United States v. Joel Mayokok ( 2017 )

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 16-1753
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United States of America
lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee
v.
Joel Augutuk Mayokok
lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the District of Minnesota - St. Paul
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Submitted: November 18, 2016
Filed: April 24, 2017
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Before BENTON and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges, and EBINGER,1 District
Judge.
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SHEPHERD, Circuit Judge
In 2013, based upon a report from the National Center for Missing and
Exploited Children that an e-mail address owned by Appellant, Joel Augutuk
1
The Honorable Rebecca Goodgame Ebinger, United States District Judge for
the Southern District of Iowa, sitting by designation.
Mayokok, was being used to upload child pornography via Google Picasa, a photo-
upload website, the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension obtained a search
warrant for Mayokok’s computers and found 986 images and 165 videos containing
child pornography. Mayokok was charged by indictment with distribution and receipt
of child pornography, both in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2), and possession of
child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4)(B). Pursuant to a plea
agreement, Mayokok pled guilty to receipt of child pornography and was sentenced
to 240 months imprisonment and 15 years supervised release. The remaining counts
of the indictment were dismissed.
On appeal, Mayokok asserts that the district court committed procedural error
in calculating his offense level by applying a five-level enhancement after the court
found that the offense involved the distribution of material involving the sexual
exploitation of a minor for the receipt, or expectation of receipt, of a thing of value
under USSG § 2G2.2(b)(3)(B). He likewise challenges the district court’s
determination that a 15-year mandatory minimum sentence applies under 18 U.S.C.
§ 2252(b)(1) based upon Mayokok’s 2003 Minnesota conviction for possession of a
pornographic work involving minors. Having jurisdiction in this appeal pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 1291, we remand this matter to the district court for resentencing.
I.
In describing the criminal conduct supporting the plea of guilty to the charge
of receipt of child pornography, the plea agreement stated:
On or about January 7, 2013, in the State and District of Minnesota,
Defendant did knowingly receive a visual depiction using a means and
facility of interstate and foreign commerce and that had been mailed,
shipped and transported in interstate and foreign commerce, by
computer, where the production of such visual depiction involved the
use of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct and such depiction
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was of such conduct. Specifically, Defendant received via email a video
file entitled . . . , which is a video [sic] pre-pubescent female who
appears to be 7 to 10 years of age. The child is unclothed and is
performing oral intercourse on an adult male.
The parties also agreed to a base offense level of 22 with the following
enhancements: two levels for material involving prepubescent minors who had not
attained the age of 12 years old, USSG § 2G2.2(b)(2); four levels for material
portraying sadistic or masochistic conduct or other depictions of violence, USSG
§ 2G2.2(b)(4); and two levels for material involving the use of a computer or
interactive computer service, USSG § 2G2.2(b)(6). The agreement further noted that
the government believed “that the offense level should be further increased by 5
levels because the offense involved 600 or more images (USSG § 2G2.2(b)(7)), and
5 levels because the offense involved distribution with the expectation of [sic] a thing
of value (but not for pecuniary gain) (USSG § 2G2.2(b)(3)(B)).” Mayokok did not
agree to these two enhancements and he reserved the right to argue against their
assessment. On the other hand, Mayokok did agree to the statement of facts
contained in the plea agreement.
In his presentence report (PSR) to the district court, the probation officer
recommended both a five-level enhancement for an offense involving more than 600
images and a five-level enhancement because the offense involved the distribution
of child pornography with the expectation of receiving a thing of value. With respect
to the latter enhancement the PSR stated that Mayokok:
distributed the images with the expectation of receiving child
pornography in return for the image uploaded on the photo-sharing
website Google Picasa . . . . The nature of Google Picasa is to share
photos. Therefore, the nature of the defendant’s conduct of uploading
child pornography on Google Picasa was with the expectation to receive
child pornography in return.
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Mayokok submitted objections to the PSR and filed objections with the district
court prior to sentencing asserting that there was a lack of factual support for the
USSG § 2G2.2(b)(3)(B) enhancement. He alleged that there was insufficient
evidence that Mayokok uploaded child pornography to the Google Picasa website or
that it was uploaded with the expectation of receiving child pornography in return.
He further objected that although Google Picasa allows photos to be uploaded, there
was insufficient proof to allow the Court to conclude that Picasa operates as a file-
sharing program or in a way that makes it reasonable to conclude that there was
distribution and that it was done with the expectation of receiving child pornography
in return. Mayokok also objected that insufficient proof exists that e-mails containing
child pornography and sent to Mayokok were sought by Mayokok or that Mayokok
distributed child pornography expecting child pornography in return.
At sentencing, the government presented no evidence in response to
Mayokok’s objections with respect to the USSG § 2G2.2(b)(3)(B) enhancement.
