State v. Fedrick , 2017 Ohio 2635 ( 2017 )

[Cite as State v. Fedrick, 2017-Ohio-2635.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
)ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF SUMMIT )
STATE OF OHIO C.A. No. 28120
Appellee
v. APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
ENTERED IN THE
JONATHAN E. FEDRICK COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
COUNTY OF SUMMIT, OHIO
Appellant CASE No. CR 2015 03 0768
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY
Dated: May 3, 2017
TEODOSIO, Judge.
{¶1} Appellant Jonathan E. Fedrick appeals his conviction and sentence from the
Summit County Court of Common Pleas. This Court affirms.
I.
{¶2} Mr. Fedrick was indicted on nine separate counts: the first six counts arose from
events occurring on March 12, 2015, while counts seven through nine arose from events taking
place on March 20, 2015. Upon the motion of Mr. Fedrick, the trial court severed counts one
through six from counts seven through nine, the latter being set for trial.
{¶3} On November 19, 2015, a jury found Mr. Fedrick guilty of two charges (counts
seven and eight) of felonious assault and two firearm specifications. At bench trial, the trial
court found Mr. Fedrick guilty of having weapons while under disability (count nine).
{¶4} In December 2015, Mr. Fedrick pled guilty to having weapons while under
disability and possession of cocaine (counts one and four). The felonious assault and firearm
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specification in count eight were merged into the felonious assault and firearm specification of
count seven. Counts two, three, five, and six were dismissed.
{¶5} The trial court sentenced Mr. Fedrick to three years for count one and one year for
count four. He was also sentenced to eight years for count seven, three years for count nine, and
three mandatory years for the firearm specification to count seven, to be served consecutively
with each other, but concurrently with counts one and four, for a total sentence of fourteen years.
Mr. Fedrick now appeals, raising three assignments of error.
II.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR ONE
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO INSTRUCT THE JURY ON
THE INFERIOR OFFENSE OF AGGRAVATED ASSAULT.
{¶6} In his first assignment of error, Mr. Fedrick argues the trial court erred by not
instructing the jury on aggravated assault as an inferior degree offense of felonious assault. We
disagree.
{¶7} “An appellate court reviews a trial court’s refusal to give a requested jury
instruction for abuse of discretion.” State v. Adams, 144 Ohio St.3d 429, 2015-Ohio-3954, ¶
240. An abuse of discretion is more than an error of judgment; it means that the trial court was
unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable in its ruling. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d
217, 219 (1983).
{¶8} “An offense is an ‘inferior degree’ of the indicted offense where its elements are
identical to or contained within the indicted offense, except for one or more additional mitigating
elements.” State v. Deem, 40 Ohio St.3d 205 (1988), paragraph two of the syllabus. “[T]he
offense of aggravated assault is an inferior degree of the indicted offense—felonious assault—
since its elements are identical to those of felonious assault, except for the additional mitigating
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element of serious provocation.” Id. at 210-211. “Thus, in a trial for felonious assault, where the
defendant presents sufficient evidence of serious provocation, an instruction on aggravated
assault must be given to the jury.” Id. at paragraph four of the syllabus.
{¶9} The evidence will be sufficient to entitle a defendant to an instruction on
aggravated assault as an inferior degree of felonious assault, if “‘under any reasonable view of
the evidence, and when all of the evidence is construed in a light most favorable to the
defendant, a reasonable jury could find that the defendant had established by a preponderance of
the evidence the existence of * * * the mitigating circumstance[].’” State v. Bostick, 9th Dist.
Summit No. 25853, 2012–Ohio–5048, ¶ 6, quoting State v. Rhodes, 63 Ohio St.3d 613, 617–618
(1992). “The trial judge is required to decide this issue as a matter of law, in view of the specific
facts of the individual case. The trial judge should evaluate the evidence in the light most
favorable to the defendant, without weighing the persuasiveness of the evidence.” State v.
Shane, 63 Ohio St.3d 630, 637 (1992).
{¶10} “Provocation, to be serious, must be reasonably sufficient to bring on extreme
stress and the provocation must be reasonably sufficient to incite or to arouse the defendant into
using deadly force.” Deem at 211, quoting State v. Mabry, 5 Ohio App.3d 13 (8th Dist.1982),
paragraph five of the syllabus. “In determining whether the provocation was reasonably
sufficient to incite the defendant into using deadly force, the court must consider the emotional
and mental state of the defendant and the conditions and circumstances that surrounded him at
the time.” Id.{¶11} The Supreme Court of Ohio has set forth the test to apply to determine if the
instruction is appropriate:
First, an objective standard must be applied to determine whether the alleged
provocation is reasonably sufficient to bring on a sudden passion or fit of rage.
