In re The Detention of White , 2016 IL App (1st) 151187 ( 2016 )

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Appellate Court Date: 2016.11.29
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In re Detention of White, 2016 IL App (1st) 151187Appellate Court In re THE DETENTION OF PHILLIP WHITE (The People of the
Caption State of Illinois, Petitioner-Appellee, v. Phillip White, Respondent-
Appellant).
District & No. First District, Fifth Division
Docket No. 1-15-1187
Filed September 16, 2016
Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 12-CR-80003; the
Review Hon. Thomas Byrne, Judge, presiding.
Judgment Affirmed.
Counsel on Law Office of Stephen F. Potts, of Des Plaines (Stephen F. Potts, of
Appeal counsel), for appellant.
Lisa Madigan, Attorney General, of Chicago (Carolyn E. Shapiro,
Solicitor General, Michael M. Glick and Evan B. Elsner, Assistant
Attorneys General, of counsel), for the People.
Panel JUSTICE LAMPKIN delivered the judgment of the court, with
opinion.
Justice Reyes concurred in the judgment and opinion.
Presiding Justice Gordon specially concurred, with opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Respondent Phillip White, who previously had been convicted of sexually violent offenses,
was found by a jury to be a sexually violent person and committed to the Illinois Department of
Human Services (IDHS). On appeal, White argues (1) his commitment was improper because
the diagnosis by the State’s experts of other specified personality disorder with antisocial
features did not qualify as a mental disorder pursuant to the Sexually Violent Persons
Commitment Act (Act) (725 ILCS 207/1 et seq. (West 2014)), (2) the trial court erroneously
rejected his proposed special interrogatory and thereby deprived him of the opportunity to test
the jury’s general verdict, and (3) the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he
was a sexually violent person where he had not manifested any symptoms of the alleged mental
disorder for 30 years.
¶2 For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 This appeal arises from White’s jury trial, which found him to be a sexually violent person
under the Act and committed him to the IDHS for control, care, and treatment in a secure
facility until such time as he was no longer a sexually violent person. The experts who testified
at the trial used White’s documented history of criminal convictions in 1980, 1985, and 1991 in
formulating their opinions.
¶5 Specifically, in April 1980, White pled guilty to attempted rape, armed robbery, and
aggravated battery. According to the record, he followed a woman off an elevated train,
grabbed her around her throat, hit her several times, and dragged her into an alley. He said,
“you know what I want b***,” tore off her pants and panties, and attempted to place his penis
into her vagina. The police arrived and caught White as he fled the scene.
¶6 In September 1985, White pled guilty to aggravated criminal sexual assault. At the time of
the assault, he was on parole for the 1980 offenses for approximately one year. According to
the record, White and a female acquaintance were walking in a park, and White asked her to
join him as he picked up a package. They went together to an apartment building, but no one
answered the door upon their arrival. They went downstairs to the basement, and White tried to
kiss the woman, but she refused his advances. White then grabbed her by the neck, choked her,
hit her, cut her lip, and forced her into the basement. He told her, “I’m going to give you
something to believe [the gossip about me being a rapist],” and then he undressed her and
raped her.
¶7 In September 1991, White was convicted after a bench trial of armed robbery. At the time
of this robbery, he was on parole for the 1985 sexual assault offense for approximately one
year. According to the record, White followed a woman and her six-year-old daughter off a
bus. When they approached an alley, White took out a knife and pressed it to the woman’s
throat. He took her purse and then proceeded to drag her into the alley. He fled when
bystanders intervened and was later arrested. He received a 35-year sentence for this offense.
¶8 During his incarceration, he had some minor disciplinary issues and received “tickets,”
although never for sexual violations. In 1993, he was found to have two dagger-like weapons
in his possession at the Illinois Department of Corrections (IDOC). He pled guilty to unlawful
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use of a weapon by a person in the custody of the IDOC and was sentenced to six years’
imprisonment, to be added to his 35-year sentence for the armed robbery offense.
¶9 In February 2012, the State petitioned to commit White as a sexually violent person under
the Act on the basis of two mental disorders: paraphilia, not otherwise specified,
nonconsenting persons, and personality disorder, not otherwise specified, with antisocial
features. White’s diagnosis at that time was based on the fourth edition of the American
Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). In
July 2014, the State amended its petition, revising the alleged mental disorders to reflect the
updated wording of the fifth edition of the DSM (DSM-5) for the alleged disorders, i.e., other
specified paraphilic disorder, nonconsenting females in a controlled environment (hereinafter
os-paraphilic disorder, nonconsenting females), and other specified personality disorder with
antisocial features (hereinafter os-antisocial personality disorder).
¶ 10 In February 2015, a jury trial was held on the State’s petition to commit White as a sexually
violent person. Expert testimony established that the Act defined a mental disorder as a
congenital or acquired condition affecting the emotional or volitional capacity that predisposes
a person to engage in acts of sexual violence. See 725 ILCS 207/5(b) (West 2014).
¶ 11 The expert testimony established that the term paraphilia denoted any intense and
persistent sexual interest other than sexual interest in genital stimulation or prepatory fondling
with a phenotypically normal, physically mature consenting human partner. Paraphilia could
be focused on a particular object of desire, like nonconsenting women in this case. A paraphilic
disorder was a paraphilia that caused distress or impairment to the individual or the satisfaction
of which entailed personal harm or risk of harm to others. The category other specified
paraphilic disorder applied to presentations of a paraphilic disorder that caused distress or
impairment in a person’s functioning, but did not meet the specific criteria for any of the eight
disorders that were outlined in the DSM-5. The DSM-5’s criteria for a diagnosis of other
specified paraphilic disorder, nonconsenting females in a controlled environment, required an
individual to have recurrent intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving
nonconsenting persons that impaired the individual’s life over a period of at least six months.
