State v. Nolt , 298 Neb. 910 ( 2018 )

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
03/30/2018 08:14 AM CDT
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
298 Nebraska R eports
STATE v. NOLT
Cite as 298 Neb. 910
State of Nebraska, appellee, v.
Michael A. Nolt, appellant.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed February 9, 2018. No. S-17-073.
1. Constitutional Law: Search and Seizure: Motions to Suppress:
Appeal and Error. In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to
suppress based on a claimed violation of the Fourth Amendment, an
appellate court applies a two-part standard of review. Regarding histori-
cal facts, an appellate court reviews the trial court’s findings for clear
error, but whether those facts trigger or violate Fourth Amendment
protections is a question of law that an appellate court reviews indepen-
dently of the trial court’s determination.
2. Statutes: Appeal and Error. Statutory interpretation presents a ques-
tion of law, which an appellate court reviews independently of the lower
court’s determination.
3. Effectiveness of Counsel: Appeal and Error. Appellate review of a
claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is a mixed question of law and
fact. When reviewing a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, an
appellate court reviews the factual findings of the lower court for clear
error. With regard to the questions of counsel’s performance or prejudice
to the defendant as part of the two-pronged test articulated in Strickland
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984),
an appellate court reviews such legal determinations independently of
the lower court’s decision.
4. Appeal and Error. An appellate court is not obligated to engage in an
analysis that is not necessary to adjudicate the case and controversy
before it.
5. Search and Seizure: Search Warrants. In the absence of a clear show-
ing of prejudice, the failure to comply strictly with postservice statutory
requirements will not invalidate a search conducted pursuant to an oth-
erwise valid warrant.
6. ____: ____. A failure in the ministerial act of returning and filing a
search warrant does not void the warrant.
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
298 Nebraska R eports
STATE v. NOLT
Cite as 298 Neb. 910
7. Effectiveness of Counsel: Proof. To prevail on a claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel, the defendant must show that counsel’s represen-
tation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and, but for
counsel’s deficient performance, there is a reasonable probability that
the result of the trial would have been different. A reasonable probability
is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome of
the trial.
8. Effectiveness of Counsel: Records: Appeal and Error. The fact that
an ineffective assistance of counsel claim is raised on direct appeal does
not necessarily mean that it can be resolved. The determining factor is
whether the record is sufficient to adequately review the question.
9. Trial: Effectiveness of Counsel: Evidence: Appeal and Error. An
ineffective assistance of counsel claim will not be addressed on direct
appeal if it requires an evidentiary hearing.
10. Due Process: Police Officers and Sheriffs: Identification Procedures.
Due process concerns arise when law enforcement officers use unneces-
sarily suggestive means to procure an identification.
11. Police Officers and Sheriffs: Identification Procedures: Pretrial
Procedure. Even when the police use unnecessarily suggestive means to
procure an identification, the suppression of the resulting identification
is not the inevitable consequence. Instead, the trial judge must screen the
evidence for reliability pretrial.
12. ____: ____: ____. Identification evidence must be screened for reliabil-
ity pretrial whenever it is obtained via unnecessarily suggestive proce-
dures arranged by law enforcement officers.
13. Rules of Evidence: Hearsay. For a statement to qualify as an excited
utterance, the following criteria must be established: (1) There must
have been a startling event, (2) the statement must relate to the event,
and (3) the statement must have been made by the declarant under the
stress of the event.
14. Rules of Evidence: Hearsay: Proof. The key requirement to the excited
utterance exception is spontaneity, which requires a showing that the
statements were made without time for conscious reflection.
15. Rules of Evidence: Hearsay. An excited utterance does not have to be
contemporaneous with the exciting event. It may be subsequent to the
event if there was not time for the exciting influence to lose its sway.
The true test is not when the exclamation was made but whether, under
all the circumstances, the declarant was still speaking under the stress of
nervous excitement and shock caused by the event.
16. ____: ____. Facts relevant to whether a statement is an excited utterance
include the declarant’s manifestation of stress, the declarant’s physical
condition, and whether the declarant spoke in response to questioning.
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
298 Nebraska R eports
STATE v. NOLT
Cite as 298 Neb. 910
17. Rules of Evidence: Hearsay: Police Officers and Sheriffs. Statements
made in response to questions from law enforcement in particular do
not generally have inherent guarantees of reliability and trustworthi-
ness. But the declarant’s answer to a question may still be an excited
utterance if the context shows that the statement was made without
conscious reflection.
18. Search and Seizure: Police Officers and Sheriffs: Evidence: Proof.
Under the inevitable discovery doctrine, evidence obtained without a
valid warrant is nonetheless admissible if the State shows by a prepon-
derance of the evidence that the police would have obtained the disputed
evidence by proper police investigation entirely independent of the ille-
gal investigative conduct.
19. Constitutional Law: Search and Seizure. For purposes of the Fourth
Amendment, a search occurs when the government violates a subjective
expectation of privacy that society recognizes as reasonable.
20. ____: ____. For purposes of the Fourth Amendment, a seizure of prop-
erty occurs when there is some meaningful interference with an indi-
vidual’s possessory interests in that property.
21. ____: ____. As a general rule, a person has no reasonable expectation of
privacy in places readily accessible to the public.
22. Trial: Attorneys at Law: Effectiveness of Counsel: Appeal and
Error. When reviewing a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, trial
counsel is afforded due deference to formulate trial strategy and tactics,
and an appellate court will not second-guess reasonable strategic deci-
sions by counsel.
