State v. Felix Ruiz , 170 N.H. 553 ( 2018 )


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    THE SUPREME COURT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
    ___________________________
    Hillsborough-northern judicial district
    No. 2016-0118
    THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
    v.
    FELIX RUIZ
    Argued: October 19, 2017
    Opinion Issued: January 31, 2018
    Ann M. Rice, deputy attorney general (Susan P. McGinnis, senior
    assistant attorney general, on the brief and orally), for the State.
    Stephanie Hausman, deputy chief appellate defender, of Concord, on the
    brief and orally, for the defendant.
    DALIANIS, C.J. The defendant, Felix Ruiz, appeals his conviction by a
    jury of misdemeanor receipt of stolen property; namely, a United States
    passport belonging to an African-American woman named “Cecilia Francis
    Riley.” See RSA 637:7 (2016). On appeal, he argues that the Superior Court
    (Smukler, J.) erred when it: (1) denied his motion to suppress certain evidence,
    including his post-Miranda confession, see Miranda v. Arizona, 
    384 U.S. 436
    (1966); and (2) denied his motion to dismiss based upon insufficiency of the
    evidence. We affirm.
    I. Facts
    We accept the trial court’s findings where supported by the record of the
    suppression hearing. State v. Morrill, 
    169 N.H. 709
    , 711 (2017). For the
    purpose of determining the sufficiency of the evidence, we also consider facts
    adduced at trial that support the jury’s verdict. See 
    id. at 711-12
    .
    In May 2015, the defendant accompanied Juan Manuel Soto Guzman to
    the Manchester office of the State Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV) so that
    Guzman could obtain a New Hampshire driver’s license under the name “Angel
    Berrios Rivera.” The defendant knew Guzman and was aware that Guzman is
    not, in fact, “Angel Berrios Rivera.”
    Before accompanying Guzman to the Manchester DMV, the defendant
    performed what he called a “background” on “the Angel Berrios Rivera
    identity,” and provided the information he collected about that identity to
    Guzman in exchange for money. The defendant then drove Guzman to the
    Manchester DMV and filled out the driver’s license application in the “Angel
    Berrios Rivera” name for Guzman. Among the documents that the defendant
    submitted with Guzman’s application were: (1) a social security card in the
    “Angel Berrios Rivera” name; (2) a birth certificate for “Angel Berrios Rivera”;
    and (3) a lease agreement between “Angel Berrios Rivera” and a landlord. With
    respect to the lease agreement, the defendant signed it on behalf of the
    “landlord” and gave his own cellular telephone number as the landlord’s
    telephone number. The defendant said that he knew that “the real Angel
    Rivera . . . was not aware that [the defendant] had collected his information
    and had utilized it . . . at the DMV.” According to the defendant, he is part of a
    “whole process of obtaining documents and assisting” others in obtaining “false
    identities.”
    After Guzman’s driver’s license application had been submitted, State
    Troopers Dupont and O’Leary were dispatched to the Manchester DMV because
    the submitted documents appeared to be fraudulent. Guzman and the
    defendant were asked if they would speak to the troopers, and both men agreed
    to do so. The two men were separated. O’Leary spoke with Guzman. Dupont
    spoke with the defendant in a room that was 10 feet by 10 feet square and
    contained a desk and a chair. Dupont sat behind the desk, leaving the room’s
    door open. Periodically, Dupont left the room to consult with O’Leary.
    Once Dupont identified himself to the defendant, the defendant asked,
    “out of the blue,” whether “there [was] anything wrong with the documents.”
    Dupont “thought it was an odd question” because “up to [that] point, [he] had
    believed that [the defendant] was simply there . . . to assist . . . Guzman” in
    obtaining a driver’s license.
    2
    Dupont began by inquiring, generally, about who the defendant was, why
    he was there, and how he knew the other man (Guzman). Initially, the
    defendant claimed that he did not know the other man and that he was at the
    DMV only to act as a translator. Eventually, he admitted to knowing the other
    man’s father. Finally, he conceded that he had known the other man for two
    weeks.
    The defendant told Dupont that he had traveled from his home in Hyde
    Park, Massachusetts, had picked up the other man at the Manchester address
    listed on the driver’s license application and taken him to the Manchester
    DMV, and that the defendant was not being paid for his services. He also told
    Dupont that he had not given the other man any documents to be submitted
    with the driver’s license application.
    The police contacted Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE).