Here, the term controlled environment referred to White’s incarceration in the IDOC and
whether the opportunities for his alleged paraphilic behavior to manifest itself were
unavailable to him.
¶ 12 According to the expert testimony concerning the DSM-5 diagnosis of os-antisocial
personality disorder, the features indicative of a personality disorder predominate but do not
meet the specific criteria of any of the personality disorders outlined in the DSM-5. A
personality disorder affects an individual’s characteristic way of thinking, managing his
emotions, interacting with other people, or managing impulses. The term antisocial features
meant the individual was willing to disregard the rights of others, violate rules, and social
norms and continue to engage in criminal behaviors even after being sanctioned or
incarcerated. Features indicative of this diagnosis include habitual criminal activities,
violence, aggressiveness, and failure to take responsibility or demonstrate any remorse,
empathy, or concern for the harm caused.
¶ 13 The State’s evidence consisted of two expert witnesses in the area of forensic and clinical
psychology, Drs. Allison Schechter and Edward Smith. Both doctors specialized in sex
offender evaluations, had conducted a sex offender evaluation of White for the IDOC, and
were qualified as experts in the areas of sex offender evaluation and risk assessment. They had
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reviewed documents from White’s IDOC master file, which included police reports, witness
reports, court documents, medical records, documents concerning White’s disciplinary
history, and other records. They also had reviewed White’s criminal convictions from 1980,
1985, and 1991 and used that information to formulate their opinions. Although evaluators
were required to ask the subject of the evaluation for an interview, such interviews were not
necessary to make a diagnosis, and an evaluation based on the subject’s records only was
complete and widely accepted when the subject chose not to participate in an interview. Drs.
Schechter and Smith attempted to conduct clinical interviews with White, but he chose not to
participate.
¶ 14 Dr. Schechter was a psychologist employed by Wexford Health Source, Inc., a private
company that provided evaluation services for the IDOC. Although her 2012 report had been
based on the fourth edition of the DSM, she updated that report in February 2014 using the
DSM-5. She opined that White met the statutory criteria to be found a sexually violent person.
She concluded, based on the facts of White’s 1980 and 1985 convictions, that he suffered from
both os-paraphilic disorder, nonconsenting females, and os-antisocial personality disorder.
Furthermore, he had a girlfriend at the time of his 1980 and 1985 offenses and, thus,
presumably had a consensual sexual outlet available to him. This indicated that White had a
desire for sexual activity with nonconsenting women despite the availability of a consensual
partner. Moreover, White was on parole for less than one year at the time of his 1985 offense,
which suggested an inability to control his behavior. Dr. Schechter opined that White’s
convictions showed recurring and intense sexual arousal for a period of at least six months.
¶ 15 Dr. Schechter also considered White’s 1991 armed robbery conviction in reaching her
diagnoses. At the time of this robbery, White was on parole for about one year following the
1985 sex offense. Although the 1991 robbery was not a sexually violent offense for purposes
of the Act, Dr. Schechter believed it was relevant to her diagnoses because it followed White’s
pattern of abducting an essentially lone woman in public and taking her to an isolated second
location where he struggled with the victim. Because a witness had intervened in the 1991
incident, it was unknown whether it would have resulted in a sexual assault. According to Dr.
Schechter, this pattern of behavior was consistent with the diagnoses of os-paraphilic disorder,
nonconsenting females, and os-antisocial personality disorder. Dr. Schechter also opined that
White’s 1993 conviction for unlawful possession of a weapon in the IDOC was a further
indication of his antisocial personality tendencies, i.e., difficulty complying with rules even in
a controlled environment like prison.
¶ 16 Dr. Schechter testified that both os-paraphilic disorder, nonconsenting females, and
os-antisocial personality disorder were congenital or acquired conditions that affected White’s
emotional or volitional capacity and predisposed him to commit future acts of sexual violence.
A paraphilic disorder could be considered in remission if a person shows that he could be in the
community for at least five years without demonstrating any of the associated behaviors.
White’s condition, however, could not be considered in remission because, regardless of his
behavior while incarcerated, he was never out of prison for more than one year before
reoffending. Dr. Schechter testified that her diagnoses for White of both os-paraphilic disorder,
nonconsenting females, and os-antisocial personality disorder were mental disorders as
defined by the Act.
¶ 17 On cross-examination, Dr. Schechter acknowledged that a diagnosis under the DSM-5 was
not necessarily a mental disorder as defined by the Act. Further, she testified:
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“Q. Is it your conclusion that the personality disorder you diagnosed in this case
alone would be a mental disorder as defined by the [Act] or not?
A. Alone without the paraphilic disorder?
Q. Right.
A. If I had done an evaluation on a person that I only diagnosed with the personality
disorder, I would not likely refer them for commitment.
Q. So is it fair to say that if somebody didn’t find Mr. White suffered from other
specified paraphilic disorder, that the personality disorder which you diagnosed him
with would not be a mental disorder as defined by the [Act]?
