Stellabotte had to have known that he obtained
or exercised control of the automobile without authorization.
¶ 25 While we agree with Stellabotte that “it is error for a court to
instruct the jury in a manner that invites confusion,” Steward
Software Co. v. Kopcho, 275 P.3d 702, 711 (Colo. App. 2010), rev’d
on other grounds, 266 P.3d 1085 (Colo. 2011), we disagree that the
two instructions, when read together, created confusion. In both
instructions, the court set off the “knowingly” element. Although
the court set off “knowingly” in different ways — in the aggravated
motor vehicle theft instruction, as a separate numbered element,
and in the theft instruction, as a heading for several elements,
including “without authorization” — we nevertheless conclude that
because both instructions were correct, the court did not err, even
when we consider the two instructions together.
¶ 26 Stellabotte relies on Bornman to argue that the instructions
created confusion. In Bornman, 953 P.2d at 954, the instruction for
theft did not properly advise the jury that the defendant had to be
aware that his possession of a vehicle was unauthorized. The
instruction read:
11
1. That the defendant
2. In the state of Colorado at or about the date
and place charged,
3. knowingly
a. obtained or exercised control over
b. anything of value,
c. which was the property of another
person,
4. without authorization . . . .
Id. at 953. Bornman is distinguishable. There, the trial court erred
because the instruction did not explicitly require a finding that the
defendant knew that his possession or control of the item was
without authorization of the owner. The Bornman court added
subparts to the third element and did not include “without
authorization” as a subpart, but rather listed it as a separate
element. Here, as discussed above, in the aggravated motor vehicle
theft instruction, the court listed “knowingly” as a separate element,
with no subparts, so “knowingly” applied to all succeeding
elements, including “without authorization.” In contrast, in the
theft instruction, the court listed “without authorization” as a
subpart of the “knowingly” element, so “knowingly” applied to the
12
“without authorization” element. Therefore, we conclude that the
trial court did not err in accurately informing the jury of the
governing law, and it did not abuse its discretion in formulating the
jury instructions.
III. Definition of Authorization
¶ 27 During deliberation, the jury asked for a definition of the term
“authorization,” and the court used a “standard dictionary
definition” to instruct the jury that the term “authorization” meant
“to provide someone with legal authority to perform an act.”
¶ 28 Stellabotte contends that the court abused its discretion when
it provided this definition because the definition differed from that
in relevant case law. While we agree that the court provided a
definition that differed from that found in case law, we conclude
that the court did not abuse its discretion.
A. Standard of Review
¶ 29 We apply the same standard of review as in Part II.A.
B. Applicable Law
¶ 30 Absent evidence to the contrary, a jury is presumed to
understand and follow the trial court’s instructions. Leonardo v.
People, 728 P.2d 1252, 1255 (Colo. 1986). This presumption may
13
be overcome “when the jury indicates to the judge that it does not
understand an element of the offense charged or some other matter
of law central to the guilt or innocence of the accused.” Id. at 1256.
On receipt of a jury’s question regarding a point of law, a court
should give further instructions to the jury unless the question can
be answered by the instructions already given, the question is not
relevant to the law at issue, or the question asks the court to decide
issues of fact. Chase, ¶ 38, ___ P.3d at ___.
¶ 31 “When a term, word, or phrase in a jury instruction is one
with which reasonable persons of common intelligence would be
familiar, and its meaning is not so technical or mysterious as to
create confusion in jurors’ minds as to its meaning, an instruction
defining it is not required.” People v. Thoro Prods. Co., 45 P.3d 737,
745 (Colo. App. 2001), aff’d, 70 P.3d 1188 (Colo. 2003). However,
Colorado’s appellate courts have consistently upheld courts giving
the jury supplemental instructions, even when unnecessary, if the
instructions properly state the law. People v. Holwuttle, 155 P.3d
447, 449-50 (Colo. App. 2006).
14
C. Analysis
¶ 32 There is no statutory definition of the term “without
authorization” or “authorization.” Thus, the court did not abuse its
discretion in supplementing the jury instructions because
“authorization” was related to a legal issue, the court’s response
was simple and direct, and the jury expressed confusion over the
term’s meaning. See People v. Cruz, 923 P.2d 311, 313 (Colo. App.
1996) (holding that court did not err in giving the jury a dictionary
definition of an undefined element of a crime); see also People v.
Martin, 851 P.2d 186, 189 (Colo. App. 1992).