23. Effectiveness of Counsel: Presumptions. When considering whether
trial counsel’s performance was deficient, there is a strong presumption
that counsel acted reasonably.
Appeal from the District Court for Douglas County: Timothy
P. Burns, Judge. Affirmed.
Michael J. Wilson, of Schaefer Shapiro, L.L.P., for
appellant.
Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Nathan A. Liss
for appellee.
Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, K elch, and
Funke, JJ.
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
298 Nebraska R eports
STATE v. NOLT
Cite as 298 Neb. 910
K elch, J.
I. NATURE OF CASE
After a jury trial, Michael A. Nolt was convicted of first
degree murder, manslaughter, two counts of use of a deadly
weapon to commit a felony, and possession of a deadly weapon
by a prohibited person. Nolt appeals his convictions, alleging
that evidence obtained pursuant to an alleged invalid warrant
should have been excluded. Nolt also alleges three ineffective
assistance of counsel claims.
II. FACTS
At around 2:11 a.m., on October 10, 2015, Omaha police
received a report of a shooting at a residence in the northwest
precinct of Omaha, Nebraska. After knocking and receiving no
response, police entered the residence and immediately discov-
ered the motionless, wounded body of Aurelius Hassell lying
on the couch with his sweatpants pulled down to his knees.
They then heard a female voice coming from down the hall-
way and found Tommynique Valentine, who advised them that
she had been shot in the leg. In another bedroom, six children
were found unharmed. Officers then asked Valentine if there
was anyone else in the house, and she told them about another
victim, Malquan King, in a bedroom closet. When an officer
went to check on King, he was motionless and not breathing.
King and Hassell were later pronounced dead. In connection
with the shooting, Nolt was charged with first degree murder,
attempted murder, and use of a firearm to commit a felony,
among other charges.
At trial, the State called a number of witnesses. Valentine
testified about the events that occurred at her house on the
night of the shootings, and officers testified about the inves-
tigation that followed. The State also introduced redacted ver-
sions of telephone calls that Nolt made to his mother while in
jail. After the State rested, Nolt testified in his own defense.
1. Night of Shootings
At trial, Valentine testified about the events that occurred at
her house the night of the shootings. She testified that at the
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STATE v. NOLT
Cite as 298 Neb. 910
time of the incident, she was in a relationship with King. King
was coming back to Omaha after traveling with his friend,
Hassell, and another man whom Valentine had never met.
According to Valentine, King had referred to this latter person
as his “‘white homeboy.’”
Valentine and King had planned for King to stay the night at
Valentine’s house that night. Valentine had been in contact with
him before she fell asleep around 10 p.m. on October 9, 2015.
At approximately 2 a.m., the next day, she awoke to the sound
of the doorbell. King, Hassell, and the white male were out-
side, and a white Chevrolet Impala was parked in the driveway.
Valentine let King and Hassell into the house, and they talked
in the front room for a few minutes before Hassell went back
outside. Hassell then came back in and asked if the white male
could use the bathroom. Valentine said, “Sure.”
According to Valentine, she walked back to her bedroom
with King while Hassell stayed in the front room. Valentine
testified that Hassell was sitting on the couch and was “on his
phone.” When Valentine got to her bedroom, she discovered
her 3-year-old daughter was asleep on the bed, so she picked
her daughter up and carried her to a bedroom where other chil-
dren were sleeping. As Valentine carried her daughter down
the hall, she crossed paths with the white male who was on
his way to the bathroom. The white male nodded his head, and
Valentine said, “[H]ello.”
Valentine testified that she got “a good look” at the white
male. She described him as “clean cut” and wearing glasses,
a white long-sleeved dress shirt, khaki pants, and black
dress shoes.
While Valentine was putting her daughter to bed, King got
ready for bed. According to Valentine, King had taken off his
clothes and placed them in her hamper. (The clothes were later
found folded on the bed.) Valentine sat on the bed and waited
for the white male and Hassell to leave so that she could turn
off the lights and lock her door.
A moment later, the bathroom door opened and Valentine
heard “pop, pop, popping sounds.” Unsure of what the sound
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STATE v. NOLT
Cite as 298 Neb. 910
was, she told King to go check it out. Instead, King asked
Valentine if she had a gun. Valentine then became worried,
and she went and hid in her closet. King was on his way
to hide in the closet with Valentine when Valentine heard
louder popping noises and saw King’s face change. King had
been shot.
Valentine did not see the shooter, but heard the sound of
dress shoes walking away down the hall. She then heard more
shots fired. Next, Valentine heard the sound of dress shoes
walking back to the bedroom and heard a voice say, “Talk
to me, Talk to me. Are you okay?” Valentine did not make a
sound. After that, additional shots were fired and Valentine was
struck in the leg. Valentine then heard the sound of shoes again
and heard the front door open and close. After she heard the
front door close, Valentine came out of the closet, grabbed her
cell phone from the nightstand, and went back into the closet
to call the 911 emergency dispatch service.
Valentine was taken to a hospital for treatment. As she was
being transported to an ambulance, she saw that the white
Impala was gone.
2. Investigation
Omaha police officers testified at trial about the investiga-
tion that followed the shootings. When officers arrived at the
scene, they found Hassell deceased in the living room and
King deceased in the bedroom. They also found a number of
gun shells throughout the house. Photographs of the scene were
entered into evidence.
The photographs show Hassell lying on the couch with his
feet on the floor and his hands curled up near his face. One
cell phone was on the ground between Hassell’s feet, and
another one was on the couch. King was found lying just inside
Valentine’s bedroom closet. Two cell phones were found in
the bedroom, one on the bed and one on the ground near the
bedroom door.
King’s cell phone contained information that eventually
led police to Nolt. From King’s cell phone, a detective in the
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
298 Nebraska R eports
STATE v. NOLT
Cite as 298 Neb. 910
digital forensics unit was able to retrieve photographs and the
Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates of where the
photographs were taken. One of the photographs was a “selfie”
of King—a photograph King had taken of himself, a week
before his death. Nolt was in the background. From the GPS
coordinates imbedded in the photograph’s file, the detective
determined that the photograph was taken at a hotel in Fort
Wayne, Indiana. An officer investigating the case contacted
the hotel’s manager. The officer asked the manager if either
King or Hassell had rented a room there. The manager indi-
cated that neither had. Later, however, the manager called the
officer back to provide further information that she felt might
be relevant to their investigation, including Nolt’s name. The
manager also provided officers with still photographs from
the hotel’s surveillance video showing Nolt talking to front
desk staff.
Nolt was featured in another photograph on King’s cell
phone. The GPS information imbedded in that photograph
indicated that it was taken 1 week before King’s death at a car
rental company in Fort Wayne.
As part of their investigation, officers spoke to a couple of
King’s friends. One of these friends, Alejandro Luna, testified
at trial that Nolt was traveling with King and Hassell because
they could not get a rental car in their name, but Nolt got one
for them in his name.
After police learned Nolt’s name and other details about the
rental vehicle from the car rental company, they sought and
received a search warrant for OnStar Corporation (OnStar),
which services GPS devices in vehicles, to provide the rental
car’s GPS data to police. The Impala was tracked to a residence
in Mesa, Arizona. Information regarding the case was relayed
to Mesa police, and a local task force went to the residence.
Members of the task force saw Nolt and another male leave
the residence in the Impala, and they followed the two men to
a nearby discount department store. Nolt went into the store
and purchased .40-caliber ammunition. After Nolt returned to
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STATE v. NOLT
Cite as 298 Neb. 910
the Impala, the task force took Nolt into custody in the store
parking lot.
Later that day, police executed a search warrant at the
Mesa residence. They found a black duffelbag containing
items belonging to Nolt, including an Indiana driver’s license,
an Arizona identification card, and a .40-caliber Smith &
Wesson handgun, the same caliber of firearm used to kill King
and Hassell.
Nolt’s cell phone records were also subpoenaed as part of
the investigation. An officer who analyzed the records testi-
fied that the records show that Nolt placed a call from Walnut,
Iowa, at 3:14 a.m., approximately 1 hour after the shooting.
Later that morning, another call was placed from Kansas City,
and at 6:30 p.m., in the Denver, Colorado, area. The next day
calls were made from Santa Fe and Albuquerque, New Mexico,
and Phoenix, Arizona.
3. Jail Calls
The State offered as exhibits recordings of three telephone
calls Nolt made to his mother while in jail. Redacted versions
of the recordings were admitted into evidence.
In the first call, Nolt and his mother were discussing where
his glasses were. His mother told him that the detective told
her that they did not have Nolt’s glasses. Nolt told her, “They
got all my glasses.” He told her that one pair of glasses was
“wherever the gun was at” and that “[m]y glasses were in
my suitcase.”
In the second call, Nolt told his mother, “Hey, you know
what some guys were saying?” He said, “they say, ‘You were
one shot away,’” and he laughed. His mother asked him,
“What’s that mean?” Nolt replied that “[Valentine] should have
been killed, too.” Nolt laughed again. Then his mother laughed
and said, “You know I said the same thing? I said . . . ‘Your
aim ain’t very good, is it?’ Didn’t you have your glasses on you
. . . ?” Nolt and his mother laughed. His mother said, “Right?”
Nolt laughed again and said, “Oh, I don’t know anything about
what you’re talking about.” They both laughed again.
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
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STATE v. NOLT
Cite as 298 Neb. 910
In the third call, Nolt told his mother, “[Valentine] was so
mad at me, you would think I killed her boyfriend or some-
thing.” Nolt then laughed.
4. Nolt’s Testimony
Nolt ultimately testified that he shot King and Hassell in
self-defense.
Nolt testified that a couple of weeks before the incident in
Omaha, King, Hassell, and Luna were shot at outside of an
apartment building by “a tall black guy.” At that time, Hassell
was shot in the buttocks.
Nolt also testified about the days leading up to the shooting
in Omaha. He testified that he, King, and Hassell were travel-
ing together and that they had gone to Kansas City to pick up
some of Hassell’s property and then to Omaha to see King’s
girlfriend, Valentine.
Nolt then testified about the events that occurred at
Valentine’s house on the night of the shootings. He testified
that when they arrived at Valentine’s house, he asked to go
inside and use the bathroom. When he went inside, he saw
Hassell sitting on the couch in the living room with a gun and
a bag of marijuana out. According to Nolt, after he returned to
the living room from using the bathroom, he told Hassell that
he was leaving and asked for the car keys. Nolt claimed Hassell
then said, “no, you ain’t going anywhere” and grabbed his gun,
so Nolt “fired on him.” Nolt testified that he then heard King
asking for a gun, so he went to the bedroom and shot King as
well. When he returned to the living room, Hassell “jump[ed]
at” Nolt and Nolt fired the gun again. Afterward, Nolt drove
to Arizona to stay with a friend, and on the way, he threw
Hassell’s gun away at a rest stop.
Nolt testified that to get money in Arizona, he sold the
property that Hassell had picked up in Kansas City, along with
some video games that King had stolen a few days before the
shooting. On cross-examination, Nolt testified that he knew
Hassell carried a lot of cash on him.
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
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STATE v. NOLT
Cite as 298 Neb. 910
5. Verdicts and Sentences
The jury convicted Nolt of first degree murder for the
killing of King, manslaughter for the killing of Hassell, two
counts of use of a deadly weapon to commit a felony, and pos-
session of a deadly weapon by a prohibited person. He was
acquitted on the charges related to the shooting of Valentine.
He was sentenced to life in prison for King’s murder, to 45 to
50 years’ imprisonment for use of a deadly weapon to commit
a felony, to 18 to 20 years’ imprisonment for the manslaughter
of Hassell, to 18 to 20 years’ imprisonment for use of a deadly
weapon to commit a felony, and to 45 to 50 years’ impris-
onment for possession of a deadly weapon by a prohibited
person. All five of Nolt’s sentences were to be served consecu-
tively, resulting in an aggregate sentence of life imprisonment
plus 126 to 140 years’ imprisonment.
Additional facts are set forth below as they are relevant for
analyzing the issues presented.
III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Nolt assigns that the district court erred when it permitted
the State to introduce evidence derived from the warrant for
Nolt’s GPS data. Nolt also assigns that his trial counsel was
ineffective for failing to object to an officer’s hearsay state-
ment, failing to move to suppress Valentine’s in-court iden-
tification, and failing to “adequately investigate and present
several aspects of Nolt’s defense.” Finally, Nolt assigns that
the cumulative effect of the ineffective assistance provided
by trial counsel deprived Nolt of his constitutional right to a
fair trial.
IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1] In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to sup-
press based on a claimed violation of the Fourth Amendment,
an appellate court applies a two-part standard of review.
Regarding historical facts, an appellate court reviews the trial
court’s findings for clear error, but whether those facts trig-
ger or violate Fourth Amendment protections is a question of
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STATE v. NOLT
Cite as 298 Neb. 910
law that an appellate court reviews independently of the trial
court’s determination.1
[2] Statutory interpretation presents a question of law, which
we review independently of the lower court’s determination.2
[3] Appellate review of a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel is a mixed question of law and fact.3 When review-
ing a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, an appellate
court reviews the factual findings of the lower court for clear
error.4 With regard to the questions of counsel’s performance
or prejudice to the defendant as part of the two-pronged test
articulated in Strickland v. Washington,5 an appellate court
reviews such legal determinations independently of the lower
court’s decision.6
V. ANALYSIS
Before delving into the assignments of error, we note that
the State claims Nolt waived all error regarding the evidence
that established Nolt as the shooter because Nolt himself testi-
fied that he was the shooter. Nolt, on the other hand, argues
that such evidence should not have been admitted and that
the error forced him to abandon a misidentification theory of
defense and instead testify to support a self-defense theory.
Nolt claims that if the evidence in question was not admit-
ted, his misidentification theory would have remained a viable
defense, and that he would not have testified, which would
have resulted in a reasonable probability of a different outcome
in his case.
[4] Because the case is resolvable without deciding this
issue, we decline to address the State’s argument. An appellate
1
State v. Jasa, 297 Neb. 822, 901 N.W.2d 315 (2017).
2
State v. Smith, 286 Neb. 77, 834 N.W.2d 799 (2013).
3
State v. Rocha, 286 Neb. 256, 836 N.W.2d 774 (2013).
4
Id.
5
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674
(1984).
6
State v. Rocha, supra note 3.
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court is not obligated to engage in an analysis that is not neces-
sary to adjudicate the case and controversy before it.7
1. Validity of OnStar Warrant
Nolt first assigns that the district court erred in permitting
the State to introduce evidence derived from a warrant that
Nolt claims is invalid. Before analyzing Nolt’s claim, we set
forth additional facts relevant to the issue presented.
(a) Additional Facts
Prior to trial, Nolt filed a motion to suppress any and all evi-
dence derived from the Onstar search. This evidence includes
property found during the search of the Impala and the search
of the residence in Mesa. In the motion, Nolt alleged that the
Onstar search was unlawful under the Fourth Amendment,
because it was not authorized by a valid warrant.
Nolt claims that the warrant was invalid, because the officer
who obtained the warrant failed to comply with the following
statutory requirements:
(1) The warrant must be executed and returned within
ten days after its date. The officer taking property under
the warrant shall give to the person from whom or from
whose premises the property was taken a copy of the war-
rant and a receipt for the property or shall leave the copy
and the receipt at the place from which the property was
taken. . . . The inventory shall be made in the presence of
the applicant for the warrant and the person from whose
possession or premises the property was taken if they are
present, or in the presence of at least one credible witness
other than the applicant for the warrant or the person from
whose possession or premises the property was taken, and
shall be verified by the officer. The judge or magistrate
shall deliver a copy of the inventory upon request to the
person from whom or from whose premises the property
was taken and to the applicant for the warrant.
7
State v. Huston, ante p. 323, 903 N.W.2d 907 (2017).
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(2) The return and inventory required by subsection
(1) of this section may be submitted to the magistrate or
judge in person or by facsimile or other electronic means.8
The officer who obtained the warrant for OnStar gave a
copy to a deputy U.S. marshal for service with OnStar. After
that, the officer placed the original warrant in his desk drawer
and did not return it until July 19, 2016, after an attorney for
the State contacted him about it. When asked why he did not
return it sooner, the officer stated, “I didn’t realize I had to. I
didn’t look at it like a regular search warrant because I wasn’t
looking for property. And then on top of that, we’re extremely
busy. And once it was in my desk drawer, I honestly forgot
about it.”
After the hearing, the district court found that the fact that
the warrant was not returned within 10 days was purely a min-
isterial defect and did not negate the validity of the warrant.
Therefore, it determined that the OnStar search was conducted
pursuant to a valid warrant and thus denied Nolt’s motion to
suppress the evidence derived from the OnStar search.
(b) Analysis
On appeal, Nolt argues that the district court erred in deny-
ing his motion to suppress. The State argues that suppression
is not a remedy for the violation of § 29-815. It argues that
the officer’s failure to return the warrant within the time limit
provided by § 29-815 was purely a ministerial defect and that
such errors do not render a warrant invalid. In this instance,
we agree.
[5,6] We have previously stated that in the absence of a
clear showing of prejudice, the failure to comply strictly
with postservice statutory requirements will not invalidate
a search conducted pursuant to an otherwise valid warrant.9
We have specifically stated that “a failure in the ministerial
8
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-815 (Reissue 2016).
9
State v. Hinton, 226 Neb. 787, 415 N.W.2d 138 (1987); State v. McCown,
189 Neb. 495, 203 N.W.2d 445 (1973).
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act of returning and filing a search warrant does not void the
warrant.”10 Thus, here, where there is no clear showing of
prejudice, the officer’s failure to return the warrant did not
invalidate it.
In his reply brief, Nolt argues that although ministerial
defects do not typically render a warrant invalid, such defects
should render a warrant invalid when the police deliberately
and intentionally disregard the ministerial rule, citing State v.
Moore.11 Nolt argues that the officer deliberately and intention-
ally disregarded § 29-815. We note that it is unclear whether
Nolt made this argument to the trial court. His brief in support
of his motion to suppress is not made a part of the record, and
the trial court did not explicitly address that argument.
Regardless, we find that Moore does not apply to this case.
In Moore, the Nebraska Court of Appeals was considering
whether a violation of a procedural rule regarding nighttime
searches invalidated a search, whereas here we were are deal-
ing with a postservice statutory requirement, which is ministe-
rial in nature.
Because the officer’s failure to timely return the warrant
was a ministerial defect that did not prejudice Nolt’s trial, the
failure to timely return it did not invalidate it, and Nolt’s first
assignment of error is without merit.
2. Ineffective Assistance
of Counsel Claims
[7] Nolt next asserts three claims of ineffective assistance
of counsel. To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel, the defendant must show that counsel’s representation
fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and, but for
counsel’s deficient performance, there is a reasonable prob-
ability that the result of the trial would have been different.12
10
State v. Hinton, 226 Neb. at 800, 415 N.W.2d at 146.
11
State v. Moore, 2 Neb. Ct. App. 206, 508 N.W.2d 305 (1993).
12
See Strickland v. Washington, supra note 5.
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A “reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to under-
mine confidence in the outcome [of the trial].”13
[8,9] The fact that an ineffective assistance of counsel claim
is raised on direct appeal does not necessarily mean that it can
be resolved.14 The determining factor is whether the record is
sufficient to adequately review the question.15 An ineffective
assistance of counsel claim will not be addressed on direct
appeal if it requires an evidentiary hearing.16 We conclude
that the record is sufficient to address all of Nolt’s ineffective
assist­ance claims.
(a) Failure to Move to Suppress Valentine’s
In-Court Identification of Nolt
Nolt assigns that his trial counsel was ineffective because
he failed to move to suppress Valentine’s in-court identifica-
tion of Nolt. Nolt argues that Valentine’s in-court identifica-
tion should not have been admitted because it was corrupted
by improper police conduct occurring after Valentine identi-
fied Nolt in a photographic lineup.
(i) Additional Facts
Prior to trial, no motion was made to suppress Valentine’s
in-court identification of Nolt. At trial, Valentine was asked to
identify the white male that was in her house on October 10,
2015, and she indicated it was Nolt.
On cross-examination, Valentine was asked about her out-of-
court identification of Nolt. The State objected to that line of
questioning, and during a sidebar, counsel for Nolt explained
that he was trying to show that Valentine’s in-court identi-
fication was unreliable because of police misconduct occur-
ring after her out-of-court identification of Nolt. Counsel for
13
Id., 466 U.S. at 694.
14
State v. Watt, 285 Neb. 647, 832 N.W.2d 459 (2013).
15
Id.
16
Id.
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Nolt represented to the court that a photographic lineup was
done by one officer and that when another officer came in,
Valentine asked him how she did. That officer allegedly stated,
“Well, I’m not allowed to say, but by the way, as a result of
your identification, we’re going to arrest somebody.” The
State’s objection to the line of questioning was overruled, and
defense counsel was allowed to question Valentine about state-
ments made after the out-of-court identification. The following
exchange occurred:
Q. . . . [D]id you inquire of that second officer, How’d
I do?
A. I wouldn’t say I said that [sic] exact words.
Q. You wanted to know if you were correct?
A. I knew I was correct. I just . . .
Q. Did you ask, Was I correct?
A. I don’t recall.
Q. Do you recall him telling you, I’m not supposed to
tell you that?
A. I recall him saying we can’t discuss, or something
of that nature. I don’t know the specifics. That’s over a
year ago.
Q. Okay. Do you recall him saying even though he’s
not supposed to discuss specifics, he then discussed some-
one being arrested?
A. No. Because I didn’t . . .
Q. Okay. Nothing further on that subject.
(ii) Analysis
To prevail on this claim of ineffective assistance of coun-
sel, Nolt must show that the failure to move to suppress
Valentine’s in-court identification fell below an objective stan-
dard of reasonableness and that if such motion had been
made, a reasonable probability exists that the result of the trial
would have been different.17 However, if the motion would not
17
See Strickland v. Washington, supra note 5.
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have been granted, then it cannot be said that trial counsel’s
performance was deficient or that the result of the trial would
have been different. Thus, we first consider whether a motion
to suppress would have been successful.
[10,11] Due process concerns arise when law enforcement
officers use unnecessarily suggestive means to procure an
identification.18 But, even when the police use such a proce-
dure, the U.S. Supreme Court has indicated that suppression of
the resulting identification is not the inevitable consequence.19
Instead, the trial judge must screen the evidence for reliabil-
ity pretrial.
Here, Nolt argues that a pretrial hearing would have
revealed that Valentine’s in-court identification was too unre-
liable to be admissible. The State, on the other hand, argues
that a pretrial hearing was not required because the in-court
identification was not arranged by law enforcement. We agree
with the State.
[12] Identification evidence must be screened for reliability
pretrial whenever it is obtained via unnecessarily sugges-
tive procedures arranged by law enforcement officers. Here,
Nolt is not arguing that law enforcement arranged an unnec-
essarily suggestive pretrial photographic lineup or in-court
identification. Instead, he argues that improper police con-
duct occurring after the first identification procedure tainted
Valentine’s in-court identification. We are unaware of, and
Nolt does not cite, any authority that requires a pretrial reli-
ability screening in this situation. Instead, in such a case,
we think it is the role of the jury, not the judge, to deter-
mine the reliability of such evidence, and it suffices to chal-
lenge reliability at trial through the mechanisms designed
for that purpose, including cross-examination of the witness
18
See Perry v. New Hampshire, 565 U.S. 228, 132 S. Ct. 716, 181 L. Ed. 2d
694 (2012).
19
Id.
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making the identification.20 And that is exactly what Nolt’s
counsel did.
Even assuming that the district court would have conducted
a pretrial hearing on the reliability of Valentine’s in-court
identification, the identification would only be suppressed if
it was “‘so [unnecessarily] suggestive as to give rise to a very
substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification.’”21 In
Manson v. Brathwaite,22 the U.S. Supreme Court explained that
“reliability is the linchpin in determining the admissibility of
identification testimony.” It set forth the following reliability
factors: “the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at
the time of the crime, the witness’ degree of attention, the accu-
racy of his prior description of the criminal, the level of cer-
tainty demonstrated at the confrontation, and the time between
the crime and the confrontation.”23 The Court explained that
these factors are to be weighed against “the corrupting effect
of the suggestive identification itself.”24
Based on the above factors, we conclude that the indi-
cia of reliability outweigh any alleged corrupting influence.
Valentine testified that she got “a good look” at Nolt on the
night of the shootings. She was able to describe in detail what
Nolt was wearing that night. From a photographic lineup,
Valentine positively identified Nolt as the man who was in her
house the night of the shooting. At trial, Valentine appeared
confident in both that identification and her in-court identifi-
cation of him. When asked if Nolt looked the same at trial as
20
See id., 565 U.S. at 248 (holding that “the Due Process Clause does not
require a preliminary judicial inquiry into the reliability of an eyewitness
identification when the identification was not procured under unnecessarily
suggestive circumstances arranged by law enforcement”).
21
Id., 565 U.S. at 238.
22
Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 U.S. 98, 114, 97 S. Ct. 2243, 53 L. Ed. 2d 140
(1977).
23
Id.
24
Id.
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he did on the night of the shooting, Valentine testified that he
had gained weight, but his facial features were the same. And
importantly, Valentine had already positively identified Nolt in
the photographic lineup before the alleged unnecessarily sug-
gestive comment.
Because Valentine’s in-court identification was sufficiently
reliable, any pretrial motion to suppress such identification
would have been futile. Therefore, Nolt’s trial counsel was not
ineffective for failing to move to suppress the identification,
and Nolt’s assignment of error is without merit.
(b) Failure to Object to
Hearsay Statement
Nolt also argues that his trial counsel was ineffective because
he failed to object to an inadmissible hearsay statement, i.e.,
Valentine’s statement to an officer describing the shooter.
Before analyzing this claim, we set forth additional facts rel-
evant to the issue.
(i) Additional Facts
Officer Corey Gorden was one of the officers who responded
to Valentine’s call. He rode on the ambulance with her and
asked her questions on the way to the hospital. At trial, Gorden
testified that when he asked Valentine who shot her, she
described the person as a “nerdy, white male . . . with brown-
ish blonde hair wearing a white dress shirt, tan pants, and dress
shoes.” No objection was made to the statement.
On appeal, Nolt argues that his trial counsel was ineffec-
tive for failing to object to the above statement as hearsay.
The State argues that trial counsel was not ineffective for not
objecting because the statement is admissible under the excited
utterance exception to the hearsay rule. Relevant to that excep-
tion, Gorden was asked about how Valentine appeared to him
during the ambulance ride. Gorden responded, “Emotional.
She had tears in her eyes and she was — seemed scared but
still somewhat calm.” When asked what he meant by “calm,”
Gorden stated that Valentine’s voice was not escalated, her
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breathing was not labored, and she was “coherent to the . . .
questions [she was asked].”
(ii) Analysis
[13,14] The parties agree that Valentine’s statement con-
stituted hearsay, but disagree as to whether the excited utter-
ance exception applies. For a statement to qualify as an
excited utterance, the following criteria must be established:
(1) There must have been a startling event, (2) the statement
must relate to the event, and (3) the statement must have
been made by the declarant under the stress of the event.25
The key requirement is spontaneity, which requires a show-
ing that the statements were made without time for conscious
reflection.26
Here, the startling event was the shooting, and Valentine’s
statement related to the shooting because it described the
shooter. Thus, the issue is whether Valentine’s statement was
made under the stress of the shooting.
[15-17] An excited utterance does not have to be contem-
poraneous with the exciting event.27 It may be subsequent to
the event if there was not time for the exciting influence to
lose its sway.28 The true test is not when the exclamation was
made but whether, under all the circumstances, the declar-
ant was still speaking under the stress of nervous excitement
and shock caused by the event.29 Relevant facts include the
declarant’s manifestation of stress, such as “‘yelling,’” and the
declarant’s physical condition.30 Also relevant is whether the
declarant spoke in response to questioning.31 Statements made
25
State v. Jacob, 242 Neb. 176, 494 N.W.2d 109 (1993).
26
Id.
27
State v. Hale, 290 Neb. 70, 858 N.W.2d 543 (2015).
28
Id.
29
Id.
30
Id. at 79, 858 N.W.2d at 550.
31
State v. Hale, supra note 27.
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in response to questions from law enforcement in particular do
not generally have inherent guarantees of reliability and trust-
worthiness.32 But the declarant’s answer to a question may still
be an excited utterance if the context shows that the statement
was made without conscious reflection.33
Based on the circumstances presented in this case, including
Gorden’s observations of Valentine while she was in the ambu-
lance, we conclude that Valentine’s statement was made under
the stress of the startling event. Before Valentine herself was
shot, she saw King’s face when he was shot. Further, Valentine
was in the house while the gun was fired multiple times, lit-
tering the house with gun shells. When questioned, Valentine
was in an ambulance on her way to the hospital with a gunshot
wound and facing an unknown medical outcome. Although
Valentine’s statement was made in response to questions from
law enforcement, and despite her maintaining sufficient com-
posure to answer the questions, we find that she was still under
the stress of being shot and the stress of viewing another per-
son being shot. Thus, we find that Valentine’s statement was
made without conscious reflection and that the excited utter-
ance exception does apply. Therefore, Nolt’s assignment of
error is without merit.
(c) Failure to Investigate and Present
Certain Aspects of Nolt’s Defense
Nolt also asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective because
he failed to “adequately investigate and present several aspects
of Nolt’s defense.” Nolt sets forth the following list of “trial
counsel’s [alleged] failures”:
• Trial counsel failed to elicit Nolt’s testimony that, in the
last hour of the drive between Kansas City and Omaha
on October 10, 2015, Hassell and King discussed mur-
dering Nolt and burying him in the Nevada desert
32
Id.
33
Id.
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while they believed Nolt was asleep in the back seat of
the vehicle;
• Trial counsel failed to formally compel either the State
or OnStar to produce an email purportedly sent from
OnStar to law enforcement pertaining to the GPS data
obtained by law enforcement, which prejudiced Nolt
because law enforcement officers engaged in illegal
behavior when obtaining said GPS data, including rep-
resentations to OnStar of having a search warrant before
it was issued by the lower court;
• Trial counsel failed to formally compel either the State
or the . . . car rental company to divulge all com-
munications, particularly those in which law enforce-
ment obtained, and [the car rental company] revealed,
the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) for the 2015
Chevrolet Impala at issue during trial. Such commu-
nications would have revealed that law enforcement
officers engaged in illegal behavior when obtaining
said VIN and other information from [the car rental
company].34
(i) Failure to Compel OnStar Emails
We first address Nolt’s claim that his trial counsel was inef-
fective for failing to compel the State or OnStar to produce
certain emails. Although Nolt does not explain how the OnStar
emails would have benefited him at trial, we presume, as does
the State, that Nolt’s claim is that it would have revealed that
the GPS search was premature and illegal. The State argues
that even if such was true, the GPS evidence would have
still been admissible under the inevitable discovery doctrine.
We agree.
[18] Under the inevitable discovery doctrine, evidence
obtained without a valid warrant is nonetheless admissible if
the State shows by a preponderance of the evidence that the
34
Brief for appellant at 28-29.
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police would have obtained the disputed evidence by proper
police investigation entirely independent of the illegal inves-
tigative conduct.35 Here, the GPS data was obtained the same
day that the warrant was issued. Thus, even if the GPS data
was obtained before the warrant was issued, the police would
have obtained the same evidence pursuant to the warrant that
was issued. Accordingly, the GPS evidence would still have
been admissible and the result of the trial the same.
(ii) Communications With Car Rental
Company Regarding Impala
We also conclude that the result of the trial would have been
the same if Nolt’s trial counsel had moved to compel the State
or the car rental company to disclose their communications.