A. That diagnosis alone, I would not refer somebody for commitment based on that
diagnosis alone, no.”
On redirect examination, Dr. Schechter testified:
“Q. You diagnosed [White] with two mental disorders, correct?
A. Yes.
Q. They are both the mental disorders required for commitment pursuant to the
[Act]?
A. Yes. Both of those mental disorders I used as pursuant to the [Act].”
¶ 18 Dr. Smith was a psychologist employed by the IDHS. He had updated his 2012 evaluation
of White to reflect the new DSM-5 nomenclature for White’s diagnoses of both os-paraphilic
disorder, nonconsenting females, nonexclusive type in a controlled environment, and
os-antisocial personality disorder. Dr. Smith testified that the term nonexclusive type meant
the individual was not solely sexually aroused by nonconsenting individuals. Like Dr.
Schechter, Dr. Smith based those two diagnoses partly on the facts and circumstances of
White’s history of criminal convictions. Specifically, Dr. Smith diagnosed White with
os-paraphilic disorder, nonconsenting females, based on his behavior and the sexual
statements he made to the victims while attempting to sexually assault them. Dr. Smith found it
significant that White was able to maintain arousal throughout the 1985 sexual assault until
completion, indicating an intense sexual interest in a nonconsenting partner. The 1991 offense
was very similar to White’s behaviors in the 1980 and 1985 sexual offenses, and the 1993
weapon conviction was relevant to demonstrate White’s overall pattern of criminal attitudes
and behaviors and willingness to break rules even when confined in the IDOC.
¶ 19 Dr. Smith diagnosed White with os-antisocial personality disorder because he had
repeatedly targeted lone women, attempted to isolate them, and used force to harm or threaten
them. The diagnoses of os-paraphilic disorder, nonconsenting females, and os-antisocial
personality disorder were congenital or acquired conditions and worked synergistically to
cause White to sexually offend. Dr. Smith explained that the two disorders worked together to
affect White’s emotional or volitional capacity because when an individual was sexually
aroused from sexual behavior with nonconsenting persons and possessed an attitude toward
other people that made him more willing to violate the rights of others, the two disorders made
the risk of offense more likely.
¶ 20 On cross-examination, Dr. Smith acknowledged that someone could have a DSM-5
diagnosis but still not meet the criteria to be deemed a sexually violent person under the Act.
Dr. Smith also testified:
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“Q. You talked about the synergy between the personality disorder and the other
specified paraphilic disorder, right?
A. Yes.
Q. But the personality disorder alone in and of itself is not a mental disorder as
defined by the [Act], isn’t that your opinion?
A. Typically, correct.
Q. In fact, you would not find that in this case?
A. Correct.”
On redirect, Dr. Smith testified:
“Q. You indicated that otherwise specified personality disorder with antisocial
traits would not in this case be a standalone diagnosis under the [Act]?
A. Correct.
Q. You diagnosed him in conjunction with other specified paraphilic disorder?
A. Correct.
Q. Is it then when they are together, is it then are they both mental disorders as
defined by the Act?
A. Yes.”
¶ 21 Drs. Schechter and Smith both testified that the os-paraphilic disorder, nonconsenting
females, and os-antisocial personality disorder were considered chronic in nature, would not
disappear or decrease with the passage of time, and had to be managed through cognitive
behavioral therapy. Because these disorders typically manifested as behaviors outside of a
controlled environment, the fact that White did not commit any sexual offenses while
incarcerated was not proof that he no longer suffered from either mental disorder. Paraphilic
disorders could be treated through therapy, but White had not participated in any sex offender
treatment.
¶ 22 Both experts conducted a risk assessment of White to determine his risk to reoffend
sexually if released. As a starting point for their assessments, they used actuarial instruments
that were comprised of a number of known static or historical risk factors related to sex
offender recidivism. The subject of the assessment was scored based on those objective factors
and then placed in a risk category. This risk category was not meant to calculate any specific
subject’s possibility of reoffending but rather was simply a comparison, within a standard
measure of error, to a range of a known group of sex offenders. The experts also considered
dynamic risk and protective factors that were additional empirically derived factors that had
been shown through research to either increase or decrease a subject’s risk of future reoffense.
¶ 23 Dr. Schechter used the Static-99R and MnSOST-R in her evaluation. However, because
the MnSOST-R was no longer widely used at the time of trial, she had reduced its weight in her
overall evaluation of White. Although Dr. Schechter initially gave White a score of five on the
Static-99R with an estimated recidivism rate of 21.2%, she later revised that score to a seven
upon realizing she had mistakenly used White’s 1991 armed robbery conviction as his most
recent sexual offense instead of his 1985 aggravated sexual assault. She explained that she
should have factored into his score his 34 years of age at the time of his possible release from
his sex offense. A score of seven was considered to be in the high risk category, with an
estimated recidivism rate of 30.7%. The standard measurement of error for the Static-99R was
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0.89, meaning a given score could be expected to fall within a range of 0.89 above or below the
given score.
¶ 24 Dr. Schechter also considered dynamic risk factors in formulating her opinion, such as
White’s general criminality or lifestyle instability, intimacy deficits, sexual self-regulation,
cooperation with supervision, and diagnosed personality disorder. She found that White had
been incarcerated for all but two years of his adult life and had committed very serious offenses
while on parole and in the community for a very short interval. This showed an inability to
cooperate with community supervision. She also found that the violent and callous behavior
White demonstrated while committing his offenses showed a lack of capacity for
self-regulation and a general lack of concern for others. Furthermore, White’s report to
previous evaluators that he had approximately 50 consensual sexual partners in the past and
was unfaithful to many of them demonstrated a lack of capacity to form an intimate
relationship. A previous evaluator had been told by White that he would not participate in sex
offender treatment even if it was mandated as a condition of his parole.