    When an ICE agent arrived at the DMV to fingerprint Guzman, Dupont asked
    the defendant if he would be willing to be fingerprinted, and the defendant
    agreed. When Guzman was fingerprinted, his true identity was revealed.
    Guzman was then taken into custody.
    Before leaving the DMV, Guzman voluntarily showed O’Leary text
    messages that he had exchanged with the defendant to arrange their meeting
    and to agree to a $350 fee for the defendant’s services. After he was confronted
    with the messages, the defendant admitted to signing the lease agreement for
    Guzman.
    At that time, which was approximately two and one-half hours after the
    interview began, the police arrested the defendant for conspiracy. He was then
    advised of his Miranda rights. See Miranda, 
    384 U.S. at 479
    . Dupont read
    each right to the defendant, after which he asked the defendant whether he
    understood his rights and would agree to waive them. The defendant agreed to
    waive his rights and initialed and signed the form. He then wrote a statement
    in which he claimed that Guzman, to whom he referred as “Angel,” had paid
    him $25 for translation services and $25 for gas in exchange for assisting him
    with the driver’s license application. He denied signing the lease agreement,
    but admitted that he gave his cellular telephone number as the landlord’s
    number at “Angel’s” request. When Dupont pointed out that the defendant had
    just confessed to signing the lease, the defendant wrote on the back of the
    statement that he had, indeed, signed the lease. The defendant signed both
    the front and back of the statement.
    Upon further questioning, the defendant admitted that Guzman was not,
    in fact, “Angel,” that he had provided Guzman with documents related to the
    “Angel Berrios Rivera” identity in order to help Guzman obtain “another
    identity,” and that he and others from Massachusetts were part of a “whole
    process of obtaining documents and assisting” individuals to procure “false
    3
    identities.” The defendant told Dupont that he was paid to perform
    “backgrounds” on individuals and that the information he obtained was then
    given to someone else who would generate the false identity documents. As
    part of the “background” that he did on the “Angel Berrios Rivera” identity, the
    defendant looked for names “to try and consolidate the name and date of birth
    and the Social Security number” associated with that identity.
    During the entire interview, the defendant was “extremely cooperative”
    with and “polite” to the troopers. As a result, Dupont offered to release him
    provided that he produce the minimum amount of cash bail for a misdemeanor
    charge. The defendant had no cash available, but claimed that his girlfriend
    could bring it. The troopers allowed him to text his girlfriend, who agreed to
    come to the DMV with the money. However, the girlfriend never arrived and,
    after a few hours of waiting, the police decided to transport the defendant to jail
    and allow his girlfriend to meet him there.
    Before being escorted to jail, the defendant expressed concern about
    leaving his girlfriend’s purse visible in his vehicle. The defendant agreed to
    allow Dupont to hide the purse and gave him the keys to his vehicle.
    Dupont did not see the purse on the driver’s side of the passenger
    compartment, and, thus, entered the vehicle to see if it was located elsewhere.
    He observed the following items on the floor between the driver and passenger
    seats: (1) a two-part lease agreement that appeared to be similar to the form
    that had been submitted with Guzman’s driver’s license application; (2) a white
    envelope on which were written the word “Junior,” the signature of “Angel
    Berrios Rivera,” and the number “25”; and (3) a document detailing an on-line
    search of a social security number for “Angel Berrios Rivera.” Believing the
    documents to be contraband related to Guzman’s attempt to obtain a driver’s
    license and fearing that the defendant’s girlfriend would destroy or remove
    them, Dupont seized them. Upon exiting the vehicle, Dupont saw a small
    purse, which he hid, as the defendant had requested.
    Thereafter, without showing the defendant the documents or informing
    the defendant about what he had observed, Dupont asked the defendant if he
    would consent to a search of his vehicle. The defendant readily agreed, signing
    a handwritten consent form that Dupont drafted. Dupont conducted a full
    search of the vehicle, during which he found a black bag containing, among
    other items, the passport at issue in this case.
    Dupont then showed the defendant the Miranda form again and asked
    him if he recalled his rights and that he had waived them. The defendant said
    that he did, and the two troopers questioned him about the documents found
    in his vehicle. The defendant told Dupont that “he had been cleaning [Riley’s]
    house because she was deceased, and the [landlord] that had hired him told
    him that if he found anything he wanted, he could keep it,” so “when he came
    4
    across the passport, . . . he just kept it.” The defendant did not explain to
    Dupont why he retained the passport.