Nevertheless, the district court overruled the objections and applied the enhancement
to Mayokok’s offense level.
The plea agreement also contained Mayokok’s admission that in 2003 he was
convicted in Redwood County, Minnesota, of violating Minnesota Statute § 617.247,
subdivision 4, Possession of Pornographic Work Involving Minors. Based upon this
conviction, the United States asserted that a mandatory minimum sentence of 15 years
and a maximum sentence of 40 years applies to Mayokok’s case, as the Minnesota
conviction constitutes a conviction relating to the “possession, receipt, mailing, sale,
distribution, shipment, or transportation of child pornography” pursuant to 18 U.S.C.
§ 2252(b)(1). Mayokok objected to the application of this mandatory minimum
sentence. The district court overruled Mayokok’s objection.
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II.
Mayokok asserts, and the United States agrees, that Mayokok made timely
objections before the district court that the five-level enhancement for distribution of
child pornography for the receipt or with the expectation of receiving a thing of value
is not supported by the record, that the sentencing record does not support the
enhancement, and that the district court erred in applying the enhancement to
Mayokok’s offense level. The government thus joins Mayokok in asking that this
matter be remanded for resentencing without the five-level USSG § 2G2.2(b)(3)(B)
enhancement. We agree that remand is appropriate.
In reviewing a sentence, we first review for significant procedural error.
United States v. Martin, 757 F.3d 776, 779 (8th Cir. 2014). Procedural error includes
improperly calculating the Guidelines range. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51
(2007). Further:
Application of sentencing enhancements must be supported by a
preponderance of the evidence, and the government has the burden to
prove the factual basis for an enhancement. It is well-established that,
when a defendant disputes material facts in his PSR, the sentencing
court must either refuse to take those facts into account or hold an
evidentiary hearing. If the defendant objects to the factual basis for a
sentencing enhancement, and the government fails to present evidence
to prove that factual basis by a preponderance of the evidence, it is error
to apply the enhancement.
United States v. Mitchell, 825 F.3d 422, 425 (8th Cir. 2016) (citations omitted)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
Mayokok objected to the factual basis for the USSG § 2G2.2(b)(3)(B)
enhancement and the government acknowledges in its brief “that the enhancement
was not sufficiently supported in the record.” The transcript from the sentencing
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hearing reflects that evidence was presented showing that (1) on November 12, 2013,
Mayokok uploaded an image to Google Picasa, and (2) Mayokok exchanged e-mails
containing child pornography in July of 2013. But we have “not condoned
application of the enhancement simply because a defendant uses a file-sharing
program,” and no evidence was presented to establish the necessary proposition that
Mayokok actually engaged in file sharing after he uploaded this image. See United
States v. Dolehide, 663 F.3d 343, 348 (8th Cir. 2011) (“[T]he Government must
present evidence that the defendant uploaded and downloaded files using
LimeWire.”). Further, the e-mails discussed by the district court during the
sentencing hearing establish only that Mayokok sent and received files via e-mail.
There is no evidence, however, that Mayokok sent those e-mails with the expectation
of receiving a thing of value. Accordingly, it was error for the district court to apply
the enhancement. United States v. Poor Bear, 359 F.3d 1038, 1042 (8th Cir. 2004)
(“The evidence that the district court could rely on in making a factual determination
[as to a Guidelines enhancement] include[] the unobjected-to portions of the PSR, the
written factual basis of [a] plea agreement, and [evidence presented at an evidentiary
hearing].”).
III.
Mayokok also appeals the district court’s imposition of the 15-year mandatory
minimum sentence found in 18 U.S.C. § 2252(b)(1). We review de novo a challenge
to the application of a mandatory minimum sentence. United States v. Sonnenberg,
556 F.3d 667, 669 (8th Cir. 2009). An individual who violates § 2252(a)(2) is subject
to a 15-year minimum sentence if that person “has a prior conviction . . . under the
laws of any State relating to . . . the production, possession, receipt, mailing, sale,
distribution, shipment, or transportation of child pornography.” § 2252(b)(1).
We employ a categorical approach to determine whether a prior conviction
triggers a mandatory minimum sentence under § 2252(b)(1). United States v.
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Knowles, 817 F.3d 1095, 1097-98 (8th Cir. 2016). “Under this approach, the
sentencing court looks to the fact of conviction and the statutory definition of the
prior offense and determines whether the full range of conduct encompassed by the
state statute qualifies to enhance the sentence.” Sonnenberg, 556 F.3d at 670 (citing
Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 600 (1990)). Thus, our present task is to
determine whether the full range of conduct proscribed by Minnesota Statute section
617.247, subdivision 4 (2002), “relat[es] to” the variety of child pornography offenses
described in § 2252(b)(1).
At the time of Mayokok’s conviction, section 617.247, subdivision 4 read as
follows: “A person who possesses a pornographic work or a computer disk or
computer . . . containing a pornographic work, knowing or with reason to know its
content and character, is guilty of a felony . . . .” For the purpose of the above statute,
subdivision 2 provided that the terms “Pornographic work” and “Sexual conduct”
were given the definitions ascribed to them in section 617.246. That section, in turn,
defined “Pornographic work” as:
(1) an original or reproduction of a picture, film, photograph, negative,
slide, videotape, videodisc, or drawing of a sexual performance
involving a minor; or
(2) any visual depiction, including any photograph, film, video, picture,
drawing, negative, slide, or computer-generated image or picture,
whether made or produced by electronic, mechanical, or other means
that:
(i) uses a minor to depict actual or simulated sexual conduct;
(ii) has been created, adapted, or modified to appear that an identifiable
minor is engaging in sexual conduct; or
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(iii) is advertised, promoted, presented, described, or distributed in such
a manner that conveys the impression that the material is or contains a
visual depiction of a minor engaging in sexual conduct.
Minn Stat. § 617.246, subd. 1(f) (2002). It then defined the following acts as “sexual
conduct”:
(1) an act of sexual intercourse, normal or perverted, including genital-
genital, anal-genital, or oral-genital intercourse, whether between human
beings or between a human being and an animal;
(2) sadomasochistic abuse, meaning flagellation, torture, or similar
demeaning acts inflicted by or upon a person who is nude or clad in
undergarments or in a revealing costume, or the condition of being
fettered, bound or otherwise physically restrained on the part of one so
clothed;
(3) masturbation;
(4) lewd exhibitions of the genitals; or
(5) physical contact with the clothed or unclothed pubic areas or
buttocks of a human male or female, or the breasts of the female,
whether alone or between members of the same or opposite sex or
between humans and animals in an act of apparent sexual stimulation or
gratification.
Id. § 617.246, subd. 1(e).
Under federal law, “‘child pornography’ means any visual depiction . . . of a
minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct.” 18 U.S.C. § 2256(8)(A). “Sexually
explicit conduct” is further defined as “actual or simulated (i) sexual intercourse,
including genital-genital, oral-genital, anal-genital, or oral-anal, whether between
persons of the same or opposite sex; (ii) bestiality; (iii) masturbation; (iv) sadistic or
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masochistic abuse; or (v) lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area of any
person.” Id. § 2256(2)(A).
To be sure, despite the many similarities in these statutes, one can conjure
scenarios that violate one statute but not the other. Indeed, Mayokok succeeds in
pointing out a number of examples in which this occurs. The question, however, is
not whether the statutes criminalize exactly the same conduct, but whether the full
range of conduct proscribed under section 617.246, subdivision 4 relates to the
“possession . . . of child pornography” as that term is defined under federal law.2
“The phrase ‘relating to’ carries a broad ordinary meaning, i.e., to stand in some
relation to; to have bearing or concern; to pertain; refer; to bring into association or
connection with.” Sonnenberg, 556 F.3d at 671 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Applying the categorical approach, it is clear from looking only at Mayokok’s 2003
conviction and its statutory definition that any conduct violating section 617.247,
subdivision 4, necessarily relates to the “possession . . . of child pornography” under
federal law. See United States v. Bennett, 823 F.3d 1316, 1325 (10th Cir. 2016).
2
For this reason, much of the discussion from cases like Mathis v. United
States, 136 S. Ct. 2243 (2016), is inapposite to § 2252. The 15-year mandatory
minimum provided by the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1), is
imposed when an individual violates § 922(g) “and has three previous convictions by
any court referred to in section 922(g)(1) of this title for a violent felony.” A “violent
felony” is further defined as, inter alia, “any crime . . . that . . . is burglary.” Id.
§ 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). Given Congress’s use of the concrete terms like “for a violent
felony” and “is,” the Court’s specification that “[a] crime counts as ‘burglary’ under
the Act if its elements are the same as, or narrower than, those of the generic offense”
is less than surprising. Mathis, 136 S. Ct. at 2248. Here, by contrast, Congress used
the modifier “relating to,” and “[w]e must assume” that it did so “for a purpose.”
Sonnenberg, 556 F.3d at 671 (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks
omitted). Given the Court’s broad interpretation of this phrase in other contexts, see,
e.g., Morales v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 504 U.S. 374, 383 (1992), the
Congressional purpose was to subject a wider range of prior convictions to the
§ 2252(b)(1) enhancement.
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The district court thus correctly applied the statutory mandatory minimum
sentence.
IV.
Accordingly, we affirm the application of the 15-year mandatory minimum
sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 2252(b)(1), but we vacate Mayokok’s sentence and
remand for resentencing without the USSG § 2G2.2(b)(3)(B) enhancement.
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