¶ 25 Dr. Smith used the Static-99R and the Static-2002R to conduct his risk assessment of
White. Dr. Smith gave White a score of five on the Static-99R, which placed him in the
moderate high risk category for future offenses. White had a score of six on the Static-2002R,
which placed him in the moderate risk category of that instrument. Dr. Smith also considered
the additional factors of personality disorder, paraphilic interest, a history of employment
instability, substance abuse, and noncompliance with supervision. Dr. Smith opined that
White’s relationship history, which included being married for a period of time, demonstrated
he could recognize deviant sexual interest and still chose to repeatedly engage in criminal
behaviors even though he could find consensual partners.
¶ 26 Both Drs. Schechter and Smith concluded that none of the protective factors that
potentially could have lowered White’s risk of sexual offense recidivism applied to him. White
had never participated in sex offender treatment, had no debilitating medical conditions that
interfered with his ability to achieve arousal or commit crimes, and his age of 53 years was not
significantly old enough to reduce his risk to commit further sexual offenses. Both experts
concluded that White continued to suffer from both paraphilic and personality disorders
because he had not participated in cognitive behavioral treatment, had not been in the
community for five years without reoffending, and had not satisfied any of the other criteria
that would indicate his disorders were in remission. Drs. Schechter and Smith opined that
White’s risk of reoffending was substantially probable, meaning he would be much more
likely than not to commit acts of sexual violence in the future. Drs. Schechter and Smith opined
that White met all the criteria to be designated a sexually violent person.
¶ 27 Dr. Romita Sillitti, a Du Page County psychologist, testified for White as an expert in the
field of sex offender evaluation and risk assessment. She concluded that White did not meet the
criteria of a sexually violent person and was not substantially probable to reoffend. Dr. Sillitti
reviewed White’s IDOC master file and the reports of Drs. Schechter and Smith. Dr. Sillitti
also conducted a 3½-hour interview with White. She found no evidence of severe mental
illness. Based upon White’s assertion to Dr. Sillitti that he was “drunk” at the time of the 1980
offense, Dr. Sillitti made a provisional diagnosis of substance abuse disorder. She
acknowledged, however, that the evidence was insufficient to make a substance abuse disorder
diagnosis due to the inaccessibility of alcohol or narcotics in the controlled environment of the
IDOC.
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¶ 28 Dr. Sillitti stated there was no clear evidence that the nonconsensual aspect of White’s
offenses aroused him and thus concluded that the evidence did not support a diagnosis of
os-paraphilic disorder, nonconsenting females. Based on White’s criminal history, Dr. Sillitti
believed he was motivated in the 1980 offense by intoxication and in the 1985 offense by anger
that the victim had rebuffed his initial advances. Dr. Sillitti believed that White’s 1991 robbery
offense was at least in part motivated by greed for material goods because he had taken the
victim’s purse.
¶ 29 Dr. Sillitti noted that White had not been diagnosed with os-paraphilic disorder,
nonconsenting females, until the State’s experts conducted their evaluations in the instant case.
Dr. Sillitti also emphasized that White had not committed any sexual offenses during his
decades of incarceration in the IDOC. Dr. Sillitti opined that even if someone had a paraphilic
desire in a controlled environment like the IDOC, that person would demonstrate behaviors
like making sexual statements, sexual misconduct, or possession of pornography.
¶ 30 Dr. Sillitti diagnosed White with os-antisocial personality disorder. She explained that a
personality disorder was the pervasive, stable way a person thought, felt, and acted in the world
and antisocial personality disorder in particular was a pervasive disregard for basic human
rights and norms. White did not meet the full criteria of an antisocial personality disorder
because he did not have any history of significant juvenile delinquent behavior even though he
showed other characteristics of the personality disorder, like criminal convictions. Dr. Sillitti
stated that a personality disorder was not a mental disorder as defined by the Act because it did
not affect a person’s emotional or volitional capacity, it did not cause changes in the person’s
mood that were beyond the person’s control, and it did not change the person’s ability to
understand reality or discern right from wrong. She did, however, testify that someone with an
antisocial personality disorder was more likely to commit a crime than someone without the
personality disorder.
¶ 31 Dr. Sillitti used the Static-99R and Static-2002R in her risk assessment of White. She gave
him a score of four or five on the Static-99R. That range resulted from variations concerning
the risk factor of whether the subject had targeted a known person or a stranger. Specifically,
White had told Dr. Sillitti that the victim in the 1980 offense was someone in his building and
known to him, but the victim did not tell the police that she knew White. If the victim was a
stranger, then White’s risk score was a five. If the victim was a known person, then White’s
risk score was a four. Dr. Sillitti testified that White scored a six on the Static-2002R, which
placed him in the moderate range.
¶ 32 Dr. Sillitti conceded that White did present with some dynamic risk factors, such as an
antisocial lifestyle, inconsistent jobs, substance abuse, and problems with self-regulation or
compliance with supervision. She also testified that it was a risk factor for reoffense if a subject
was unable to see himself as a risk and White had told her during their interview that he did not
see himself as a risk. Dr. Sillitti stated, however, that although the dynamic risk factors were
associated with a predisposition to break the law, these factors did not necessarily indicate a
risk of sexual recidivism.