Although Nolt fails to explain how the communications would
have benefited him at trial, we presume, as does the State, that
Nolt’s claim is that the communications would have revealed
that the information obtained about the Impala, namely the
vehicle identification number (VIN), were obtained via an ille-
gal search and seizure. However, as the State points out, a war-
rant was not needed because the police communication with
the car rental company was not a search and obtaining the VIN
was not a seizure for Fourth Amendment purposes.
[19-21] The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
protects individuals against unreasonable searches and seizures
by the government.36 A “‘search [for Fourth Amendment pur-
poses] occurs when the government violates a subjective expec-
tation of privacy that society recognizes as reasonable,’”37 and
35
See State v. Ball, 271 Neb. 140, 710 N.W.2d 592 (2006). See, also, State
v. Houser, 241 Neb. 525, 490 N.W.2d 168 (1992) (holding that fruits
of search were properly admitted because if defendant would not have
consented, then affidavit would have been completed and search warrant
obtained to perform the same search).
36
See State v. Jenkins, 294 Neb. 684, 884 N.W.2d 429 (2016).
37
Id. at 695, 884 N.W.2d at 439 (citing Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27,
121 S. Ct. 2038, 150 L. Ed. 2d 94 (2001)).
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a “‘seizure’ of property occurs when there is some meaningful
interference with an individual’s possessory interests in that
property.”38 Here, Nolt could not have had an expectation of
privacy with regard to the police communication with the car
rental company, because there is no evidence that it agreed to
keep any information about Nolt’s rental car confidential and
no evidence that confidentiality is typical in such situations.
Furthermore, Nolt had no possessory interest in the VIN of
the Impala. The car rental company owned the car and was
free to convey information about it to police. Moreover, as a
general rule, a person has no reasonable expectation of privacy
in places readily accessible to the public,39 and federal law
requires that the VIN be placed in the plain view of someone
outside the automobile.40 Fourth Amendment protections were
not invoked by the car rental company’s voluntarily provid-
ing the VIN to police. Thus, a warrant was not required, and
Nolt’s trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to move to
compel the State or the car rental company to disclose their
communications.
We note that to the extent that Nolt had an expectation of
privacy or possessory interest in the contents or location of
the Impala, no Fourth Amendment violation occurred because
police obtained a warrant for both the GPS search and the sub-
sequent seizure of the Impala in Arizona.
(iii) King and Hassell’s Alleged
Discussion of Murdering Nolt
Finally, Nolt argues that his counsel was ineffective for
failing to elicit Nolt’s testimony regarding an alleged conver-
sation between King and Hassell about their plan to murder
38
United States v. Jacobsen, 466 U.S. 109, 113, 104 S. Ct. 1652, 80 L. Ed.
2d 85 (1984).
39
See Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351, 88 S. Ct. 507, 19 L. Ed. 2d
576 (1967) (“[w]hat a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his
own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection”).
40
New York v. Class, 475 U.S. 106, 106 S. Ct. 960, 89 L. Ed. 2d 81 (1986).
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Nolt. Nolt argues that the conversation contributed to the cir-
cumstances surrounding his decision to use deadly force and
that the introduction of such evidence would have bolstered
his self-defense theory.
[22,23] When reviewing a claim of ineffective assistance
of counsel, trial counsel is afforded due deference to formu-
late trial strategy and tactics, and an appellate court will not
second-guess reasonable strategic decisions by counsel.41 When
considering whether trial counsel’s performance was deficient,
there is a strong presumption that counsel acted reasonably.42
The presumption can be rebutted without an evidentiary hear-
ing only when a decision by counsel cannot be justified as a
result of a plausible trial strategy.43
We conclude that it is plausible that Nolt’s counsel decided
to not elicit testimony about the alleged conversation in order
to save Nolt’s credibility. While it is conceivable that evidence
of the alleged conversation might have helped the jury under-
stand why Nolt would be quick to think that Hassell was reach-
ing for a gun to harm him, the same evidence also serves to
undermine Nolt’s credibility. As pointed out by the State, if the
jury had been presented with evidence that King and Hassell
had discussed their plans to kill Nolt in Nolt’s presence, then
the jury might wonder why Nolt did not try to escape to safety
when he was outside Valentine’s house by himself.
Nolt’s argument would have more merit if the district court
had not instructed the jury on Nolt’s claim of self-defense.
But here, the court instructed the jury on self-defense and the
jury apparently disbelieved Nolt’s testimony because it found
him guilty.
Because any benefit provided by evidence of the alleged
conversation would be negated by the blow to Nolt’s cred-
ibility, we conclude that it is plausible that Nolt’s counsel did
41
See State v. Nesbitt, 279 Neb. 355, 777 N.W.2d 821 (2010).
42
Id.
43
State v. Brown, 268 Neb. 943, 689 N.W.2d 347 (2004).
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not elicit testimony about the alleged conversation for this
reason. Thus, Nolt’s trial counsel was not ineffective for fail-
ing to adduce this evidence, and Nolt’s assignment of error is
without merit.
3. Cumulative Error
Finally, Nolt alleges that the cumulative effect of the inef-
fective assistance of trial counsel deprived Nolt of his consti-
tutional right to a fair trial. But, as explained above, we found
no merit to any of Nolt’s ineffective assistance of counsel
claims. Thus, the alleged errors could not have been cumula-
tive, and Nolt’s last assignment of error is without merit.
VI. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Nolt’s assignments of error
are without merit, and the judgment of the district court is
affirmed.
A ffirmed.
Wright, J., not participating.