¶ 33 Divisions of our court have defined “without authorization” in
the context of theft statutes to mean “that the owner of the
property, or a person in possession of the property with the owner’s
consent, has not given the actor permission to exercise control over
the property.” People v. McCormick, 784 P.2d 808, 810 (Colo. App.
1989) (quoting People v. Edmonds, 195 Colo. 358, 362, 578 P.2d
655, 659 (1978)); see People v. Stell, 2013 COA 149, ¶ 14, 320 P.3d
382, 385 (“A person acts ‘without authorization’ when the owner of
the property has not given him or her permission to obtain or
exercise control over the property.”).
15
¶ 34 Generally, the use of an excerpt from an opinion in a jury
instruction is an unwise practice because opinions and instructions
have different purposes. Pahl, 169 P.3d at 183-84. Thus, the court
was not required to use the definition of “authorization” or “without
authorization” from our published decisions.
¶ 35 Further, we conclude that the court acted within its discretion
when it tailored the wording of its response to the jury’s question
because the court’s definition of “authorization” was a proper
definition that fit the facts of the case and related to the issues the
jury needed to resolve. Therefore, trial court did not abuse its
discretion when it supplied the jury with its definition of
authorization.
¶ 36 Stellabotte argues that by defining the term “authorization” to
require “legal authority,” the court injected a requirement that the
authority to act derive from a law. We disagree. “[T]erms frequently
have more than one ordinary meaning, or at least more than one
shading or nuance of meaning . . . .” Marquez v. People, 2013 CO
58, ¶ 8, 311 P.3d 265, 268. We conclude that the court did not
inject a new requirement that lowered the prosecution’s burden of
proof. Rather, the court chose a definition different from that in our
16
published decisions that was appropriate in the circumstances of
this case.
¶ 37 Therefore, we conclude that the court did not abuse its
discretion when it provided the jury with the dictionary definition of
“authorization.”
IV. Effect of Amendatory Legislation
¶ 38 On June 5, 2013, the General Assembly lowered the
classification of thefts of items valued between $5000 and $20,000
from class 4 to class 5 felonies. See Ch. 373, sec. 1, § 18-4-401,
2013 Colo. Sess. Laws 2196. The General Assembly did not include
a specific effective date of the amendment.
¶ 39 Stellabotte committed his offenses in June and July 2012.
The jury entered its verdict in May 2014, and the court sentenced
Stellabotte in August 2014. Consequently, by the time the court
sentenced Stellabotte, his offenses were considered class 5 felonies.
However, the court entered a judgment of conviction and sentenced
him under the prior laws as class 4 felonies.
¶ 40 Stellabotte contends that the reclassification should reduce
the maximum of his sentencing range for his theft convictions from
six years to three years, which in turn should reduce his sentence
17
for those offenses, as enhanced by the habitual criminal statute,
from twenty-four years to twelve years. We agree.
A. Standard of Review
¶ 41 We review de novo the legality of a sentence. People v. Hard,
2014 COA 132, ¶ 46, 342 P.3d 572, 581.
¶ 42 Because Stellabotte did not raise this argument before the trial
court, the People contend that we must review any error for plain
error. See Hagos v. People, 2012 CO 63, ¶¶ 18-19, 288 P.3d 116,
120-21. However, we need not review for plain error because a
defendant may raise a claim at any time that his or her sentence
was not authorized by law. People v. Fransua, 2016 COA 79, ¶ 17,
___ P.3d ___, ___.
B. Applicable Law
¶ 43 In determining whether to apply amendments to legislation,
we first look to the plain language of the statute. People v.
Summers, 208 P.3d 251, 253-54 (Colo. 2009). Statutes that
explicitly state that they are to apply only to offenses committed
after the effective date are to be applied accordingly. See People v.
McCoy, 764 P.2d 1171, 1174 (Colo. 1988).
18
¶ 44 “A statute is presumed to be prospective in its operation.” § 2-
4-202, C.R.S. 2015. However, where the legislative intent is silent,
a defendant may seek retroactive application of a statute if he or
she benefits from a significant change in the law. § 18-1-410(1)(f)(I),
C.R.S. 2015. The supreme court extended this rule to defendants
seeking relief on direct appeal. People v. Thornton, 187 Colo. 202,
203, 529 P.2d 628, 628 (1974); see also People v. Russell, 2014
COA 21M, ¶ 12, ___ P.3d ___, ___ (cert. granted Feb. 23, 2015).
Whenever constitutionally possible, a defendant should be granted
the benefits of amendatory legislation that mitigates the penalty for
a crime. People v. Bloom, 195 Colo. 246, 251, 577 P.2d 288, 292
(1978).
C. Analysis
¶ 45 The theft amendment is silent as to whether it applies
retroactively or prospectively, and the legislative history provides no
guidance as to its application. However, several divisions of our
court have considered whether amendments that are silent as to
their effective dates apply retroactively. See People v. Boyd, 2015
COA 109, ¶ 14, ___ P.3d ___, ___ (concluding that although
Amendment 64 does not indicate a clear intent for retroactive
19
application, it applied retroactively to the defendant’s conviction for
possession of marijuana) (cert. granted Mar. 21, 2016); Russell,
¶ 13, ___ P.3d at ___ (same); People v. Palmer, 42 Colo. App. 460,
461-63, 595 P.2d 1060, 1062-63 (1979); People v. Jenkins, 40 Colo.
App. 140, 143, 575 P.3d 13, 15-16 (1977); see also Bloom, 195
Colo. at 251-52, 577 P.2d at 292; Thornton, 187 Colo. at 203, 529
P.2d at 628-29; People v. Thomas, 185 Colo. 395, 397-98, 525 P.2d
1136, 1138 (1974). We follow the legal analysis presented in the
above-cited decisions and apply them to the theft statutory
amendment. We conclude that the theft amendment applies
retroactively to cases pending in the trial court when the
amendment was enacted.
¶ 46 In addition, both Boyd and Russell, although they dealt with
constitutional amendments, relied on section 18-1-410(1)(f)(I).
Section 18-1-410(1)(f)(I) expressly applies to statutory amendments.
Thus, we find the analysis in Boyd and Russell particularly
persuasive here where a statutory amendment is at issue.
¶ 47 The partial dissent relies on Riley v. People, 828 P.2d 254, 258
(Colo. 1992); McCoy, 764 P.2d at 1174; and People v. Macias, 631
P.2d 584, 587 (Colo. 1981), for the proposition that a defendant
20
should not receive the benefit of legislation that lessens the
penalties for crimes committed before the legislation was enacted
unless the General Assembly clearly intended the legislation to be
applied retroactively. These cases are distinguishable. In Riley,
McCoy, and Macias, the supreme court considered cases where the
General Assembly provided that the statutory amendments applied
to offenses committed on or after the effective date. See also People
v. Pineda-Eriza, 49 P.3d 329, 333 (Colo. App. 2001). Thus, the
statements on which the dissent relies are dicta. Boyd, ¶ 29, ___
P.3d at ___.4 Further, because the three cases dealt with
amendatory statutes that applied only to offenses committed on or
after the effective date, we do not view Riley, McCoy, and Macias as
inconsistent with Russell and Boyd. Rather, the former apply to
4 We recognize that apparent conflict between section 2-4-202,
C.R.S. 2015, and section 18-1-410, C.R.S. 2015. Applying rules of
statutory construction, the Boyd majority concluded that section
18-1-410 should prevail over section 2-4-202 because the
propositions in Riley v. People, 828 P.2d 254, 258 (Colo. 1992), and
People v. McCoy, 764 P.2d 1171, 1174 (Colo. 1988), on which the
dissent relied constituted dicta and section 18-1-410 is the more
specific statutory provision. People v. Boyd, 2015 COA 109, ¶¶ 28-
32, ___ P.3d ___, ___ (cert. granted Mar. 21, 2016). The Boyd
majority ultimately resolved the conflict between section 2-4-202
and section 18-1-410 by reading section 18-1-410 as an exception
to section 2-4-202. We agree with that analysis.
21
legislative amendments with prospective effective dates, and the
latter apply to legislative amendments, as here, with an effective
date, but no indication whether they were to be applied
prospectively or retroactively.
¶ 48 Therefore, we vacate and remand to the trial court to correct
his sentence on the two felony theft convictions and corresponding
habitual criminal sentence enhancement to reflect a twelve-year
sentence for those offenses. We emphasize that our analysis only
applies to the felony theft convictions, and not the aggravated motor
vehicle theft and misdemeanor theft convictions.
V. Proportionality Review
¶ 49 Stellabotte contends that the twenty-four-year sentences that
the trial court imposed are disproportionate to the nature and
severity of his offenses in violation of the Eighth Amendment. We
disagree.
A. Standard of Review
¶ 50 We review de novo whether a sentence is constitutionally
proportionate. People v. Hargrove, 2013 COA 165, ¶ 8, 338 P.3d
413, 416.
22
B. Applicable Law
¶ 51 The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution
prohibits the imposition of sentences that are disproportionate to
the crime committed. Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 284 (1983).