    In a search of the defendant’s person incident to his arrest, Dupont
    found inside the defendant’s wallet a medical card in the name of “Juan Pena.”
    The defendant gave no reason as to why he had that card in his possession.
    II. Motion to Suppress
    A. Relevant Procedural Facts
    Before trial, the defendant moved to suppress his statements and the
    documents found in his vehicle on the ground that they were obtained in
    violation of his Miranda rights. The trial court partially granted and partially
    denied his motion.
    With respect to the statements the defendant made before being advised
    of his Miranda rights, the trial court determined that the statements he made
    before being fingerprinted were admissible because, before then, the defendant
    had not been subject to custodial interrogation. The court observed that the
    door to the interview room was left open and that Dupont did not block the
    exit. Moreover, the court found that, although Dupont was armed, he never
    drew his weapon or physically restrained the defendant. Further, the tone of
    the interview was polite throughout. Additionally, the duration of that portion
    of the interview (two and one-half hours) was not excessive.
    The court determined that the fingerprinting of the defendant
    “fundamentally shifted the nature of the interview” because it resulted in
    Guzman’s arrest and allowed O’Leary to join Dupont in questioning the
    defendant. At that point, the trial court found, the interview constituted
    custodial interrogation. Thus, the court suppressed the defendant’s initial
    admission to signing the lease agreement because he made it before having
    been warned of his Miranda rights.
    With respect to the statements the defendant made after he was advised
    of his Miranda rights, the court found that the defendant’s waiver of those
    rights was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. The court also determined that,
    considering the totality of the circumstances, the defendant’s post-
    Mirandaconfession was voluntarily given. Accordingly, the court did not
    suppress any of the defendant’s post-Miranda statements.
    With respect to the documents found in the defendant’s vehicle, the trial
    court determined that: (1) Dupont was lawfully in the vehicle when he
    inadvertently observed the documents; (2) Dupont lawfully seized the
    documents; and (3) because Dupont’s initial seizure of the documents was
    lawful, the defendant’s subsequent consent to search, the additional
    5
    documents retrieved from his vehicle, and his subsequent statements did not
    constitute the “fruit of the poisonous tree.” The court also found that the
    defendant’s consent to search his vehicle was voluntary. Based upon those
    findings, the court declined to suppress the evidence obtained from the
    defendant’s vehicle.
    B. The Defendant’s Appellate Arguments
    The defendant argues that the trial court erred when it determined that
    his post-Miranda confession was voluntary. When reviewing a trial court’s
    order on a motion to suppress, we accept the trial court’s factual findings
    unless they lack support in the record or are clearly erroneous, and we review
    the court’s legal conclusions de novo. Morrill, 169 N.H. at 715.
    We first address the defendant’s claim under the State Constitution and
    rely upon federal law only to aid our analysis. State v. Ball, 
    124 N.H. 226
    , 231-
    33 (1983). Our State Constitution requires the State to prove, beyond a
    reasonable doubt, that a defendant’s confession is voluntary. See State v.
    Fleetwood, 
    149 N.H. 396
    , 402 (2003); see N.H. CONST. pt. I, art. 15. “To be
    voluntary, a confession must be the product of an essentially free and
    unconstrained choice and not be extracted by threats, violence, direct or
    implied promises of any sort, or by the exertion of any improper influence or
    coercion.” Fleetwood, 149 N.H. at 402-03 (quotation omitted). “Whether a
    confession is voluntary is initially a question of fact for the trial court, whose
    decision will not be overturned unless it is contrary to the manifest weight of
    the evidence, as viewed in the light most favorable to the State.” Id. at 402
    (quotation omitted).
    When, as in this case, the defendant’s post-Miranda confession is
    preceded by an earlier voluntary confession that violated his Miranda rights,
    we consider the following factors to determine whether the “lesser taint of a
    Miranda violation” was dissipated: (1) the time lapse between the initial
    confession and the subsequent statements; (2) the defendant’s contacts, if any,
    with friends or family members during that period of time; (3) the degree of
    police influence exerted over the defendant; (4) whether the defendant was
    advised that his prior admission could not be used against him; and (5)
    whether the defendant was advised that his prior admission could be used
    against him. Id. at 405-06. No single factor is dispositive. See id. at 406.