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That is, the provocation must be “sufficient to arouse the passions of an ordinary
person beyond the power of his or her control.” If this objective standard is met,
the inquiry shifts to a subjective standard, to determine whether the defendant in
the particular case “actually was under the influence of sudden passion or in a
sudden fit of rage.”
State v. Mack, 82 Ohio St.3d 198, 201 (1998), quoting Shane at 634–635. “It is only at that point
that the ‘emotional and mental state of the defendant and the conditions and circumstances that
surrounded him at the time’ must be considered.” Shane at 634, quoting Deem at paragraph five
of the syllabus.
{¶12} The Ohio Supreme Court has held that “[w]ords alone will not constitute
reasonably sufficient provocation to incite the use of deadly force in most situations.” Shane at
paragraph two of the syllabus. “Furthermore, a theory of self-defense is incompatible with a
theory of aggravated assault, because the former requires proof of defendant’s fear or
apprehension while the latter requires a showing of serious provocation or rage.” State v.
Cremeans, 9th Dist. Summit No. 22009, 2005-Ohio-261, ¶ 16.
{¶13} The events underlying the present matter took place outside a residence in Akron,
Ohio, on March 20, 2015, where a family get-together was taking place. The testimony at trial
indicated that Mr. Fedrick arrived at the house and had an altercation with one of the guests, at
which time he discharged a firearm. The bullet was alleged to have almost hit one of the guests.
Mr. Fedrick then left the residence, but returned on two separate occasions later the same day.
During these subsequent visits, Mr. Fedrick and the victim were engaged in a verbal argument,
however at no point did the argument become physical. It was during the third visit that Mr.
Fedrick asked the guests if “anybody [had] a problem,” to which the victim answered in the
affirmative because he believed that the bullet that was fired earlier in the day by Mr. Fedrick
had almost hit his wife.
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{¶14} Although the testimony varies slightly, at some point soon thereafter, Mr. Fedrick
took out a firearm and threatened to kill the victim, to which the victim responded in kind, saying
that if Mr. Fedrick didn’t kill him now, he would come back and kill Mr. Fedrick. There is also
testimony that before the gun was fired, the victim took off his jacket. It was at that point that
Mr. Fedrick, who was standing behind the open door of an automobile, shot the victim in the
stomach.
{¶15} The trial court did not find “adequate provocation to put the Defendant in the state
of mind that [would entitle him] to an aggravated assault charge,” i.e., provocation reasonably
sufficient to bring on a sudden passion or fit of rage. The testimony in this case is consistent in
showing that the victim and Mr. Fedrick were engaged in a heated verbal argument, but there
was no physical contact between the two of them. Mr. Fedrick had brandished a firearm, while
the victim did not have a weapon. Mr. Fedrick threatened to kill the victim, and the victim
responded with his own threat. However, any provocation of Mr. Fedrick by the victim took the
form of words alone, which does not constitute reasonably sufficient provocation to incite the
use of deadly force. Because Mr. Fedrick did not present sufficient evidence of serious
provocation, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in not giving the inferior offense
instruction of aggravated assault to the jury. Mr. Fedrick’s first assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR TWO
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO MERGE ALLIED OFFENSES
AND IN IMPOSING MAXIMUM AND CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES.
{¶16} In his second assignment of error, Mr. Fedrick argues that the counts for felonious
assault and having weapons while under disability should have been merged by the trial court
and that consequently, the imposition of any prison term was in error. We disagree.
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{¶17} “R.C. 2941.25 codifies the protections of the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth
Amendment to the United States Constitution and Section 10, Article I of the Ohio Constitution,
which prohibit[] multiple punishments for the same offense.” State v. Underwood, 124 Ohio
St.3d 365, 2010–Ohio–1, ¶ 23. Under R.C. 2941.25(B), a defendant whose conduct supports
multiple offenses may be convicted of all the offenses if any one of the following is true: “(1) the
offenses are dissimilar in import or significance—in other words, each offense caused separate,
identifiable harm, (2) the offenses were committed separately, or (3) the offenses were
committed with separate animus or motivation.” State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114, 2015–Ohio–
995, ¶ 25. The Supreme Court stressed that this inquiry “is dependent upon the facts of a case
because R.C. 2941.25 focuses on the defendant’s conduct.” Id. at ¶ 26. “Two or more offenses
of dissimilar import exist within the meaning of R.C. 2941.25(B) when the defendant’s conduct
constitutes offenses involving separate victims or if the harm that results from each offense is
separate and identifiable.” Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶18} It is the defendant’s burden to establish that the trial court failed to merge the
sentences for allied offenses of similar import and that the defendant is entitled to the protection
of R.C. 2941.25. State v. Dembie, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 14CA010527, 2015–Ohio–2888, ¶ 8.