Although reviewing courts should grant substantial deference to the
legislature’s authority to set penalty schemes, “no penalty is per se
constitutional.” Id. at 290.
¶ 52 “In the absence of a need for a refined analysis inquiring into
the details of the specific offenses or a detailed comparison of
sentences imposed for other crimes in this or other jurisdictions, an
appellate court is as well positioned . . . to conduct a proportionality
review.” People v. Gaskins, 825 P.2d 30, 37-38 (Colo. 1992).
¶ 53 Upon request, a defendant is entitled to an abbreviated
proportionality review of his or her sentence. People v. Deroulet, 48
P.3d 520, 526 (Colo. 2002). An abbreviated proportionality review
consists of a comparison of the gravity of the offense and the
harshness of the penalty to discern whether it raises an inference of
gross disproportionality. Id. at 527.
¶ 54 For purposes of proportionality review, we consider each
sentence imposed separately. Close v. People, 48 P.3d 528, 539
23
(Colo. 2002). We scrutinize all the offenses in question, both
triggering and predicate, to determine whether in combination they
are so lacking in gravity or seriousness as to suggest that a
sentence enhanced by the habitual criminal sentence is grossly
disproportionate. People v. Patnode, 126 P.3d 249, 260 (Colo. App.
2005). If an abbreviated review does not yield an inference of gross
disproportionality, no further review is required. People v. Reese,
155 P.3d 477, 479 (Colo. App. 2006). “[I]n almost every case, the
abbreviated proportionality review will result in a finding that the
sentence is constitutionally proportionate, thereby preserving the
primacy of the General Assembly in crafting sentencing schemes.”
Deroulet, 48 P.3d at 526.
¶ 55 When a court considers the gravity of the offense in an
abbreviated proportionality review, it must determine whether the
offense is grave and serious. People v. Strock, 252 P.3d 1148, 1158
(Colo. App. 2010). In making the determination, courts consider
the harm caused or threatened to the victim or to society and the
culpability of the offender. Gaskins, 825 P.2d at 36.
¶ 56 Certain felonies are per se grave and serious crimes for
purposes of proportionality review. Close, 48 P.3d at 538. If a
24
reviewing court is unable to conclude that a certain felony is
categorically grave and serious on its face, the court may conduct a
more refined inquiry into the case-specific facts and circumstances
underlying the offense and determine if the offense is grave and
serious. People v. Mershon, 874 P.2d 1025, 1032 (Colo. 1994).
C. Analysis
¶ 57 Stellabotte contends all three of his twenty-four-year
sentences are disproportionate to the nature and severity of the
offenses. We disagree.
¶ 58 Stellabotte’s triggering offenses — two counts of felony theft
and one count of aggravated motor vehicle theft — either
individually or in combination, are grave and serious crimes for the
purposes of an abbreviated proportionality review. See People v.
Cooper, 205 P.3d 475, 481 (Colo. App. 2008) (even assuming that
triggering and predicate car theft offenses were not individually
grave and serious per se, in combination they were grave and
serious); People v. Merchant, 983 P.2d 108, 117 (Colo. App. 1999)
(felony theft is a serious offense); People v. Penrod, 892 P.2d 383,
387 (Colo. App. 1994) (aggravated motor vehicle theft “may not be
characterized as lacking in gravity”).
25
¶ 59 Likewise, Stellabotte’s underlying offenses — attempted
aggravated motor vehicle theft, aggravated motor vehicle theft, and
felony menacing — are also grave and serious. People v. Cisneros,
855 P.2d 822, 830 (Colo. 1993) (felony menacing is a grave and
serious offense). These prior felonies triggered habitual criminal
sentencing, which quadrupled his sentence.
¶ 60 Accordingly, Stellabotte’s triggering offenses and the three
predicate offenses are sufficiently grave and serious to support a
conclusion that his twenty-four-year concurrent sentences are
constitutionally proportionate, particularly in light of the mandatory
habitual criminal sentence enhancement. Given our conclusion in
Part V, it follows that Stellabotte’s new theft sentences of twelve
years also are not grossly disproportionate.
VI. Conclusion
¶ 61 The judgment of conviction is affirmed, the felony theft
sentences are vacated, the other sentences are affirmed, and the
case is remanded for resentencing on the felony theft convictions.
JUDGE FREYRE concurs.
JUDGE DAILEY concurs in part and dissents in part.
26
JUDGE DAILEY, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
¶ 62 I agree with all but Part IV of the majority opinion. Contrary
to the majority, I would decline to follow People v. Russell, 2014
COA 21M (cert. granted Feb. 23, 2015), and People v. Boyd, 2015
COA 109 (cert. granted Mar. 21, 2016), and, thus, I would uphold
the class 4 felony classification of defendant’s convictions for theft.
¶ 63 Defendant’s convictions were based on acts committed in the
summer of 2012. As noted by the majority, the General Assembly
did not amend the law, lowering the classification of defendant’s
criminal acts, until June 2013.
¶ 64 The issue is whether the 2013 legislation applies retroactively
to lower the felony classification for acts committed nearly a year
earlier. Relying on Russell and Boyd, the majority holds that it
does. Both Russell and Boyd addressed the retroactivity of an
amendment to the state constitution which decriminalized certain
theretofore illegal offenses related to marijuana use. In Russell, the
division said:
In general, when construing a constitutional
amendment, unless its terms clearly show
intent that the amendment be retroactively
applied, “we presume the amendment has
prospective application only.”
27
. . . The general presumption of prospective
application, however, is subject to a doctrine
established by our General Assembly and
supreme court enabling a defendant to benefit
retroactively from a significant change in the
law.
Russell, ¶¶ 11-12 (citations omitted) (quoting Huber v. Colo. Mining
Ass’n, 264 P.3d 884, 889 (Colo. 2011)).
¶ 65 The “doctrine” the Russell division identified as the exception
to the general rule of prospective application originated in a line of
supreme court cases holding that a defendant whose conviction is
not yet final is entitled to the benefit of amendatory legislation
mitigating the penalties for crimes. See People v. Thomas, 185 Colo.
395, 397-98, 525 P.2d 1136, 1138 (1974); see also People v. Bloom,
195 Colo. 246, 251-52, 577 P.2d 288, 292 (1978); People v.
Thornton, 187 Colo. 202, 203, 529 P.2d 628, 628-29 (1974).
¶ 66 However, a subsequent, and inconsistent, line of supreme
court cases states that a defendant should not receive the benefit of
legislation that lessens the penalties for crimes committed before
the new legislation was enacted unless the legislation was clearly
intended to be applied retroactively. See Riley v. People, 828 P.2d
28
 254, 258 (Colo. 1992); People v. McCoy, 764 P.2d 1171, 1174 (Colo.
1988); People v. Macias, 631 P.2d 584, 587 (Colo. 1981).
¶ 67 The majority finds this second line of authority inapposite
because, although there is no clear indication of an intent to apply
the new legislation retroactively, there is also no clear indication of
intent to apply it only prospectively to acts committed on or after a
certain date.
¶ 68 I do not believe that this second — and, in my view, controlling
— line of authority can be so easily dismissed. It is premised on the
rule of construction that presumes a statute is “prospective in its
operation.” § 2-4-202, C.R.S. 2015. “The General Assembly may
override this presumption by clearly expressing a contrary intent.”
People v. Summers, 208 P.3d 251, 256 (Colo. 2009); see Riley, 828
P.2d at 257 (“Legislation is presumed to have prospective effect
unless a contrary intent is expressed by the General Assembly.”);
see also McCoy, 764 P.2d at 1174 (“Our cases also establish that a
defendant does not receive any ameliorative benefit when retroactive
application of the amendatory legislation is clearly not intended by
its own terms.”); People v. Pineda-Eriza, 49 P.3d 329, 333 (Colo.
App. 2001) (“A defendant is not entitled to the ameliorative effects of
29
amendatory legislation if the legislature has not indicated its intent
to require retroactive application thereof.”).
¶ 69 Contrary to the majority’s belief, the absence of an explicit
prospective application provision cannot undermine the
presumption of prospective application. That presumption “is only
strengthened by the insertion of an effective date clause that
explicitly mandates prospective application.” Summers, 208 P.3d at
257 (emphasis added). In the absence of such a clause, the
presumption would still exist, unless and until the General
Assembly expressed an intent to apply the enactment retroactively,
Riley, 828 P.2d at 257.
¶ 70 Because no intent to apply the 2013 legislation retroactively is
suggested from its language, the presumption of prospective
application applies. Thus, I would hold that the 2013 legislation
did not retroactively re-classify the felony level of defendant’s 2012
criminal conduct. See § 2-4-303, C.R.S. 2015 (“The repeal,
revision, amendment, or consolidation of any statute . . . or section
. . . shall not have the effect to release, extinguish, alter, modify, or
change in whole or in part any penalty . . . either civil or criminal
30
. . . unless the repealing, revising, amending, or consolidating act so
expressly provides . . . .”) (emphasis added).
31