    Although the defendant purports to challenge the validity of his Miranda
    waiver, as the State suggests, he does not develop that argument sufficiently
    for judicial review. See State v. Blackmer, 
    149 N.H. 47
    , 49 (2003). Rather, he
    merely asserts, without authority or further argument, that “[t]he court erred in
    finding that [his] Miranda waiver was voluntary.” Consequently, we will not
    separately address the validity of the defendant’s waiver of his Miranda rights.
    See Fleetwood, 149 N.H. at 406.
    6
    Viewing all of the circumstances surrounding the defendant’s post-
    Miranda confession in the light most favorable to the State, we conclude that
    the trial court’s finding that the post-Miranda confession was voluntary is not
    against the manifest weight of the evidence. See id. at 402. Here, there was no
    delay between the defendant’s arrest and the giving of the required warnings.
    See id. at 407. As the defendant acknowledges in his appellate brief, once he
    was arrested for conspiracy, the police “immediately reviewed Miranda rights
    with [him],” and he “indicated his understanding of the rights and willingness
    to speak.”
    Nor was there evidence that the police made any promises, threats, or
    displays of force in an attempt to induce the defendant to confess. See id. at
    406 (observing that the trial court found the defendant’s confession to be
    voluntary, in part, because of “the absence of threats, violence or coercion of
    any kind and the absence of promises or undue influence”); see State v.
    Dellorfano, 
    128 N.H. 628
    , 636 (1986). Rather, according to the trial court, the
    interaction between the police and the defendant was, at all times, polite and
    relaxed. See Fleetwood, 149 N.H. at 406 (noting that the trial court found the
    defendant’s confession to be voluntary based, in part, upon the “cordial tone of
    the interview” and “the defendant's calm tone of voice” (quotation omitted)).
    Although Dupont was armed, he never drew his weapon or physically
    restrained the defendant. Further, before confessing, the defendant never
    requested, and the police never denied him, contact with his family and
    friends. Indeed, when the subject of bail was broached, the police allowed the
    defendant to contact his girlfriend and to wait several hours for her to arrive.
    Although, as the trial court found, “there was a minimal time lapse”
    between the defendant’s unwarned confession and his post-Miranda
    confession, we do not consider this fact to be dispositive under the
    circumstances of this case. “[A] time lapse between the unwarned and warned
    confessions is not required for the subsequent confession to be voluntary.” Id.
    at 407. However, as we have explained:
    [I]f a defendant has been arrested and is unquestionably in
    custody and entitled to Miranda warnings, a police decision to
    delay giving the required warnings and elicit a statement followed
    immediately by the warnings and another incriminating statement,
    strongly suggests that the police are exploiting the inherent
    pressures of custodial interrogation such that the post-Miranda
    statement should ordinarily be inadmissible.
    Id. (citations omitted).
    Here, there is no evidence of “a police decision to delay giving the
    required warnings,” after the defendant was “unquestionably in custody and
    entitled to Miranda warnings.” Id. Rather, as in Fleetwood, during the
    7
    interview that preceded the defendant’s unwarned confession, his custody
    status was unclear. See id. He had not been arrested. See id. At most, he
    had been subject to investigatory detention. He was interviewed in a room with
    the door open. No officer blocked the exit from the room. The officer, while
    armed, never drew his weapon or physically restrained the defendant. The
    length of the interview was not excessive. The questioning of the defendant
    was not accusatory. The defendant’s custody status did not become clear until
    he was arrested, and, at that time, he was immediately advised of his Miranda
    rights.
    We also do not consider dispositive the fact that the police failed to
    advise the defendant that his unwarned confession could not be used against
    him in court. See id. at 406. “[I]t is impractical to require the police to
    determine the admissibility of an unwarned confession.” Id. “This would
    require them to make legal determinations regarding whether there had been
    interrogation and custody.” Id. Considering the relevant circumstances,
    viewed in the light most favorable to the State, we conclude that the trial
    court’s finding that the post-Miranda confession was voluntary is not against
    the manifest weight of the evidence. See id. at 402.
    In arguing for a contrary result, the defendant relies upon the plurality
    opinion in Missouri v. Seibert, 
    542 U.S. 600
     (2004). “In Seibert, police
    employed a two-step strategy to reduce the effect of Miranda warnings: A
    detective exhaustively questioned Seibert until she confessed to murder and
    then, after a 15- to 20-minute break, gave Seibert Miranda warnings and led
    her to repeat her prior confession.” Bobby v. Dixon, 
    565 U.S. 23
    , 30 (2011)
    (per curiam); see Seibert, 
    542 U.S. at 604-06, 616
     (plurality opinion). “The
    Court held that Seibert’s second confession was inadmissible as evidence
    against her even though it was preceded by a Miranda warning.” Dixon, 
    565 U.S. at 30
    .
    “A plurality of the Court reasoned that upon hearing warnings only in the
    aftermath of interrogation and just after making a confession, a suspect would
    hardly think he had a genuine right to remain silent, let alone persist in so
    believing once the police began to lead him over the same ground again.” 
    Id.
    (quotation and brackets omitted); see Seibert, 
    542 U.S. at 613-15
     (plurality
    opinion) (detailing a “series of relevant facts that bear on whether Miranda
    warnings delivered midstream could be effective enough to accomplish their
    object”).
    Justice Kennedy “concurred in the judgment, noting he would apply a
    narrower test applicable only in the infrequent case in which the two-step
    interrogation technique was used in a calculated way to undermine the
    Miranda warning.” Dixon, 
    565 U.S. at 30-31
     (quotation and ellipsis omitted);
    see Seibert, 
    542 U.S. at 622
     (Kennedy, J., concurring). His narrower test
    controls under the Federal Constitution. See Panetti v. Quarterman, 
    551 U.S.
                                   8
    930, 949 (2007) (explaining that “[w]hen there is no majority opinion, the
    narrower holding controls”); see United States v. Jackson, 
    608 F.3d 100
    , 103-
    04 & n.2 (1st Cir. 2010) (observing that some federal circuit courts of appeal
    have interpreted Justice Kennedy’s vote as limiting the reach of Seibert).
    Under the Federal Constitution, the defendant’s reliance upon Seibert is
    misplaced as there is no evidence in this case that the police were following a
    “deliberate question-first, warn-later strategy.” Dixon, 
    565 U.S. at 30
    (quotation omitted). As the trial court found, at the time of the defendant’s
    unwarned confession, the police had not decided to arrest him. There is no
    evidence “of any pre-planned evasion of Miranda.” United States v. Jackson,
    
    608 F.3d 100
    , 104 (1st Cir. 2010). We need not decide whether the State
    Constitution requires that we provide greater protection to criminal defendants
    than Justice Kennedy’s narrower test because, even if such circumstances
    might exist in another case, they do not exist here.
    Because the trial court’s finding that the defendant’s post-Miranda
    confession was voluntary is not against the manifest weight of the evidence, we
    hold that the trial court did not err when it denied his motion to suppress that
    confession. The Federal Constitution offers the defendant no greater protection
    than does the State Constitution under these circumstances. See State v.
    Aubuchont, 
    141 N.H. 206
    , 208 (1996) (observing that the State Constitution
    provides greater protection to a criminal defendant with respect to confessions
    than does the Federal Constitution). Accordingly, we reach the same result
    under the Federal Constitution as we do under the State Constitution.
    The defendant next asserts that “all of the State’s evidence flowed from
    [his] unwarned statements,” and, thus, should have been suppressed as the
    fruit of that poisonous tree. We disagree.
    This court, construing Part I, Article 15 of the State Constitution, has
    specifically interpreted the “fruit of the poisonous tree” doctrine to apply in the
    Miranda context, “holding that certain physical evidentiary fruits derived from
    a Miranda violation are inadmissible at trial.” State v. Barkus, 
    152 N.H. 701
    ,
    706 (2005); see State v. Gravel, 
    135 N.H. 172
    , 180-84 (1991). “In Gravel, police
    elicited information from a defendant in violation of his Miranda rights, then
    used that information to procure a search warrant that ultimately yielded
    cocaine and related paraphernalia.” Barkus, 152 N.H. at 706; see Gravel, 135
    N.H. at 174-75. “Reversing the defendant’s conviction for possession of
    cocaine, we concluded that because the search warrant was tainted by the
    Miranda violation, the subsequent search was illegal and all evidence seized
    thereby was inadmissible at trial.” Barkus, 152 N.H. at 707; Gravel, 135 N.H.
    at 176. “Essential to our reasoning in Gravel was the fact that no act of free
    will on the defendant’s part intervened between the primary illegality and the
    subsequent search.” Barkus, 152 N.H. at 707.
    9
    In Barkus, the defendant voluntarily consented to a breath test after
    being advised of her statutory right to refuse. Id. Unlike the defendant in
    Gravel, the defendant in Barkus was given “the option of refusing to provide
    the physical evidence at issue.” Id. “By electing to proceed with the test after
    being informed of her rights, the defendant engaged in an intervening act of her
    own free will.” Id. Thus, in Barkus, we declined “to apply the Gravel ‘fruit of
    the poisonous tree’ doctrine.” Id.
    We similarly decline to apply the Gravel “fruit of the poisonous tree”
    doctrine in this case. First, we decline the defendant’s implied invitation to
    expand that doctrine beyond physical evidence. Second, the defendant in this
    case, similar to the defendant in Barkus, after having been informed of his
    rights, engaged in intervening acts of his own free will. See id. The defendant
    expressed concern about the purse in his vehicle long after he made the
    unwarned confession. He did not express concern until after the police allowed
    him to text his girlfriend and to wait several hours for her to arrive at the
    Manchester DMV. It was only after she failed to arrive and the police decided
    to take the defendant to jail that he expressed concern about the purse.
    Moreover, the defendant voluntarily accepted Dupont’s offer to enter the
    vehicle in order to hide the purse and voluntarily gave Dupont the keys to his
    vehicle. Further, the defendant voluntarily consented to a full search of his
    vehicle. Under these circumstances, we decline to apply the Gravel “fruit of the
    poisonous tree” doctrine to the physical evidence at issue in this case.
    III. Sufficiency of the Evidence
    A. Relevant Procedural Facts
    At trial, after the State had rested, the defendant moved to dismiss on
    the ground that the State had “presented no evidence that [he] knew the
    passport was stolen or believed that it had probably been stolen” or that he
    “intended to deprive . . . Riley of [it].” The defendant also asserted that the
    State had failed to prove that the passport belonged to someone other than
    him. Specifically, his counsel argued:
    [T]he State has alleged that [the defendant] retained property
    belonging to [Cecilia Francis] Riley. Ms. Riley did not testify at
    trial. No evidence was presented to show that she was even alive.
    And to the contrary, evidence was presented that [the defendant] at
    least believed her to be deceased. No other individual who claimed
    to have a possessory interest in this property testified at trial.
    The trial court denied the defendant’s motion. After the jury convicted him, the
    defendant unsuccessfully moved for reconsideration and/or to set aside the
    verdict.
    10
    B. The Defendant’s Appellate Arguments
    The defendant argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion to
    dismiss based upon sufficiency of the evidence. “A challenge to the sufficiency
    of the evidence raises a claim of legal error; therefore, our standard of review is
    de novo.” Morrill, 169 N.H. at 718 (quotation omitted). To prevail upon his
    challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, the defendant must demonstrate
    that no rational trier of fact, viewing all of the evidence and all reasonable
    inferences from it in the light most favorable to the State, could have found
    guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.
    To convict the defendant of receiving stolen property, the jury had to
    find, beyond a reasonable doubt, that he (1) received, retained, or disposed of
    the property of another (2) knowing that the property had been stolen, or
    believing that it had probably been stolen and that (3) he acted with the
    specific purpose to deprive the owner of the property. RSA 637:7, I.
    On appeal, the defendant argues, for the first time, that “[t]hese elements
    require the State to prove that the property was stolen.” He contends that the
    State’s proof was insufficient because the State presented no evidence that his
    possession of the passport was illegal, such as “testimony from Riley’s family
    that her passport had been stolen.” He argues that, absent such proof, “[a]
    rational conclusion from the evidence is that [his] possession of the passport
    was not illegal and, thus, that he did not know or believe the passport was
    probably stolen.”
    The defendant did not preserve this argument for our review. “The
    general rule in this jurisdiction is that a contemporaneous and specific
    objection is required to preserve an issue for appellate review.” State v. Edic,
    
    169 N.H. 580
    , 583 (2017) (quotation omitted). “This rule, which is based on
    common sense and judicial economy, recognizes that trial forums should have
    an opportunity to rule on issues and to correct errors before they are presented
    to the appellate court.” 
    Id.
     (quotation omitted).
    In the trial court, the defendant never argued that the evidence was
    insufficient because the State had failed to prove that the passport, in fact, had
    been stolen. Rather, the defendant argued that the evidence was insufficient
    because the State had failed to prove that he possessed property belonging to
    another. See State v. Pappas, 
    705 P.2d 1169
    , 1171-72 (Utah 1985) (citing
    cases and explaining the split between jurisdictions that require that the
    property actually be stolen and those that require only that the person
    receiving the property believe that it probably has been stolen). He contended
    that the State’s proof failed because no evidence had been presented that Riley
    was alive, “[n]o other individual who claimed to have a possessory interest in
    this property testified at trial,” and “[t]he State presented no evidence that [she]
    11
    had an estate, that she had any relatives, that she had anyone who had a
    possessory interest” in the passport.
    In considering the defendant’s motion, the trial court observed that the
    State “presented evidence [that] the passport . . . was clearly not [the
    defendant’s],” implying that such proof was sufficient. Consistent with that
    observation, the trial court did not instruct the jury that the State had to prove
    that the passport was, in fact, stolen. Rather, the court instructed the jury,
    without objection, that the State had to prove that “the Defendant received,
    retained, or disposed of the property of another person.” Under these
    circumstances, we conclude that the defendant did not preserve his argument
    for our review.
    Because the defendant has not preserved his argument for our review,
    we confine our review to plain error. See Sup. Ct. R. 16-A. The plain error rule
    allows us to consider errors that were not raised in the trial court. State v.
    Pennock, 
    168 N.H. 294
    , 310 (2015). “We apply the rule sparingly, its use
    limited to those circumstances in which a miscarriage of justice would
    otherwise result.” 
    Id.
     (quotation omitted). “To reverse a trial court decision
    under the plain error rule: (1) there must be an error; (2) the error must be
    plain; (3) the error must affect substantial rights; and (4) the error must
    seriously affect the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial
    proceedings.” 
    Id.
     (quotation omitted).
    Here, even if we were to assume error, we conclude that the second
    criterion — that the error must be plain — is not met. “For the purposes of the
    plain error rule, an error is plain if it was or should have been obvious in the
    sense that the governing law was clearly settled to the contrary.” 
    Id.
     (quotation
    omitted). “When the law is not clear at the time of trial and remains unsettled
    at the time of appeal, a decision by the trial court cannot be plain error.” 
    Id.
    (quotation omitted). “‘Plain’ as used in the plain error rule is synonymous with
    clear or, equivalently, obvious.” 
    Id.
     (quotation omitted).
    Because our law is unsettled, an error, if any, was neither “clear” nor
    “obvious.” 
    Id.
     (quotations omitted). There is some support in our case law for
    the proposition that the State must prove that the property at issue was, in
    fact, stolen, in order to obtain a conviction for receipt of stolen property. See
    State v. Stauff, 
    126 N.H. 186
    , 189 (1985) (“In order for the State to convict on
    the charge of receiving stolen property, it must prove beyond a reasonable
    doubt that the property was stolen, that the defendant possessed the property,
    that he believed the property was stolen, and that he intended to deprive the
    owners of the property.”).
    On the other hand, there is also support in our case law for the
    proposition that, to obtain a conviction, the State need show only that the
    property belonged to someone else. See State v. Stanley, 
    132 N.H. 571
    , 572-73
    12
    (1989) (to convict the defendant of receiving stolen property, the State did not
    have to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, the specific identity of the owner of
    the property; rather, the State had to prove only that the property was “‘the
    property of another’” (quotation omitted)); State v. Brown, 
    132 N.H. 321
    , 328
    (1989) (rejecting the defendant’s assertion that the trial court erroneously failed
    to set aside the verdict when neither he nor the State’s expert could have
    ascertained that the aluminum had been stolen; simply because the State’s
    expert was unable to determine whether the aluminum had been stolen did not
    require a fact-finder to find that the defendant likewise did not know that it
    had been stolen); State v. Wong, 
    138 N.H. 56
    , 65 (1993) (rejecting the
    defendant’s contention that the evidence was insufficient because the State
    failed to prove that, when he purchased the Yamaha outboard motor, the
    Yamaha constituted stolen property and concluding that, to convict, the jury
    had only to find that the defendant received the “property of another”).
    Moreover, the Model Penal Code, from which our Criminal Code is largely
    derived, State v. Donohue, 
    150 N.H. 180
    , 183 (2003), makes clear that, to
    convict a defendant of receiving stolen property, “[t]here is no requirement . . .
    that the property in fact have been stolen; it is sufficient if the actor believes
    that the property probably has been stolen.” Model Penal Code and
    Commentaries § 223.6 cmt. 4(b) at 239 (1980). Given the uncertainty in our
    law, any error in determining that the State could obtain a conviction without
    having to prove that the passport had, in fact, been stolen, was not “plainly
    evident” from our prior case law.
    The defendant also argues that “the trial court . . . applied the wrong
    mental state to the evidence” because the trial court asked defense counsel
    during the argument on the defendant’s motion to dismiss: “[S]houldn’t your
    client have known that a landlord doesn’t have permission to give something
    that belongs to an estate?” The defendant contends that this question
    demonstrates that the trial court believed that, to convict, the State had to
    show only that the defendant “should have known” that the property was
    stolen.
    This argument misses the mark. Regardless of any erroneous belief that
    the trial court may have entertained as to the required mens rea for the
    offense, the court properly instructed the jury that, to convict the defendant of
    receiving stolen property, the State had to prove that he “knew that the
    property had been stolen or believed that it had probably been stolen.” RSA
    637:7, I. Under those circumstances, we decline to exercise our discretion to
    consider this argument under our plain error rule.
    To the extent that the defendant contends that the evidence was
    insufficient for the jury to have found, beyond a reasonable doubt, that he
    knew that the passport was stolen or believed that it probably had been stolen,
    we disagree. “The essential element of guilty knowledge on the part of a
    13
    receiver of stolen property can rarely be proven by direct evidence but it may be
    demonstrated by any surrounding facts or circumstances from which such
    knowledge may be inferred.” Stauff, 126 N.H. at 190 (quotations and brackets
    omitted).
    The defendant argues, and the State does not dispute, that the evidence
    regarding whether he knew that the passport was stolen or believed that it
    probably had been stolen was solely circumstantial. When the evidence is
    solely circumstantial, it must exclude all reasonable conclusions except guilt.
    Morrill, 169 N.H. at 718. “Under this standard, however, we still consider the
    evidence in the light most favorable to the State and examine each evidentiary
    item in context, not in isolation.” Id. (quotation omitted).
    There was evidence that the defendant works with others to obtain false
    identification documents so that an individual can obtain another identity, and
    thus, that the defendant would have had a reason to possess a stolen passport.
    The jury heard evidence regarding how he performs “backgrounds” on
    individuals, such as “Angel Berrios Rivera,” for a fee. With regard to the “Angel
    Berrios Rivera” identity, the jury heard that the defendant looked for names “to
    try and consolidate the name and date of birth and the Social Security
    number” associated with that identity. His information was used to generate a
    false social security card, false birth certificate, and a false lease agreement, all
    in the name of “Angel Berrios Rivera,” which were then submitted to the
    Manchester DMV so that Guzman could obtain a new identity. All of this
    evidence was probative of the defendant’s mental state. See State v. Fennelly,
    
    123 N.H. 378
    , 391 (1983) (holding that the defendant’s transactions in Maine
    were admissible to prove that he received stolen property in New Hampshire
    because they constituted “evidence of a common scheme or plan”). From this
    evidence and the reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom, viewed in the
    light most favorable to the State, the jury could have found, beyond a
    reasonable doubt, that the defendant knew that the passport was stolen or
    believed that it probably had been stolen. See RSA 637:6 (2016) (providing that
    a person commits theft when he “obtains property of another which he knows
    to have been lost or mislaid, . . . without taking reasonable measures to return
    the same to the owner, and . . . [he] has the purpose to deprive the owner of
    such property”).
    The defendant argues that the evidence was insufficient to “foreclose
    other rational conclusions, such as that the passport, with no identifiable
    monetary value, was abandoned upon [Riley’s] death and the landlord was
    legally permitted to dispose of it.” In so arguing, the defendant presumes that,
    in reviewing his sufficiency claim, we must assume that the jury credited his
    story of how he came to possess the passport. However, “where solely
    circumstantial evidence is at issue, the critical question is whether, even
    assuming all credibility resolutions in favor of the State, the inferential chain of
    circumstances is of sufficient strength that guilt is the sole rational
    14
    conclusion.” State v. Saunders, 
    164 N.H. 342
    , 351 (2012) (emphasis added)
    (footnote omitted).
    Affirmed.
    HICKS, LYNN, BASSETT, and HANTZ MARCONI, JJ., concurred.
    15
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 2016-0118

Citation Numbers: 179 A.3d 333, 170 N.H. 553

Judges: Dalianis

Filed Date: 1/31/2018

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 10/19/2024