“To do so, the defendant must show that the State relied upon the same conduct to support both
offenses.” State v. Choate, 9th Dist. Summit No. 27612, 2015-Ohio-4972, ¶ 19; see also State v.
Logan, 60 Ohio St.2d 126, 128 (1979). When the issue is raised for the first time on appeal, as is
the case here:
An accused’s failure to raise the issue of allied offenses of similar import in the
trial court forfeits all but plain error, and a forfeited error is not reversible error
unless it affected the outcome of the proceeding and reversal is necessary to
correct a manifest miscarriage of justice. Accordingly, an accused has the burden
to demonstrate a reasonable probability that the convictions are for allied offenses
of similar import committed with the same conduct and without a separate
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animus; absent that showing, the accused cannot demonstrate that the trial court’s
failure to inquire whether the convictions merge for purposes of sentencing was
plain error.
State v. Rogers, 143 Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, ¶ 3.
{¶19} In the present case, the felonious assault as charged in count seven of the
indictment occurred on March 20, 2015. There are two separate counts for having weapons
while under disability: count one, which occurred on March 12, 2015; and count nine, which
occurred on March 20, 2015. The offense of having weapons while under disability that took
place on March 12 was of dissimilar import, was committed separately, and was committed with
separate animus from the offense of felonious assault that took place on March 20.
{¶20} With regard to the offense of having weapons while under disability that occurred
on March 20, 2015, the record shows that Mr. Fedrick discharged a firearm on two separate
occasions on that day, endangering at least two different individuals. As noted above, Mr.
Fedrick bore the burden of demonstrating that the State relied upon the same conduct to support
both offenses. See Logan at 128. Based upon the evidence at trial and the arguments raised on
appeal, we cannot conclude Mr. Fedrick has carried that burden here. Mr. Fedrick has also not
shown that the trial court committed plain error when it sentenced him on both of the counts.
When a defendant’s conduct puts more than one individual at risk, that conduct can support
multiple convictions because the offenses are of dissimilar import. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d at ¶ 23.
Moreover, the two discharges of the firearm occurred approximately four hours apart, and thus
were committed separately. Accordingly, the trial court did not commit plain error when it
sentenced Mr. Fedrick for both the felonious assault and having weapons while under disability.
{¶21} Under this assignment of error, Mr. Fedrick further suggests that the State’s
remark at sentencing that he was “a repeat violent offender” in some way impacted the sentence
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imposed by the trial court. He also raises the separate argument that, the issue of merger
notwithstanding, the trial court erred in imposing maximum and consecutive sentences because it
focused solely on Mr. Fedrick’s criminal history and did not request a complete PSI. Mr.
Fedrick provides no caselaw in support of these arguments and points to nothing in the
sentencing entry that would indicate error by the trial court.
{¶22} In reviewing a felony sentence, “[t]he appellate court’s standard for review is not
whether the sentencing court abused its discretion.” R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). “[A]n appellate court
may vacate or modify a felony sentence on appeal only if it determines by clear and convincing
evidence that the record does not support the trial court’s findings under relevant statutes or that
the sentence is otherwise contrary to law.” State v. Marcum, 146 Ohio St.3d 516, 2016–Ohio–
1002, ¶ 1. Clear and convincing evidence is that “which will produce in the mind of the trier of
facts a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be established.” Cross v. Ledford, 161
Ohio St. 469 (1954), paragraph three of the syllabus.
{¶23} The Supreme Court of Ohio has held that “[t]rial courts have full discretion to
impose a prison sentence within the statutory range and are no longer required to make findings
or give their reasons for imposing maximum, consecutive, or more than the minimum
sentences.” State v. Foster, 109 Ohio St.3d 1, 2006–Ohio–856, paragraph seven of the syllabus.
Where the trial court does not put on the record its consideration of R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12, it
is presumed that the trial court gave proper consideration to those statutes. State v. Kalish, 120
Ohio St.3d 23, 2008–Ohio–4912, ¶ 18 fn. 4. Unless the record specifically shows that the trial
court failed to consider these factors, or shows that the sentence is strikingly inconsistent with
these factors, the trial court is presumed to have considered them if the sentence is within the
statutory range. State v. Fernandez, 9th Dist. Medina No. 13CA0054–M, 2014–Ohio–3651, ¶ 8.
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{¶24} Mr. Fedrick does not dispute that his sentence falls within the statutory range.