¶ 33 Concerning mitigation factors, Dr. Sillitti opined that White’s 53 years of age decreased
somewhat his risk to engage in acts of sexual violence. Dr. Sillitti did not believe White’s lack
of participation in sex offender treatment was troublesome because she did not think he
suffered from a deviant sexual interest. She ultimately opined that White was not substantially
probable to reoffend and was not a sexually violent person.
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¶ 34 On cross-examination, Dr. Sillitti acknowledged certain inconsistencies between White’s
account of his 1980 offense and the facts contained in the police documents and court record.
Specifically, the only information suggesting that White had an alcohol problem was White’s
2013 statement to Dr. Sillitti that he was “stupid drunk” at the time of the 1980 offense.
Moreover, Dr. Sillitti acknowledged that a diagnosis based on recurrent sexual fantasies
depended primarily on self-reporting and it was not uncommon for someone to deny rape
fantasies during a clinical interview. Concerning Dr. Sillitti’s reliance on the fact that White
took the 1991 victim’s purse as an indication that the robbery was not sexually motivated, Dr.
Sillitti acknowledged that the record showed White continued to drag the woman into an alley
at knife-point even after he had taken her purse. Dr. Sillitti also acknowledged that White had
not participated in either substance abuse or anger management treatment even though those
options had been available to him.
¶ 35 At the jury instruction conference, White’s counsel asked the court to submit several
special interrogatories to the jury. Special interrogatory No. 2, which is at issue here on appeal,
stated, “We the jury find the Respondent, Phillip White, suffers from the mental disorder other
specified paraphilic disorder nonconsent.” The State objected to this special interrogatory on
the grounds that it misleadingly referred to only one of the two mental disorders from which
White suffered, according to the testimony of the State’s experts. The trial court refused to give
any of White’s proposed special interrogatories.
¶ 36 During closing argument, the State argued, inter alia, that it met its burden to prove White
suffered from a mental disorder because both Drs. Schechter and Smith had testified that the
two disorders of os-paraphilic disorder, nonconsenting females, and os-antisocial personality
disorder, in conjunction, were mental disorders under the Act. White’s paraphilic disorder
drove his deviant sexual behavior, and his antisocial personality disorder showed that he did
not care about the rights or safety of others, and “those two things, when they work together,
are the mental disorders pursuant to the Act.”
¶ 37 During deliberations, the jury sent the court a note that asked, “Is the qualifying mental
disorder that we’re basing our decision on paraphilic non-consent.” The court instructed the
jury to refer to the instructions and continue to deliberate. Thereafter, the jury found that White
was a sexually violent person, and he was committed to the IDHS in April 2015. He timely
appealed.
¶ 38 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 39 On appeal, White challenges the trial court’s indefinite involuntary commitment order
entered after a jury found that he was a sexually violent person under the Act. White contends
(1) his adjudication as a sexually violent person and involuntary commitment were improper
because the diagnosis by the State’s experts of the antisocial personality disorder did not
qualify as a mental disorder under the Act, (2) the trial court erred by refusing to give White’s
special interrogatory to the jury, and (3) the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt
that he was a sexually violent person.
¶ 40 A. Mental Disorder Requirement of the Act
¶ 41 White contends he is entitled to a new trial because the State was erroneously allowed to
seek his commitment based on an os-antisocial personality disorder diagnosis despite the lack
of any testimony that an antisocial personality disorder alone could constitute a mental
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disorder as defined by the Act. White states that although both of the State’s experts opined
that White’s two diagnoses—os-paraphilic disorder, nonconsenting females, and os-antisocial
personality disorder—worked together to cause him to reoffend, they conceded, when pressed
on cross-examination, that an antisocial personality disorder alone was not a mental disorder as
defined by the Act. White argues that because the State’s experts did not find the os-antisocial
personality disorder to be a mental disorder independent of the os-paraphilic disorder,
nonconsenting females, it was manifest error to subject White to the possibility of being
committed based on something other than os-paraphilic disorder, nonconsenting females.
¶ 42 Some controversy surrounds the use of an antisocial personality diagnosis to establish a
mental disorder as a basis of involuntary commitment as a sexually violent person. See McGee
v. Bartow, 593 F.3d 556, 563 (7th Cir. 2010) (discussion of Supreme Court cases involving the
issue of whether a personality disorder diagnosis, without more, could satisfy the requirement
of a mental condition that causes a lack of control); In re State, 21 N.E.3d 239, 249-50 (N.Y.
2014) (holding that antisocial personality disorder was not a mental disorder under a New
York statute concerning the involuntary commitment of sexually violent persons); In re
Commitment of Adams, 588 N.W.2d 336, 340 (Wis. Ct. App. 1998) (interpreting the term
mental disorder in the Wisconsin statute concerning sexually violent persons to encompass
personality disorders). Such controversy notwithstanding,
“the factfinder has the ultimate responsibility to assess how probative a particular
diagnosis is on the legal question of the existence of a “mental disorder”; the status of
the diagnosis among mental health professionals is only a step on the way to that
ultimate legal determination. The methodology and the outcome of any mental health
evaluation offered as evidence is a proper subject for cross-examination, and we would
expect that, in the ordinary case, such efforts would expose the strengths and
weaknesses of the professional medical opinions offered.” (Emphasis in original.)
McGee, 593 F.3d at 577.
¶ 43 White’s attempt, however, to place his appeal within the controversy concerning the use of
the antisocial personality disorder in commitment proceedings is unavailing. The record here
clearly establishes that both State experts testified that White’s two disorders of os-paraphilic
disorder, nonconsenting females, and os-antisocial personality disorder, in conjunction,
constituted a condition or conditions that met the Act’s definition of a mental disorder.
Specifically, White’s paraphilic disorder drove his deviant sexual behavior and his antisocial
personality disorder showed that he did not care about the rights or safety of others, and those
two DSM-5 disorders, when they worked together, constituted conditions that were mental
disorders pursuant to the Act. Both State experts acknowledged that White’s personality
disorder diagnosis alone would not constitute a mental disorder as defined by the Act. The
testimony and argument before the jury clearly explained that a diagnosis of a mental disorder
under the DSM-5 was not necessarily a mental disorder as defined by the Act. Consequently,
White’s assertion that his involuntary commitment could be based solely upon a personality
disorder, which does not cause a lack of control, lacks merit.
¶ 44 Without citation to any relevant authority, White seems to complain that a combination of
psychological conditions, like the paraphilic and personality disorders here, should not qualify
as a mental disorder under the Act. To the extent that we are called upon to interpret the Act in
ruling upon this issue, that question is one of law, which is subject to a de novo standard of
review on appeal. In re Commitment of Trulock, 2012 IL App (3d) 110550, ¶ 36.
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¶ 45 The fundamental rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of
the legislature. People v. Dabbs, 239 Ill. 2d 277, 287 (2010). The most reliable indicator of that
intent is the plain and ordinary meaning of the language of the statute itself. Id. In determining
the plain meaning of statutory terms, a court should consider the statute in its entirety and keep
in mind the subject the statute addresses and the apparent intent of the legislature in enacting
the statute. Id. If the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, it must be applied as written,
without resorting to further aids of statutory construction. Id. A court may not depart from the
plain language of the statute and read into it exceptions, limitations, or conditions that are not
consistent with the express legislative intent. Town & Country Utilities, Inc. v. Illinois
Pollution Control Board, 225 Ill. 2d 103, 117 (2007).
¶ 46 A petition under the Act must allege, among other things, that the respondent “has a mental
disorder” and “is dangerous to others because [his or her] mental disorder creates a substantial
probability that he or she will engage in acts of sexual violence.” 725 ILCS 207/15(b)(4), (5)
(West 2014). The Act defines a mental disorder as “a congenital or acquired condition
affecting the emotional or volitional capacity that predisposes a person to engage in acts of
sexual violence.” 725 ILCS 207/5(b) (West 2014). The plain language of the Act requires the
existence of only one “condition” and does not exclude any specific psychological condition
from this definition. Moreover, there is no indication in the plain language of the Act that the
term condition must refer to a single DSM-5 disorder that must, standing alone, qualify as a
mental disorder as defined under the Act. To require the term condition under the Act to mean
only psychological diagnoses that each alone or independently would be enough to qualify a
person as suffering a mental disorder as defined by the Act would be to read a condition into
the Act that the legislature did not expressly set forth and would ignore the expert testimony
presented in this case that White’s os-paraphilic disorder, nonconsenting females, and
os-antisocial personality disorder worked synergistically to constitute mental disorders under
the Act. Because we will not read any such limitation or condition into the plain language of
the Act, we reject White’s argument, which seeks to limit the term condition in the Act’s
definition of a mental disorder to single, standalone disorders as defined in the DSM-5.
¶ 47 We conclude that the evidence here concerning White’s os-paraphilic, nonconsenting
females, disorder in conjunction with his os-antisocial personality disorder, which worked
synergistically and affected his emotional or volitional capacity to predispose him to engage in
acts of sexual violence, may suffice to constitute a condition pursuant to the Act’s definition of
a mental disorder. The Supreme Court has acknowledged that courts utilize an imprecise
definition of a serious mental disorder rather than precise bright-line rules when the courts are
engaged in distinguishing a dangerous sexual offender subject to civil commitment from other
dangerous persons who may be more properly dealt with exclusively through criminal
proceedings. Kansas v. Crane, 534 U.S. 407, 413 (2002). This is so because courts must
respect the considerable leeway states possess in defining the conditions that make individuals
eligible for commitment and “the science of psychiatry, which informs but does not control
ultimate legal determinations, is an ever-advancing science, whose distinctions do not seek
precisely to mirror those of the law.” Id. We address separately below White’s challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence to support his adjudication and commitment as a sexually violent
person.
¶ 48 White also argues that, as a matter of law, an individual cannot be subject to involuntary
commitment under the Act based on a personality disorder because personality disorders do
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not predispose individuals to acts of sexual violence and compel them to act out sexually. The
pleadings, trial testimony, and argument before the jury, as set forth in detail above, establish
that White was not committed under the Act on the basis of a personality disorder alone; the
record clearly establishes that Drs. Schechter and Smith diagnosed White with two DSM-5
disorders and opined that both disorders worked together to constitute, under the Act, a
condition that affected White’s emotional or volitional capacity that predisposed him to
engage in acts of sexual violence. Accordingly, we decline White’s invitation to issue an
advisory opinion on the issue of whether a DSM-5 personality disorder diagnosis alone may
constitute a mental disorder under the Act. See In re Chilean D., 304 Ill. App. 3d 580, 584
(1999) (this court may not issue advisory opinions that are contingent upon the possible
happening of a future event).
¶ 49 B. Special Interrogatories
¶ 50 White asserts the trial court’s refusal to submit his special interrogatory No. 2 to the jury
was clear error and grounds for reversal because his request that the jury make a finding on
whether he suffered from os-paraphilic disorder, nonconsenting females, was designed to test
the jury’s general verdict. He contends he could not have been committed if the jury had
answered his special interrogatory in the negative because there was no evidence establishing
that other conditions aside from os-paraphilic disorder, nonconsenting females, constituted the
necessary element of a mental disorder.
¶ 51 Proceedings involving the adjudication of individuals as sexually violent persons are civil
in nature. 725 ILCS 207/20 (West 2014). The Code of Civil Procedure (Code) provides that
juries render general verdicts unless the nature of the case requires otherwise. 735 ILCS
5/2-1108 (West 2014). The Code also provides that parties may request the jury to make
special findings upon any material question or questions of fact. Id. A trial court’s decision on
whether to give a special interrogatory that has been requested by a party is reviewed as a
question of law de novo. Id.; In re Detention of Hayes, 2014 IL App (1st) 120364, ¶ 38.
¶ 52 A special interrogatory is proper if (1) it relates to an ultimate issue of fact upon which the
rights of the parties depend and (2) an answer responsive thereto is inconsistent with a general
verdict that might be returned. Simmons v. Garces, 198 Ill. 2d 541, 555 (2002). A response to a
special interrogatory is inconsistent with a general verdict only where it is “ ‘clearly and
absolutely irreconcilable with the general verdict.’ ” Id. at 555-56 (quoting Powell v. State
Farm Fire & Casualty Co., 243 Ill. App. 3d 577, 581 (1993)). An interrogatory should be a
single direct question and should not be misleading, confusing, or ambiguous. Zois v.
Piniarski, 107 Ill. App. 3d 651, 652 (1982). “[A]n inconsistent special finding controls a
general verdict as a matter of common law ***.” Id.¶ 53 White’s proposed special interrogatory No. 2 stated, “We the jury find the Respondent,
Phillip White, suffers from the mental disorder Other Specified Paraphilic Disorder
Non-consent.” Although White’s expert opined that he could be diagnosed solely with
os-antisocial personality disorder, both the State’s witnesses testified that White had two
diagnoses—os-paraphilic disorder, nonconsenting females, and os-antisocial personality
disorder—and those two disorders worked in conjunction to constitute a condition or
conditions that met the definition of a mental disorder as defined by the Act. White’s proposed
special interrogatory listed a single mental disorder: os-paraphilic disorder, nonconsenting
females. But the State presented evidence of two mental disorders working together to drive
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his deviant sexual behavior and disregard for the rights or safety of others and thereby
satisfying the requirements of the Act. Accordingly, White’s proposed special interrogatory
was incomplete and confusing and could have misled the jury to think it could consider only
the os-paraphilic disorder, nonconsenting females, standing alone, as a mental disorder and
basis for commitment under the Act. Moreover, a negative answer to the proposed special
interrogatory would not have been absolutely irreconcilable with a general verdict because the
State’s experts testified that White’s two diagnoses worked synergistically to meet the mental
disorder definition. See In re Detention of Hayes, 2014 IL App (1st) 120364, ¶ 42 (trial court
properly rejected an incomplete interrogatory that listed a single mental disorder—paraphilia,
not otherwise specified, nonconsent (PNOS)—but the State had presented testimony that the
respondent suffered from both PNOS and antisocial personality disorder and both diagnoses,
alone or together, were sufficient to qualify him as a sexually violent person under the Act).
Based on the evidence presented at the hearing in this case concerning White’s two synergistic
mental disorders, White’s proposed special interrogatory would have painted an improper
picture to the jury, and the trial court correctly refused it.
¶ 54 C. Sufficiency of the Evidence
¶ 55 White asserts the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he suffered from a
mental disorder as defined by the Act because the State’s case relied solely on the fact that he
was convicted of prior sex offenses and the evidence failed to show that in the past 30 years he
had manifested any symptoms, behaviors, or conduct evidencing a mental disorder.
Specifically, White argues that none of his IDOC infractions were sexual in nature and if he
was driven by strong desires for nonconsenting sex, he potentially had opportunities to act out
sexually while incarcerated but did not do so.
¶ 56 When addressing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence in a sexually violent person
adjudication proceeding, the reviewing court views the evidence in a light most favorable to
the State and determines whether any rational trier of fact could have found the required
elements proven beyond a reasonable doubt. In re Commitment of Trulock, 2012 IL App (3d)
110550, ¶ 48. A reviewing court will not reverse a jury’s sexually violent person determination
unless the evidence is so improbable or unsatisfactory that it leaves a reasonable doubt. Id.;
People v. Jackson, 232 Ill. 2d 246, 281 (2009). It is not the role of the reviewing court to
substitute its judgment for that of the trier of fact regarding the credibility of the witnesses or
the weight to be given the evidence. In re Detention of Lieberman, 379 Ill. App. 3d 585, 602-03
(2007).
¶ 57 The Act mandates procedures by which the State can involuntarily commit individuals
found by a court or jury to be a sexually violent person. 725 ILCS 207/40(a) (West 2014). A
sexually violent person is a person who has been convicted of a sexually violent offense,
suffers from a mental disorder, and is dangerous because his mental disorder creates a
substantial probability that he will engage in acts of sexual violence. 725 ILCS 207/15(b)
(West 2014); In re Detention of Hardin, 238 Ill. 2d 33, 43 (2010). The Act requires the
existence of only one condition affecting the emotional or volitional capacity that predisposes
a person to engage in acts of sexual violence (In re Detention of Welsh, 393 Ill. App. 3d 431,
457 (2009)), and as discussed above, nothing in the plain language of the Act prohibits a
commitment from being based on a combination of conditions that make it substantially
probable that the person will engage in acts of sexual violence.
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¶ 58 White does not challenge the first element: that he has been convicted of a sexually violent
offense. White argues that the evidence was not sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt
both the mental disorder and substantial probability elements. White argues that he had never
been diagnosed with os-paraphilic disorder, nonconsenting females, before his evaluation
under the petition at issue here. White cites section 35(e) of the Act, which states that
“[e]vidence that a person who is the subject of a petition under *** this Act was convicted for
or committed sexually violent offenses before committing the offense or act on which the
petition is based is not sufficient to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that the person has a
mental disorder.” 725 ILCS 207/35(e) (West 2014). White claims the State’s case relied solely
on the fact that he was convicted of prior sex offenses. White also argues there was no evidence
of any conduct or behavior in the last 30 years to establish that he currently suffered from
paraphilia. We disagree.
¶ 59 While a prior sexually violent offense is not sufficient to establish that a person has a
mental disorder, experts are not prohibited from relying on the underlying behaviors
manifested during prior offenses in the diagnosis of a particular mental disorder. Hardin, 238
Ill. 2d at 51. Here, the State’s experts relied on the details of White’s offenses, not the mere
existence of the offenses, to make their diagnoses. Drs. Schechter and Smith both focused on
the pattern demonstrated by White’s criminal behavior. The parallel aspects of his 1980, 1985,
and 1991 offenses suggested a pattern of behavior consistent with a mental disorder diagnosis:
both the 1980 and 1991 offenses involved following female victims off of public
transportation, and all three offenses involved using force and violence against female victims
and taking them to more secluded locations. Drs. Schechter and Smith also considered the facts
that White had committed offenses while on parole and, thus, while being closely monitored
and with knowledge of the high risk of future imprisonment. Only a short time elapsed
between his release from prison and his commission of a subsequent offense, which suggested
an inability to control his behavior. Furthermore, White had reported to past evaluators that he
had consensual partners available to him at the time of his offenses, which indicated his desire
for nonconsensual sex. White also previously had told an evaluator he had been unfaithful in
prior relationships and had a history of multiple sexual partners despite having been
incarcerated for the majority of his adult life. Moreover, White had not participated in sex
offender treatment despite recommendations to undergo such treatment. He previously told an
evaluator he would not comply with sex offender treatment if it were mandated while he was
on parole, and he failed to take responsibility or show any remorse, empathy, or concern for the
harm he caused.
¶ 60 Both State experts also explained that White’s particular offensive paraphilic behavior
typically would not manifest itself in a controlled environment like the IDOC. This court has
affirmed sexually violent person adjudications despite the absence of previous diagnoses or
sexually overt acts in the controlled environment of a prison. See Welsh, 393 Ill. App. 3d at
455-56 (evidence held sufficient despite absence of inappropriate sexual conduct or alcohol
abuse while the respondent was incarcerated and there was no diagnosis of pedophilia until
three days before his release); Lieberman, 379 Ill. App. 3d at 602 (evidence held sufficient
despite the lack of any evidence of nonconsensual sexual activity in the previous 26 years).
¶ 61 Drs. Schechter and Smith testified that White’s mental disorders made it substantially
probable that he would commit acts of sexual violence. In reaching this conclusion, they did
not rely solely on actuarial instruments, but also considered dynamic aggravating and
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protective factors not included in the historical factors. They opined that White’s age of 53
years old did not diminish his risk of reoffending. Furthermore, he did not suffer from any
physical ailment or medical condition that would have interfered with his ability to assault. The
record did not show that White ever took part in any cognitive behavioral sex offender
treatment. These findings indicated that there were no protective factors that made White less
likely to reoffend. The State’s experts opined that White’s disorders were chronic in nature and
made him much more likely than not to reoffend, and Dr. Sillitti testified that White’s attitude
that he did not view himself as a risk was considered to be a risk factor.
¶ 62 White’s claims simply attack the weight of the evidence and witness credibility, but it is
not our function to retry him. Although Dr. Sillitti disagreed with the assessments of Drs.
Schechter and Smith, the question of whether the weight of the evidence and the credibility of
the witnesses proved that White was a sexually violent person was ultimately the responsibility
of the jury (Welsh, 393 Ill. App. 3d at 455), and we will not substitute our judgment for the trier
of fact’s evaluation of conflicting evidence. After reviewing the record in the instant case, we
find that the evidence, considered in the light most favorable to the State, was sufficient to
prove beyond a reasonable doubt the mental disorder and substantial probability elements
under the Act.
¶ 63 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 64 In light of the foregoing, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County.
¶ 65 Affirmed.
¶ 66 PRESIDING JUSTICE GORDON, specially concurring.
¶ 67 I concur in the judgment only.
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