Terrence Newman v. State , 236 Md. App. 533 ( 2018 )

Newman v. State, No. 2629 of the 2016 Term, Opinion by Moylan J.
HEADNOTE:
FIRST-DEGREE MURDER – “FOUL DEEDS WILL RISE, THOUGH ALL
THE EARTH O’ERWHELM THEM TO MEN’S EYES” – TWO CONTENTIONS –
A TALE OF THE MACABRE – “A JUG OF WINE, A BOOK OF VERSE, AND
THOU” – AND THEN THERE WERE TWO – “OUR REVELS NOW ARE ENDED”
– “OUT, DAMNED SPOT!” – DUSTIN ALERTS THE POLICE – THE
EUMENIDES – SOME NUANCES OF SELF-DEFENSE – THE STANDING
EPITHET “UNFAIR” DELIMITS THE NOUN “PREJUDICE”: A CLOSE LOOK AT
RULE 5–403 – MINIMALISM IS NOT REQUIRED: NEED FOR THE EVIDENCE
AS A NON-FACTOR – CHERCHEZ THE ADVERB – APPELLATE DEFERENCE
AS A CRITICAL DECISIONAL FACTOR – THE APPELLANT’S FACEBOOK
PICTURE – PROBATIVE VALUE – THE ABSENCE OF ANY UNFAIR
PREJUDICE – ARCA V. STATE AND BANKS V. STATE – A JURY
INSTRUCTION ON VOLUNTARY INTOXICATION – THE INSTRUCTION WAS
CORRECT – THE EVIDENCE GENERATED THE INSTRUCTION –
VOLUNTARY INTOXICATION AND SPECIFIC INTENT – VOLUNTARY
INTOXICATION GENERALLY
Circuit Court for Baltimore County
Case No. 03-K-15006953
REPORTED
IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS
OF MARYLAND
No. 2629
September Term, 2016
______________________________________
TERRENCE NEWMAN
v.
STATE OF MARYLAND
______________________________________
Beachley,
Fader,
Moylan, Charles E., Jr.
(Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),
JJ.
______________________________________
Opinion by Moylan, J.
______________________________________
Filed: April 4, 2018
“Foul Deeds Will Rise, Though All The Earth
O’erwhelm Them To Men’s Eyes”1
For three weeks, it seemed that the appellant, Terrence Omar Newman, Jr., may
well have committed a perfect crime. One relentless nemesis he could not shake off,
however, turned out to be his own still voice of conscience. As a direct result of his own
unsolicited revelations, he was ultimately convicted by a Baltimore County jury, presided
over by Judge Ruth Ann Jakubowski, of the first-degree murder of Carlita Coleman. He
was sentenced to life imprisonment.
Two Contentions
With a troubled psyche that might have led a psychiatrist to suspect that he,
subconsciously, wanted to be caught, the appellant’s chosen contentions are relatively
small bore. He asserts
1. that a photograph of him used in his initial identification by the police,
albeit unquestionably relevant, was so unfairly prejudicial that it should
not have been received in evidence; and
2. that, in jury instructions, the jury should never have been invited to
consider his state of possible inebriation.
A Tale Of The Macabre
The statement of facts could have been written by Edgar Allan Poe. The time was
Thursday, October 15, 2015. The place was Catonsville. A small neighborhood Gilston
Park was the site for an informal gathering of the extended Archibald family for a leisurely
afternoon of drinking and listening to music. The park was generally wooded but included
1
Hamlet, Act 1, Scene 2.
a pavilion with several picnic tables on its periphery. The gathering convened shortly after
2:00 p.m. Initially in attendance were 1) Reba Archibald; 2) Reba’s brother, Dustin
Archibald; and 3) Dustin Archibald’s girlfriend, Nicole Hokanson. Within the hour, the
group was joined by the appellant. The appellant was the ex-boyfriend of Reba Archibald
and a good friend of Dustin Archibald. Another brother, Ronald Archibald, joined the
group at about 4:30 p.m. but left the group to go to work shortly before 5 p.m. It was at
about 5 p.m. that the ultimate murder victim, Carlita Coleman, joined the group. She had
formerly been a close friend of Reba Archibald. Generally speaking, the entire group had
known each other for several years, dating back to high school.
“A Jug Of Wine, A Book of Verse, And Thou”2
Throughout the afternoon, it was the appellant who provided beverages for the
group. The first serving was from a water bottle filled with slightly watered-down vodka.
The appellant shared it with Dustin and Nicole. Reba did not drink. When the threesome
had finished the vodka, the appellant repaired to a nearby Walmart and returned with an
ill-fated bottle of wine. Ill-fated because the bottle was corked but the revelers had no
corkscrew. With the swashbuckling panache of an Anthony Quinn, however, the appellant
broke off the neck of the bottle on a nearby tree. The break, unfortunately, came well below
the neckline, and a bare pint remained in what had been a receptacle designed for a quart.
The final resupply mission eschewed viniculture and produced “two big gallons of vodka.”
“And the band played on.”
2
Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám.
2
And Then There Were Two
Tempting as the vodka may have been, for Dustin Archibald it was no rival for
Thursday Night Football, to which he was incorrigibly addicted. By 7 p.m., he and Nicole
left the party in order to be comfortably in place for the New Orleans Saints–Atlanta
Falcons kickoff. And then there were three.
As the appellant’s ex-girlfriend, Reba Archibald was for the next half-hour very
much a neglected fifth wheel. The appellant and Carlita Coleman, who had not known each
other before that afternoon, were rapidly making up for lost time. As Reba sat, forlorn, at
one table, the new acquaintances, both described by Reba as “flat out drunk,” adjourned to
a separate table for an escalating session of ill-defined but ill-disguised sexual play.
Discretion prevailed and Reba left for home. And then there were two.
“Our Revels Now Are Ended”3
With the departure of Reba Archibald at 7:30 p.m., the screen went blank. But for
his inner demons, life for the appellant went on as normal for the next three weeks. If
Carlita Coleman was missing, the world was unaware of it. As for family, her former foster-
mother was not even aware of her current street address. No one else seemed to care. The
Archibalds, who had hosted the party of October 15, were oblivious to the fact that their
family outing had gone disastrously south. For the appellant himself, October 15 might
have been dismissed as nothing more than a drunken nightmare. The appellant had left
neither fingerprint nor DNA nor any other personal token at the murder scene. He may
3
The Tempest, Act IV, Scene 1.
3
have been the last person seen with the victim alive, but the significance of that
circumstance, standing alone, would diminish with each passing day. Even murder most
foul was on its way to becoming “nameless here for evermore.”4 And then there was one.
“Out, Damned Spot!”5
The allusion to Lady Macbeth is not inapt. When the appellant three weeks later
brought his unsolicited confession of guilt to Dustin Archibald, his pursuit by his inner
demons had become truly Shakespearean. As Dustin recounted:
At first he was telling me that he needed hand sanitizer and he needed
to wash his hands. And he kept going on about needing to wash his hands.
Needing to wash his hands, over and over again.
(Emphasis supplied).
When the appellant arrived at the Archibald home at about 11 a.m. on November 5,
2015, his hand, according to Dustin, “smelled like a dead skunk.” That was the hand that
could not be washed clean and that apparently “could the very seas incarnadine.” The
appellant was wrestling unsuccessfully with troubled flashbacks. There were maggots,
moreover, crawling over his lower pants and shoes. Dustin Archibald’s recounting of the
appellant’s initial confession was sketchy and in extremely general terms.
He told me that he did something bad.
....
He said that he didn’t mean to do it.
(Emphasis supplied).
4
The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe.
5
Macbeth, Act 5, Scene 1.
4
With respect to the maggots, Dustin recounted the appellant’s explanation.
MR. ARCHIBALD: He told me that he went back at the spot in the
park. And this is after he admitted to me. He told me he went back and he
checked and he buried it back with more leaves. He said, he saw maggots all
over the, all over it everywhere. He was wanting me not to go to the park
because “the smell is getting stronger. The smell is getting stronger.”
(Emphasis supplied). The antecedent of the grim pronoun “it” was clearly “Carlita
Coleman.” With respect to the murder itself, the confession was in frustratingly general
terms.
[PROSECUTOR]: Now, I’m going to back you up a little bit. When
he tells you that he – what is the word the defendant used about hurting
Carlita Coleman?
MR. ARCHIBALD: He said that he “strangled” her.
[PROSECUTOR]: Okay. What did the defendant say about
strangling Carlita Coleman?
MR. ARCHIBALD: He said, at first he said that the defendant [sic]
hit him in the nose and he strangled her, and then he said he saw her take her
last breath.
(Emphasis supplied).
In terms of the homicidal narrative provided by the appellant’s confession, Dustin’s
direct examination effectively concluded:
[PROSECUTOR]: After she took her last breath what did the
defendant tell you that he did?
MR. ARCHIBALD: He, he told me that he dragged her to the woods
and walked on home. Went, went home.
(Emphasis supplied).
5
Dustin then acknowledged a frisson of personal fear at the appellant’s expression of
buyer’s remorse about having incautiously confessed to Dustin.
[PROSECUTOR]: Okay. What if anything did the defendant say to
you about regret?
MR. ARCHIBALD: He told me that he don’t [sic] think he should
have told me.
(Emphasis supplied). That worried Dustin. Did he now know too much for his own good?
Dustin on cross-examination essentially regurgitated what he had earlier said on
direct examination.
[DEFENSE ATTORNEY]: Okay. So when you say, and based on my
question I’m asking you, if he told you that she attacked him you said, that’s
what he said, correct?
MR. ARCHIBALD: Correct.
[DEFENSE ATTORNEY]: Just like he said that he didn’t mean to do
it, correct?
MR. ARCHIBALD: Correct.
[DEFENSE ATTORNEY]: Just like he said that he did something
wrong, correct?
MR. ARCHIBALD: Correct.
[DEFENSE ATTORNEY]: Just like he said he strangled her, correct?
MR. ARCHIBALD: Yep.
[DEFENSE ATTORNEY]: And he was specific that he said he did
that after she attacked him, correct?
MR. ARCHIBALD: Correct.
[DEFENSE ATTORNEY]: He also said that he blacked out, didn’t
he?
6
MR. ARCHIBALD: Yeah.
(Emphasis supplied).
The redirect examination of Dustin added little:
[PROSECUTOR]: . . . . [Defense Attorney] was asking you about the
defendant’s statements regarding Carlita attacking him. Did he use the word
“attack”?
MR. ARCHIBALD: He said hit him in the nose.
(Emphasis supplied).
Had there been no more than the above, it would have been painfully thin gruel with
which to nourish the infinite nuances of the homicidal mens rea—the specific intent to kill,
premeditation, perfect self-defense, imperfect self-defense, hot-blooded response to legally
adequate provocation, mutual affray, response to an unprovoked battery, depraved heart
murder, gross criminal negligence, voluntary inebriation.
Dustin Alerts The Police
Fearful that the appellant might be seriously reconsidering the wisdom of having
made Dustin privy to the final climactic scene between the appellant and Carlita Coleman,
Dustin took his concern to his girlfriend, Nicole, at her place of work. She convinced him
that, for his own protection, he needed to bring the matter to the attention of the police. He
did so. By way of identifying the appellant, Dustin procured (probably through his sister,
who had been the appellant’s girlfriend for over a year) a Facebook photograph of the
appellant, which Dustin then forwarded to the police. Alerted to the reported crime, the
police searched Gilston Park and discovered, under a mound of leaves, the badly
7
decomposing body of Carlita Coleman. An autopsy identified her cause of death as
homicide due to asphyxia. There were four areas of hemorrhaging in Carlita’s neck
muscles. The appellant was arrested uneventfully and was at first housed at the Baltimore
County Detention Center.
The Eumenides
Distressed though he may have been at having been incautiously candid with Dustin
Archibald, the appellant nonetheless incorrigibly lapsed into precisely the same
compulsive garrulity at the County Detention Center. One fellow inmate was Jeffrey
Holemo, who was a cellmate for several days. The report of the crime that the appellant
recounted to Holemo, in the presence of another prisoner, Keaton Holliday, was far more
lurid than had been the more truncated version earlier given to Dustin Archibald. The
appellant told his fellow inmates that as the party of October 15 was breaking up, he and
Carlita had committed themselves to additional sexual interaction. They needed only a
convenient venue. They could not go to her house nor to his, however, because of the
presence of their respective parents.
[S]o they went into the woods at the park there. And when they went into the
woods they began, you know, like he said, they were making out and messing
around and at some point she started to fight, try to fight him off and said
that she was grabbing his throat. And he specifically showed like this. And
then in order to stop her from scratching at his throat he said that he had to
choke her for two to three minutes until she stopped flailing her arms. He
said that once they, once he had, once she stopped flailing at him, once she
stopped scratching him and he let her go he said he realized that she wasn’t
moving. So, he checked her pulse and found none. So, on the spur of the
moment he said he dragged her off of the path in the woods and lightly
covered her. He even made a point then of saying he didn’t cover her that
well and he was worried about it. So, over the next several days, several
weeks he came back checking on her.
8
(Emphasis supplied).
The appellant further indicated that the sudden contretemps between him and Carlita
flared up because she, at the last minute, decided not to engage in sexual intercourse or,
more likely, to discontinue sexual intercourse that had once begun, either mode of
disengagement to his evident displeasure. The unexpected sexual détente did not go well.
In the appellant’s very words to Jeffrey Holemo, at some point in the unexpected
disengagement, “she . . . tr[ied] to fight [me] off.”
[PROSECUTOR]: Okay. Did the defendant, what if anything did the
defendant say about sexual intercourse?
MR. HOLEMO: He said that they had gotten started having sex and
then she at some point, that was – They had started having sex and then she
decided to stop. And that’s when she started clawing at his throat.
[PROSECUTOR]: Did the defendant, what if anything did the
defendant tell you about whether he ejaculated?
MR. HOLEMO: He said he didn’t have a chance. It was too cold and
she started fighting back.
[PROSECUTOR]: Did he say, tell you how that made him feel?
MR. HOLEMO: Well, he just – not specifically. He said that, all right,
you know, it pissed him off. Any guy who has to stop will tell you that, that
it’s a little aggravating[.]
(Emphasis supplied). But in that moment of “aggravation,” what then ensued?
More vaguely and more ambiguously, Keaton Holliday essentially confirmed the
testimony of Jeffrey Holemo about the appellant’s description of his crime. A wrinkle of
difference between the two was that Holliday referred to the appellant’s having hit Carlita
with an “uppercut” and having strangled her per a “chokehold.”
9
MR. HOLLIDAY: I don’t know the exact time. He told me she
scratched him. He uppercut her. He put her in a choke-hold until she gargled
and her arms went limp and she died. That’s what he told.
(Emphasis supplied).
Holemo also described a recurring dream that appellant had been having, one that
shed eerie light on the appellant’s inner revulsion.
And he mentioned (laughs) – a particular dream where he was involved with
a woman and out of nowhere when he leaned in, I believe he said when he
leaned in to kiss her, maggots started coming out of her mouth and out of her
face. And just in light of what he had told me it’s just that – (laughs) – it
struck a note.
(Emphasis supplied). What might Dr. Freud have done with that? Or Alfred Hitchcock?
Some Nuances Of Self-Defense
Although neither of the contentions now before us involves the appellant’s almost
Pavlovian claim of self-defense, that issue was still being hotly contested as the case went
to the jury. In closing argument, defense counsel enjoined the jury:
I know you got the Jury Instructions in terms of self-defense, complete self-
defense and imperfect self-defense. I’m not gonna go through all of the
aspects of it. And you will have those to be able to go through each one of
them.
(Emphasis supplied).
According to defense counsel, the jury was free both to infer that the appellant
believed “he was under attack from her” and to infer that he had “concern for his safety”:
He believed that he was trying to restrain her and only restrain her. Now, is
that belief reasonable? That’s for you to decide. Is his belief that he was under
attack from her and had the concern for his safety, is that reasonable? Again,
that’s for you to decide.
(Emphasis supplied).
10
What vexing problems might this scenario have boded for the evolving law of self-
defense if self-defense were somehow a contention in this case? It is not. In the awkward
context of coitus interruptus, what behavior, if any, might qualify one as an initial
aggressor? When the consensual turns to the non-consensual, roles may change quickly
and diametrically. Might refusing to be interrupted when asked to desist qualify one as the
aggressor? In this highly particularized setting, might a punch in the nose, moreover, serve
as the non-verbal equivalent of “Stop!”? What, indeed, might be the duty to retreat, to wit,
to withdraw from the situs of contention, if a path away from danger were safely available?
See Redcross v. State, 121 Md. App. 320, 328–34, 708 A.2d 1154, cert. denied, 350 Md.
488, 713 A.2d 980 (1998). Might a chokehold, moreover, escalate a non-lethal exchange
(a punch in the nose or a scratch of the neck) to the deadly level?
We pose these inquiries into some of the less explored corners of self-defense law
as questions that a more prudent appellant should have asked himself before glibly and
simplistically asserting that it was he who was the victim of an unprovoked attack. The
answers to the questions, moreover, are not in doubt and they are squarely adverse to the
appellant’s egocentric view of his encounter with Carlita Coleman. State v. Baby, 404 Md.
220, 260–65, 946 A.2d 463 (2008), holds unequivocally that if a man and a woman are
engaged in consensual sexual intercourse and the woman signals that she wants the
intercourse to stop, the consensual nature of the encounter is at an end and the man must
accordingly desist. Should he fail to do so, his role is thereby transformed into one of being
not simply the aggressor but into one of being an actual rapist. 404 Md. at 260 (“[W]e hold
that a woman may withdraw consent for vaginal intercourse after penetration has occurred
11
and that, after consent has been withdrawn, the continuation of vaginal intercourse by force
or the threat of force may constitute rape.”).
Quite aside from the context of rape law, when looking at the severe intoxication
that might erode a specific intent even if it would not erode a general intent, would the
application of force in self-defense, perfect or imperfect, entail a specific intent to defend
oneself against a perceived threat of death or serious bodily harm? More of a two-step
mental process is there involved than merely executing an immediate physical action. It is
the application of force in order to achieve a conscious purpose. Does self-defense,
therefore, involve a specific intent? Does even imperfect self-defense require a specific
intent? This possible interplay between voluntary but severe intoxication, on the one hand,
and the specific intent that may be inherent in certain criminal defenses, on the other hand,
is an issue of first impression that has never been explored in the Maryland caselaw. These
are by no means easy questions. One does not prove self-defense merely by asserting self-
defense. Might, therefore, a claim of specifically intended self-defense or defense of others
or defense of habitation be precluded by voluntary intoxication so severe as to preclude the
formation of a specific intent? Simply in terms of the ability to form a specific intent, is
there any meaningful difference between the specific intent to harm another and the
specific intent to defend oneself? Logically, they appear to be quite similar.
The appellant promiscuously injected all sorts of suggestions of self-defense into
jury argument. It may not have been formally argued in the case, but it nonetheless was in
the case. Mercifully, we are spared such convoluted analyses by formal appellate
12
contentions that are far less perplexing. A full examination of the law of self-defense in
this very unusual and awkward context must await another day.
The Standing Epithet “Unfair” Delimits The Noun “Prejudice”:
A Close Look At Rule 5–403
In his first contention, to wit, that Judge Jakubowski’s admission into evidence of
the Facebook photograph first used by the police to identify him was erroneously
prejudicial, the appellant invokes Maryland Rule of Procedure 5–403:
Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the
issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of
time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.
(Emphasis supplied). Before addressing this contention specifically, it behooves us to look
first to the controlling standard of appellate review when applying Rule 5–403.
Maryland Rule 5–403 was adopted by the Court of Appeals on December 15, 1993,
and became effective on July 1, 1994. It was derived from Federal Rule of Evidence 403,
and was verbatim with the federal rule at that time. The Rule builds on the undergirding
premise that all relevant evidence is admissible. It then recognizes a limited exception to
that general admissibility for, inter alia, circumstances where the risk of “unfair prejudice”
may “substantially” outweigh the probative value of the relevant evidence. The very
wording of Rule 5–403 carefully adjusts the allocation of the burden of proof, the
characteristics of the evidence that will be subjected to the weighing process, and the
requirement that the weighing produce a “substantial” tilt toward “unfair prejudice” in
order to justify inadmissibility.
13
The rule’s frequently invoked obligation on a trial judge to weigh two competing
qualities, however, is so regularly subjected to deliberate, almost reflexive,
misinterpretation that it warrants some precautionary comment. Invariably, the defense bar
suggests that the trial judge must balance “probative value” against “prejudice.” That, of
course, is not the case. What has been omitted, inadvertently or advertently, in such a
formulation is the critical qualifier “unfair.” What sits in the defense pan of the balance
scale is not naked or general “prejudice” but only a small fraction of that much larger
phenomenon. What must be balanced against “probative value” is not “prejudice” but, as
expressly stated by Rule 5–403, only “unfair prejudice.” This Court went to great lengths
to stress that critical distinction in Oesby v. State, 142 Md. App. 144, 165–66, 788 A.2d
662, cert. denied, 369 Md. 181, 798 A.2d 553 (2002):
The ill effect that militates against admissibility is not prejudice
generally, but only unfair prejudice. In a larger sense, all competent and
trustworthy evidence offered against a defendant is prejudicial. If it were not,
there would be no purpose in offering it.
(Emphasis supplied).
In this context, the noun “prejudice” should never appear without its standing epithet
of “unfair.”
To measure probative value against legitimate prejudice would be to measure
probative value against itself. In such an exercise in futility, the scales could
never tilt in favor of probative value. That obviously is not what the balancing
test is designed to do. The “unfair” component of the prejudice is not the
tendency of the evidence to prove the identity of the defendant as the
perpetrator of the crimes. What is “unfair” is only the incremental tendency
of the evidence to prove that the defendant was a “bad man.” As we balance,
therefore, the emphasis must be not on the noun “prejudice” but on the
qualifying, and limiting, adjective “unfair.”
14
142 Md. App. at 166 (emphasis supplied).
Professor Lynn McLain, Maryland Evidence (3d ed., 2013), Sect 403.1(b), “Unfair
Prejudice,” p. 650, notes the critical distinction between “prejudice” and “unfair prejudice.”
Care must be taken to note that a countervailing consideration under
Md. Rule 5–403 with regard to admissibility is not the risk of “prejudice,”
but “the danger of unfair prejudice.” The fact that evidence prejudices one
party or the other, in the sense that it hurts that party’s case, is not the
undesirable prejudice referred to. An eyewitness’s testimony that she saw the
defendant shoot the victim may well hurt the defendant’s chances for an
acquittal, but it is not unfairly prejudicial.
(Emphasis in original; footnotes omitted).
Joseph F. Murphy, Jr., Maryland Evidence Handbook (3d ed., 1999), Sect. 506(B),
“Unfairly Prejudicial Evidence,” p. 181, wrote to the same effect:
Coburn [v. Coburn, 342 Md. 244, 674 A.2d 951 (1996)] reminds us
that evidence is never excluded merely because it is “prejudicial.” If
prejudice were the test, no evidence would ever be admitted. The parties have
a right to introduce prejudicial evidence. Probative value is outweighed by
the danger of “unfair” prejudice when the evidence produces such an
emotional response that logic cannot overcome prejudice or sympathy
needlessly injected into the case. The line is not always easy to draw.
(Emphasis supplied).
For the process of weighing, the caselaw punctiliously links the noun “prejudice”
with its standing epithet of “unfair.” As Judge Nazarian recently wrote for this Court in
Smith v. State, 218 Md. App. 689, 704, 98 A.3d 444 (2014):
It is not enough, though, for evidence to be relevant. Under Maryland
Rule 5–403, the trial court should exclude relevant evidence if the probative
value of the evidence “‘is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice.’”
15
(Emphasis supplied). See also King v. State, 407 Md. 682, 696–707, 967 A.2d 790 (2009);
Carter v. State, 374 Md. 693, 705, 824 A.2d 123 (2003); Andrews v. State, 372 Md. 1, 19–
20, 811 A.2d 282 (2002).
Minimalism Is Not Required:
Need For The Evidence As A Non-Factor
When invoking Rule 5–403, defense lawyers frequently abuse the factor of
necessity. The hue and cry is that the State did not need the evidence. If there is actually
“unfair prejudice” in the weighing process, the State’s need for the evidence may, indeed,
be a factor in assessing the probative value of the evidence. The abuse of the necessity
factor occurs in cases where the evidence produces no “unfair prejudice” but only
“legitimate prejudice.” Even in such a case, defense counsel still seek to limit the use of
evidence by invoking the necessity principle. There is, however, no such principle
protecting defendants from legitimate prejudice. In cases where the resulting prejudice is
legitimate rather than “unfair,” the fact that the State’s case may not, in terms of its
sufficiency, desperately need the evidence in question does not diminish in the slightest the
weight of the evidence’s probative value. As Oesby explained:
Probative value does not depend on necessity. When we are talking only
about the legitimate prejudice that inevitably results from competent
evidence enjoying a special or heightened relevance, there is no downside to
making a strong case even stronger.
....
In terms of legitimate prejudice, . . . the State is not constrained to forego
relevant evidence and to risk going to the fact finder with a watered down
version of its case.6
6
Should the State present ten eyewitnesses against an armed bank robber, the robber
(continued . . . )
16
142 Md. App. at 166 (emphasis supplied).
The appellant argued strenuously in this case that there was no necessity for the
State to have introduced the photograph of the appellant, ostensibly to show his identity,
because the defense was not contesting the criminal agency of the appellant as Carlita
Coleman’s killer. In his brief, appellant argues:
Throughout Terrence Newman’s trial, his defense counsel never
disputed that Mr. Newman was responsible for the death of Carlita Coleman.
Nor did Mr. Newman’s counsel dispute that the police conducted a proper
investigation of the evidence. The only issues before the jury related to
whether, and to what extent, Mr. Newman possessed the specific intent
necessary to be convicted of first-degree murder, and whether he was
justified in killing Ms. Coleman on the basis of self-defense. Nevertheless,
the State, in an attempt to inflame the jury against Mr. Newman, introduced
an intimidating photo of the defendant, under the guise of defending the
integrity of its police investigation—which was never in question.
Precisely the same argument was advanced by the defendant in Bedford v. State,
317 Md. 659, 566 A.2d 111 (1989). The Court of Appeals rejected the argument.
Bedford argues that the admitted photographs were irrelevant to the
only issue contested, that of criminal agency. He points out that the pictures
did not corroborate or discredit any element of the defendant’s or
the State’s case, and merely established what happened, not who committed
the crime. Citing several Pennsylvania and Maine opinions, Bedford alleges
that where a photograph has only minimal significance, and no essential
evidentiary value, the trial judge should be more inclined to exclude it if it is
inflammatory. Nonetheless, we have not adopted such a test and require only
that the trial judge not abuse his discretion.
( . . . continued)
will not be heard to complain that one witness (or two) would have adequately established
his criminal agency and that the use of the additional eight or nine witnesses constituted
“unfair prejudice,” presumably entitling him to a reversal of his conviction. The fact that
the evidence might be unnecessary or redundant will not transform “legitimate prejudice”
into “unfair prejudice.”
17
317 Md. at 677 (emphasis supplied).
The notion that probative value depends on the State’s need for the evidence was
also soundly rejected in Johnson v. State, 303 Md. 487, 503, 495 A.2d 1 (1985):
Johnson further challenges the photographs by contending that the
photographs did not illustrate any issue in controversy and that they were
cumulative proof of what was already in evidence.
We find this argument unpersuasive. We have previously held that
photographs of the deceased are admissible even where the location of
injuries was previously described and conceded by the defendant.
....
Moreover, all photographic evidence is in some sense cumulative.
(Emphasis supplied). See also State v. Broberg, 342 Md. 544, 554, 677 A.2d 602 (1996)
(“We have also noted that photographs do not lack probative value merely because they
illustrate a point that is uncontested.” (Emphasis supplied).); Grandison v. State, 305 Md.
685, 730, 506 A.2d 580 (1986) (“Nor are the particular photographs inflammatory to the
jury solely on the basis that they do not represent any issue in controversy.”).
This Court has consistently recognized that a need for the evidence is not a factor in
assessing probative value. In Lucas v. State, 116 Md. App. 559, 573, 698 A.2d 1145, cert.
denied, 348 Md. 206, 703 A.2d 148 (1997), we rejected just such an argument as the
appellant makes here.
Appellant presents another reason for excluding the “trophy
photographs.” He contends that, as the State established that he was a
consistent visitor to the Monica Place apartment by introducing his personal
papers found there, the “trophy photographs” were unnecessary and
redundant, and therefore irrelevant. Again, we disagree.
“[P]hotographs need not possess ‘essential evidentiary value’ to be
admissible.”
18
(Emphasis supplied). See also Lovelace v. State, 214 Md. App. 512, 548–49, 78 A.3d 449
(2013) (“[T]he Court of Appeals in Broberg noted that ‘photographs may be relevant and
possess probative value even though they often illustrate something that has already been
presented in testimony.’”); Wagner v. State, 213 Md. App. 419, 453–55, 74 A.3d 765
(2013).
In making arguments that the State has no need for certain evidence, defense counsel
frequently focus exclusively on the burden of production and give no thought to the ensuing
burden of ultimate persuasion. This Court tried to disabuse counsel of that limited view in
Anaweck v. State, 63 Md. App. 239, 246–47, 492 A.2d 658, cert. denied, 304 Md. 296,
498 A.2d 1183 (1985):
A preliminary word on the subject of relevance! Even if it could be
said with certainty that the evidence of December 12, standing alone, would
have established a legally sufficient, prima facie case of guilt as to both
appellants, that would not dissipate the State’s legitimate need for additional
relevant evidence. Relevant evidence is necessary not only to meet the
threshold burden of production, but also to meet the far greater burden of
ultimate persuasion. All evidence beyond that barely minimal amount that
represents legal sufficiency will not be deemed redundant. When
the State sufficiently satisfies its initial burden of production, its real task is
not finished, but only begun.
(Emphasis supplied).
A solid and legitimate case for the prosecution is by no means required to be
minimalist. Putting on a strong case is a virtue, not an abuse. In one sense, to be sure, any
evidence beyond the satisfaction of the burden of production may not be strictly necessary.
It may not be necessary, that is, to prevail on appeal if the issue is the legal sufficiency of
the evidence. The additional evidence may, on the other hand, be quite necessary in order
19
to persuade an unpredictable jury of legally untutored laymen to return a verdict of guilty
unanimously and beyond a reasonable doubt. A minimalist case would run a dangerous
risk of failing to do that. The defense abuse of this necessity factor is invariably argued in
the context of the burden of production and ignores as irrelevant the significantly more
imposing burden of ultimate persuasion. But that which satisfies one judge as a prima facie
case may well not persuade each of twelve jurors beyond a reasonable doubt.
Necessity, moreover, is only a factor if and when the relevant evidence has some
element of unfair prejudice connected to it. Where the relevant evidence is not burdened
by unfair and entangling prejudice, necessity is not in any way a factor. A strong case need
not apologize for itself.
Cherchez The Adverb
As we have discussed, the noun “prejudice” must never be allowed to travel
immodestly abroad without its adjectival cloak of “unfair.” If reliance on the limiting
adjective were not enough to keep the weighing process within its prescribed and intended
boundaries, however, let us not neglect the potentially dispositive adverb. To justify
excluding relevant evidence, the “danger of unfair prejudice” must not simply outweigh
“probative value” but must, as expressly directed by Rule 5–403, do so “substantially.”7
7
Thus, even in a case where, on balance, the “unfair prejudice” outweighs the
“probative value,” the State’s evidence may still be admissible. In cases where the
“probative value” has only been outweighed slightly or to a modest extent instead of having
been outweighed “substantially,” the State’s evidence would still be admissible. In sporting
terms, the opponent of the relevant evidence must overcome a “substantial” handicap.
20
By its express provisions, Rule 5–403 has steeply tilted the weighing process in favor of
admissibility.
The proponent of relevant evidence must never overlook, nor permit the court to
overlook, this express adverbial edge. Rule 5–403 itself explicitly places its own heavy
thumb on the scale. Propelled by such an adverbial tailwind, the proponent of the
challenged evidence should, far more often than not, prevail.
Appellate Deference As A Critical Decisional Factor
In reviewing the case-by-case application of this weighing exercise, moreover, an
appellate court regularly defers to the discretion of the trial judge. In prescribing the
deferential abuse-of-discretion standard to our review of a trial judge’s rulings on
evidentiary questions, this Court in Kelly v. State, 162 Md. App. 122, 143, 873 A.2d 434
(2005), rev’d on other grounds, 392 Md. 511, 898 A.2d 419 (2006), spoke through Judge
(now Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals) Barbera:
We generally defer to the trial court’s rulings on the admissibility of
evidence, including determinations of relevance, and we do not disturb such
rulings in the absence of an abuse of discretion.
(Emphasis supplied). This appellate deference includes deferring to the trial judge on such
assessments as which outweighings are “substantial” and which are “less than substantial.”
In Oesby v. State as well, we commented on the abuse-of-discretion standard
especially in the context of weighing “probative value” against “unfair prejudice” pursuant
to Rule 5–403:
This final balancing between probative value and unfair prejudice is
something that is entrusted to the wide discretion of the trial judge. The
appellate standard of review, therefore, is the highly deferential abuse-of-
21
discretion standard. The fact that we might have struck the balance otherwise
is beside the point. We know of no case where a trial judge was ever held to
have abused his discretion in this final weighing process. As a practical
matter, that will almost never be held to have occurred. A properly
disciplined appellate court will not reverse an exercise of discretion because
it thinks the trial judge’s decision was wrong. That would be substituting its
judgment for that of the trial court, which is inappropriate if not forbidden.
Reversal should be reserved for those rare and bizarre exercises of discretion
that are, in the judgment of the appellate court, not only wrong but flagrantly
and outrageously so. In this case, we see no faint or distant glimmer of even
arguable abuse.
142 Md. App. at 167–68 (emphasis supplied). See also Parker v. State, 408 Md. 428, 437,
970 A.2d 320 (2009) (“‘When the trial judge’s ruling involves a weighing, we apply the
more deferential abuse of discretion standard.’”); Dehn v. Edgecombe, 384 Md. 606, 628–
29, 865 A.2d 603 (2005); Thomas v. State, 168 Md. App. 682, 713, 899 A.2d 170 (2006),
aff’d, 397 Md. 557, 919 A.2d 49 (2007); Malik v. State, 152 Md. App. 305, 324, 831 A.2d
1101, cert. denied, 378 Md. 618, 837 A.2d 929 (2003); North v. North, 102 Md. App. 1,
13–14, 648 A.2d 1025 (1994).
On appellate review, we do not, de novo, make close calls with respect to the
exercise of discretion. We approve many discretionary calls that we ourselves might not
have made. We reverse only egregiously bad calls as abuses of discretion. From this
meticulously limited and deliberately narrow reviewing platform, we now look to Judge
Jakubowski’s overruling of the appellant’s objection to the admissibility of the appellant’s
photograph based on Rule 5–403. We hold that she did not abuse her discretion.
The Appellant’s Facebook Picture
The argument and the ruling on the admissibility of State’s Exhibit 2, a Facebook
picture of the appellant, was brief and uneventful. Defense counsel made two arguments.
22
The first questioned the probative value of the photograph on the ground that it was not
needed as evidence because the identity of the appellant as the criminal agent was not
disputed.
So, my client’s identity is not in question here. The identity of the, of the
suspect in this case, in this case is not in dispute.
....
But considering the fact that again, I go back to we’re not disputing that my
client was the one that was in the woods with the woman. My client’s not,
you know, we’re not disputing any of that fact. So, in the absence of any
issue on identification, I don’t see how that is anything but duplicative.
(Emphasis supplied).
The second challenge was that the picture is prejudicial because the appellant is
“making a muscle.”
[C]ertainly if you look at it, it’s prejudicial in the manner in which it’s
utilized because now you’ve got my client making a muscle, trying to look
tough. And so, I think that there’s a potential of it being, having a prejudicial
effect.
(Emphasis supplied).
Judge Jakubowski’s ruling, admitting the photograph in evidence, was brief and to
the point.
The fact [is] that this particular witness, Mr. Dustin Archibald, sent this to
the police after he, he contacted them about Mr. Newman’s involvement in
this case. I do think it is probative. I do think it’s admissible. And I think the
probative value outweighs any prejudicial effect that you think, [Defense
Attorney], this may have on your client. And I’m going to allow it.
(Emphasis supplied). We affirm that ruling.
Probative Value
23
Relevant evidence inherently has probative value. Until alerted by Dustin
Archibald, the police had no idea that a crime had even been committed, let alone who
committed it. Dustin Archibald supplied both of those vital pieces of information. Although
Dustin had known the appellant for several years and may have known both his first and
last names, there was no indication that he was necessarily fully alert to “name, rank, and
serial number,” to wit, to home address, to workplace, to social security number, etc. Under
the circumstances, furnishing the police with a Facebook photograph of the appellant was
obviously valuable in helping them to establish the identity of the suspect. In this case,
moreover, the appellant expressly declines to challenge the relevance of the photograph.8
8
The appellant does not raise any challenge pursuant to Maryland Rule 5–402,
which provides that “all relevant evidence is admissible” and that “Evidence that is not
relevant is not admissible.” Is the appellant, therefore, being incongruous when he argues
in his appellate brief, page 13, that “the photo lacked any probative value?” We think not.
In looking at the full context of the appellant’s argument, it is indisputably clear that
the appellant’s challenge to “probative value” is not a challenge to the relevance of the
evidence. The appellant returns to his attack on “probative value” a dozen times, and on
each occasion the unmistakable thrust of the attack is exclusively on the State’s need for
the evidence. The identity of the defendant at the trial table with the criminal agent whose
actions the witnesses are describing is, by definition, relevant.
The State’s strategic or tactical need for any item of identifying evidence is an
entirely different matter, which we have discussed at length supra under the subhead “Need
For The Evidence As A Non-Factor.” The appellant treats “probative value” as
synonymous with “need.” The appellant makes no mention of “relevance.” The appellant
is not arguing that “the evidence is not relevant.” He is arguing that “the State already has
more than enough relevant evidence and does not need any more.” That is not a Rule 5–
402 challenge.
24
Access to the Facebook picture of the appellant, moreover, corroborated the fact
that there was a close and long-standing relationship between the appellant and at least two
members of the Archibald family.
Even in a case where the defendant might not be challenging the establishment of
his identity, it would still be incumbent on the State to prove the identity of the defendant
and to establish his criminal agency. As we have already fully discussed, the fact that any
particular item of evidence might not have been indispensable for that purpose would not
in any way diminish or erode its probative value. The State is not required to take a
minimalist approach.
The Absence Of Any Unfair Prejudice
We have examined closely State’s Exhibit 2 and do not find it in any way to be
“intimidating” or otherwise redolent of any unfair prejudice. That, of course, is not our job.
More pertinently, we cannot, therefore, hold that Judge Jakubowski abused her discretion
in not finding unfair prejudice. That, of course, was her job.
The picture is an 8” by 10” photograph of the upper body of the appellant. He is
looking straight at the camera and is wearing a shirt. He is, indeed, flexing his right bicep,
but in no way does he come across as some sort of grotesque body builder. The strong
upper body musculature shown in the picture simply reflected the robustly healthy young
man in his early 20’s, who was 6’2” tall and weighed 200 pounds, who sat at the trial table
in front of the jurors for four full days of trial. It is a good picture and, moreover, a pleasant
one. The appellant exhibits no anger or menace. He is not, as his counsel suggests,
“intimidating.” If anything, he is barely suppressing a wry smile, à la Mona Lisa. The
25
appellant does not suggest any way in which the picture of him would rouse or stir the
emotions of the jurors against him. The appellant utterly fails to identify what aspect of his
defense might have been adversely affected by the photograph.
When a defendant does not testify, moreover; does not offer any witness or other
evidence in his defense; and does not so much as give a statement to the police, it difficult
to discern exactly what, if anything, his defense is. It is a bit of a guessing game. Without
any unfair prejudice, of course, the rest of Rule 5–403’s analytic framework collapses.
Arca v. State And Banks v. State
In making his argument that the “unfair prejudice” in this case “substantially”
outweighed any possible “probative value,” the appellant relies exclusively and heavily on
Arca v. State, 71 Md. App. 102, 523 A.2d 1064, cert. denied, 310 Md. 276, 528 A.2d 1287
(1987), and Banks v. State, 84 Md. App. 582, 581 A.2d 439 (1990). It behooves us,
therefore, to give them at least brief mention.
At the outset, of course, it should be noted that those cases were decided, in 1987
and in 1990, at a time before Rule 5–403 had yet been adopted by the Court of Appeals in
1993. That chronology, however, is not so deflating of Arca and Banks as might at first
glance seem to be the case. Both Maryland Rule 5–403 and Federal Rule 403, on which
the Maryland Rule was based, were simply codifications of pre-existing common law.
Arguments that resonate in the language of Rule 5–403, therefore, are not at all inopportune
even if made before Rule 5–403 was promulgated.
Even thus rescued from anachronism, however, Arca and Banks are still not
remotely apposite to the present case. In both Arca and Banks, the police introduced a
26
photograph of the defendant for identification purposes. In each of those two cases,
however, the photograph had some additional content that raised the possible implication
that the defendant was more likely to have committed the crime than would have been the
case if the photograph had never been shown. There was thus an additional or
contaminating factor that transformed “legitimate prejudice” into “unfair prejudice.”
What was involved in Arca was a “mug shot” of the defendant. The trial court
initially made an effort to sanitize the “mug shot.”
At the court’s direction, Xerox copies of the photographs, with the chestplate
containing identification numbers covered over, were made and were given
to the jury in substitution for the actual photographs.
71 Md. App. at 104.
The Court of Special Appeals nonetheless concluded that what was introduced was
“obviously a police ‘mug shot’ of appellant.” Id. Judge Wilner’s opinion further explained:
Notwithstanding the court’s effort to ameliorate the prejudicial effect
of the photographs, the implication that appellant had prior police contact
remained strong.
....
[T]hough “doctored,” the photographs still showed the front and profile view
commonly associated with police “mug shots.”
71 Md. App. at 106 (emphasis supplied).
The Arca opinion explained that the prejudicial damage done by a “mug shot” is to
convey to the jury the likelihood that the defendant has a prior criminal record and may be
“consequently a bad person.”
With the defense being self-defense, the jury’s decision could well have been
influenced by the thought that appellant had a prior record and was
consequently a bad person.
27
Id. (Emphasis supplied).
The opinion had earlier explained that police photographs:
also have the potential for undue prejudice by alerting the jury to the distinct
possibility that the defendant has a prior police record, thereby taking on a
form of prohibited “other crimes” evidence.
71 Md. App. at 105 (emphasis supplied).9
The photograph of the appellant in the present case raised no such inference and did
not thereby constitute “unfair prejudice.”
In Banks, the gratuitously contaminating little “extra” was a gun. Banks actually
involved two identifying photographs, in each of which Banks was sporting a gun. The
opinion for this Court by Judge (later Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals) Bell described
the two photographs.
In one of the photographs the man is holding a small handgun in the palm of
his right hand and, while looking at it with what may be described as
admiration, pointing to it with his left. In the other, the man is holding the
gun, in his right hand, in an offensive manner, pointed upward, with his left
hand on his hip. In both photographs, the man’s shirt is half-in and half-out
of his trousers.
84 Md. App. at 585 n.2 (emphasis supplied).
In Banks, the crime for which the defendant was convicted was the distribution of
cocaine. Judge Bell’s opinion explained why, especially in such a case, placing a gun in
the hand of the defendant was so potentially damaging.
9
In contrast to Arca, see Straughn v. State, 297 Md. 329, 465 A.2d 1166 (1983),
which also involved a police “mug shot.” In Straughn, however, the “unfair prejudice”
generated by the “mug shot” did not outweigh “probative value” and the conviction was
affirmed. In Straughn the State’s need for the evidence was greater than in Arca and,
accordingly, the “probative value” was weightier.
28
Possession and, indeed, use of weapons, most notably, firearms, is commonly
associated with the drug culture; one who is involved in distribution of
narcotics, it is thought, a fortiori, would be more prone to possess, and/or use,
firearms, or other weapons, than a person not so involved.
84 Md. App. at 591 (emphasis supplied).
The “unfair prejudice” indisputably generated by the “mug shot” in Arca and by the
gun in Banks clearly had to be weighed against “probative value” before the challenged
photographs could be deemed either admissible or inadmissible in evidence. In this case,
by contrast, there was no “unfair prejudice” and the weighing process did not even come
into play. Neither Arca nor Banks turns us aside from our affirmance of Judge
Jakubowski’s ruling.10
A Jury Instruction On Voluntary Intoxication
The appellant’s second contention is that Judge Jakubowski erroneously gave to the
jury, at the State’s request, an instruction on voluntary intoxication that had not been
generated by the evidence. In Gimble v. State, 198 Md. App. 610, 627, 18 A.3d 955, cert.
denied, 421 Md. 193, 25 A.3d 1026 (2011), Judge Deborah Eyler set out our framework
for review of whether a trial judge was in error for giving, or for failing to give, a requested
jury instruction.
On review of a trial court’s ruling granting or declining a proposed
jury instruction, we consider whether the instruction was generated by the
evidence, whether it was a correct statement of law, and whether it otherwise
was fairly covered by the instructions actually given.
10
The grisly pictures of the decomposing body of Carlita Coleman would seem to
have been a more likely candidate for a Rule 5–403 challenge than the Facebook photo of
the appellant. Not necessarily a successful candidate, see Johnson v. State, 303 Md. 487,
503, 495 A.2d 1 (1985); Roebuck v. State, 148 Md. App. 563, 813 A.2d 342 (2002), cert.
denied, 374 Md. 84, 821 A.2d 371 (2003), but at least a more promising candidate.
29
(Emphasis supplied).
Because the contention now before us is one involving the affirmative giving of an
instruction rather than the failure to give an instruction, Gimble’s third inquiry is
inapposite.
The Instruction Was Correct
It is, of course, necessary that when the jury is instructed about a legal principle that
that instruction be correct. In this case, Judge Jakubowski first instructed the jury about the
fundamental proposition that generally voluntary intoxication does not excuse or justify
criminal conduct. She then went on to amplify that basic law with its limited exception as
she further explained the exonerating or at least extenuating effect that severe voluntary
intoxication can have on a specific intent crime.
You’ve also heard evidence that the defendant acted while intoxicated by
alcohol. You must now consider his mental state at the time of the act that
caused the death. Generally voluntary intoxication is not a defense and does
not excuse or justify criminal conduct. However, when charged with an
offense requiring a specific intent, the defendant cannot be guilty if he was
so intoxicated at the time of the act that he was unable to form the necessary
specific intent. A specific intent is a state of mind in which the defendant
intends that his act will cause a specific result. In this case, the defendant is
charged with first-degree and second-degree murder of Carlita Coleman.
Both of these offenses require evidence of specific intent to murder. If the
defendant was so intoxicated at the time of the act causing the death that he
was unable to form the necessary specific intent then you cannot find the
defendant guilty of any specific intent variety of murder. In order to convict
the defendant of a specific intent murder, the State must prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that the degree of intoxication did not prevent the defendant
from forming specific intent.
(Emphasis supplied).
30
The instruction then went on to explain that voluntary intoxication, no matter how
severe, is no defense to a crime requiring a mere general intent. Both depraved heart murder
and involuntary manslaughter of the gross criminal negligence variety are mere general
intent crimes on which voluntary intoxication would have no erosive effect. See Cirincione
v. State, 75 Md. App. 166, 171 n.1, 540 A.2d 1151, cert. denied, 313 Md. 611, 547 A.2d
188 (1988).
If you find the defendant guilty of specific intent murder do not address what
I’m going to talk to you about next, which is depraved heart murder or
involuntary manslaughter. If on the other hand, in light of the defendant’s
intoxication, the State did not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the
defendant had the necessary specific intent when he did act, then you go on
to consider depraved heart murder, which is the next instruction. So, the
defendant is also charged with second-degree depraved heart murder.
Second-degree depraved heart murder is the killing another person while
acting with an extreme disregard for human life. Voluntary intoxication is
not a defense to second-degree depraved heart murder because that variety
of murder does not require specific intent.
(Emphasis supplied).
We carry coals to Newcastle in noting that the instruction was eminently correct.
The appellant does not even challenge its correctness.
The Evidence Generated The Instruction
The second prerequisite is that the jury instruction in issue shall have been generated
by the evidence. In this case, the evidence to support the intoxication instruction was
abundant. Early in the afternoon of October 15, the appellant was one of three persons who
consumed a water bottle filled with vodka. The same threesome, shortly thereafter, drank
half a bottle of wine. The appellant and Carlita finished the major part of another gallon of
vodka. Dustin Archibald described the appellant as “under the influence” when Dustin left
31
the park. Reba Archibald described both the appellant and Carlita as being “both flat out
drunk.” The appellant later told Dustin Archibald that he “blacked out” during the fight
with Carlita. He also told Keaton Holliday that he “blacked out” when Carlita hit him and
he put her in a chokehold and that he “didn’t come back through until her arms stopped
shaking.”
In closing argument, moreover, defense counsel reminded the jurors, in lurid detail,
of how much the appellant had had to drink. He admonished them to consider the extent to
which the appellant’s judgment was inevitably clouded by alcohol, clouded to the point of
relieving him of criminal responsibility. This was the very heart of the defense case. It was
imperative that the jury be informed as to the legal effect of voluntary intoxication, at any
level, on the criminal responsibility of the appellant. The evidence overwhelmingly
generated the instruction. This was in no sense a close call.
Voluntary Intoxication And Specific Intent
In terms of the pertinence of the instruction on the legal effect of voluntary
intoxication, that pertinence may be found at two different levels, a highly nuanced level
and a far more fundamental level. We will look first at the more nuanced level.
The jurors in this case, as factfinders, had few disputed facts to find. Carlita
Coleman was dead as a result of having been strangled by the appellant. There was no issue
as to “Who dunnit?” The only issue for factfinding that might have had an influence on the
ultimate verdict was that of “Why he dunnit?” A guilty verdict as to some variety of
criminal homicide was a foregone conclusion. In the labyrinth of almost a dozen different
32
kinds and degrees of criminal homicide, however, where would the critical mens rea of the
appellant be found to have been?
On the facts of the case, moreover, the State was indisputably entitled to the benefit
of the instruction. It was entirely conceivable that the appellant’s state of voluntary
intoxication was so extreme that the jury could readily have found that he was incapable
of forming a specific intent. Such a finding would have precluded his being convicted of
either first-degree or second-degree murder of the specific intent-to-kill variety. It was to
protect itself against this possibility that the State included into the charges going to the
jury possible convictions of depraved heart second-degree murder and its junior varsity
counterpart, involuntary manslaughter of the gross criminal negligence variety. Both of
these are mere general intent crimes and no amount of voluntary intoxication could
preclude convictions for them.
From the State’s point of view, therefore, the facts of this case made the instruction
on the critically different impacts that voluntary intoxication might have on a defendant’s
specific intent and on his general intent absolutely essential. It could save second-degree
murder on the depraved heart theory even if it lost both first-degree murder and second-
degree murder on the specific intent to kill theory. The State was entitled to the instruction.
Voluntary Intoxication Generally
Let us now move the voluntary intoxication issue out of the stratosphere and down
to earth. Long before we even get to the arguably arcane distinction between specific intent
and general intent, the instructing of the jury on the legal effect of voluntary intoxication
was critically important at a far more fundamental level. Throughout the trial and then
33
relentlessly in closing argument, the consistent defense thesis was that the appellant was
too intoxicated to be criminally responsible for his actions and that his killing of Carlita
Coleman was somehow an unfortunate accident. A legally untrained jury could well have
accepted such an erroneous but seemingly plausible argument. Defense counsel was
certainly urging it to do so. At times in closing argument to the jury, defense counsel
seemed to be suggesting that the appellant was, indeed, in a very compromised mental
condition because of excessive drinking.
But then when you start talking about a half-gallon of vodka, drunken sex,
someone acting out, any response to that it gets, it’s not an easy thing to have
to do.
....
Now, we’re assuming that my client who has a half-gallon of vodka after a
bottle of vodka, after a half-bottle of wine can say definitively how much
time. Because perception of time I think we all would agree that when you’ve
been drinking is a little bit off.
(Emphasis supplied). The appellant was clearly asking the jury to consider his severe
intoxication.
The controlling law, however, is 180° otherwise. Long before getting to the point
where severe voluntary intoxication may preclude the forming of specific (but not general)
intent, the much older and more basic principle of law is that voluntary intoxication is no
excuse. A voluntarily intoxicated individual is as fully responsible for his criminal actions
as is a person who is completely sober. State v. Gover, 267 Md. 602, 606, 298 A.2d 378
(1973).
A jury, quite obviously, needs to know of this basic precept, especially where
defense counsel is encouraging it to take the opposite approach. An adequately instructed
34
jury would never buy the theory urged upon it by the defense. An untutored jury might.
The defense contention now would seem to be that the jury should have been left in
ignorance of the highly relevant and controlling law of voluntary intoxication. Unaware
that voluntary intoxication is no excuse for criminal behavior, an unguided jury could have
set this appellant free and dismissed the death of Carlita Coleman as an unfortunate
accident. There is, however, no due process right to an unenlightened jury.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED; COSTS
TO BE PAID BY THE APPELLANT.
35