The sentencing entry states the trial court “considered the Presentence Investigation Report, the
Defendant’s record, statements of counsel and the Defendant, as well as the principles and
purposes of sentencing under O.R.C. 2929.11, and the seriousness and the Defendant’s
recidivism factors under O.R.C. 2929.12.” The record does not show that the court failed to
consider the requisite factors or that the sentence is strikingly inconsistent with the factors.
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err by imposing a fourteen-year sentence in
this matter as such a sentence is neither unwarranted nor clearly and convincingly contrary to
law.
{¶25} Mr. Fedrick’s second assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR THREE
THE VERDICT FORM WAS INSUFFICIENT TO SUPPORT THE
CONVICTION AND SENTENCE FOR FELONIOUS ASSAULT AS A
FELONY OF THE SECOND DEGREE.
{¶26} In his third assignment of error Mr. Fedrick argues that the verdict form for
felonious assault was deficient under R.C. 2945.75(A)(2) and was only sufficient to support a
conviction for “simple” assault. We disagree.
{¶27} We explained in State v. Benford, 9th Dist. Summit 25298, 2011-Ohio-564, at ¶
17:
“Under Section 2945.75(A)(2) of the Ohio Revised Code, “[w]hen the presence of
one or more additional elements makes an offense one of more serious degree * *
* [a] guilty verdict shall state either the degree of the offense of which the
offender is found guilty, or that such additional element or elements are present.
Otherwise, a guilty verdict constitutes a finding of guilty of the least degree of the
offense charged.” The Ohio Supreme Court has held that “the clear language of
R.C. 2945.75” requires a verdict form signed by a jury to “include either the
degree of the offense of which the defendant is convicted or a statement that an
aggravating element has been found to justify convicting a defendant of a greater
degree of a criminal offense.” State v. Pelfrey, 112 Ohio St.3d 422, 860 N.E.2d
10735, 2007-Ohio-256, at ¶ 14. If the verdict form fails to include either one, the
defendant may be convicted of only the least degree available under the statute
with which he was charged. Id.{¶28} Mr. Benford had been charged with felonious assault under Section
2903.11(A)(1) of the Ohio Revised Code. Id. at ¶ 18. We noted that simple assault, which is
codified under R.C. 2903.13, is not included in the felonious assault statute, which is codified
under R.C. 2903.11. The least degree of offense available under the statute with which he was
charged, R.C. 2903.11, was a second-degree felony. We concluded that “because the verdict
forms in [the] case included neither the degree of the offense or a statement that an aggravating
element was found to justify an enhancement to a greater degree, Mr. Benford [could] be
convicted of only a second-degree felony.” Id. The sentencing entry correctly reflected a
second-degree felony conviction for felonious assault, and therefore Mr. Benford’s assignment
of error was overruled. Id. Mr. Fedrick asks that we overrule our decision in Benford; we
decline to do so.
{¶29} In the present case, Mr. Fedrick was charged with felonious assault under count
seven of the supplemental indictment, in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1), a felony of the second
degree, and with felonious assault under count eight of the supplemental indictment, in violation
of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2), a felony of the second degree. The jury found Mr. Fedrick guilty of both
counts of felonious assault, which were renumbered as “COUNT ONE (Serious Physical Harm)”
and “COUNT TWO (Deadly Weapon)” on the verdict forms. The trial court’s sentencing entry
merged count eight into count seven, and sentenced Mr. Fedrick under “Count 7 of the
Supplement 1, Felonious Assault, Ohio Revised Code Section 2903.11(A)(1), a felony of the
second (2nd) degree, for a definite term of Eight (8) years.”
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{¶30} The verdict forms listed neither the degree of the offense nor a statement that an
aggravating element was found. Under R.C. 2945.75(A)(2), Mr. Fedrick may be convicted of
only the least degree available under the statute with which he was charged. The least degree of
offense available under R.C. 2903.11 is a second-degree felony, and the sentencing entry
correctly reflects a second-degree felony conviction for felonious assault. Mr. Fedrick’s third
assignment of error is overruled.
III.
{¶31} Mr. Fedrick’s assignments of error are overruled. The judgment of the Summit
County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common
Pleas, County of Summit, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy
of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.
Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of
judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the
period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is
instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the
mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.
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Costs taxed to Appellant.
THOMAS A. TEODOSIO
FOR THE COURT
HENSAL, P. J.
SCHAFER, J.
CONCUR.
APPEARANCES:
MARK H. LUDWIG, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.
SHERRI BEVAN WALSH, Prosecuting Attorney, and HEAVEN DIMARTINO, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee.