State v. Farley , 2018 Ohio 1466 ( 2018 )

[Cite as State v. Farley, 2018-Ohio-1466.]
COURT OF APPEALS
STARK COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
STATE OF OHIO : JUDGES:
: Hon. John W. Wise, P.J.
Plaintiff-Appellee : Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
: Hon. Earle E. Wise, Jr., J.
-vs- :
:
SCOTT FAREY : Case No. 2017CA00137
:
Defendant-Appellant : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Massillon Municipal
Court, Stark County, Ohio,
Case No. 2016CR0090
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT: April 16, 2018
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant
ANTHONY LAPENNA JEFFRY V. SERRA
Massillon Prosecutor's Office The Ferruccio Law Firm
Two James Duncan Plaza 301 Cleveland Avenue N.W.
Massillon, OH 44646 Canton, OH 44702
Stark County, Case No. 2017CA00137 2
Wise, Earle, J.
{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant Scott Farey appeals the June 12, 2017 decision of the
Massillon Municipal Court, Stark County, Ohio, overruling his motion to suppress.
Plaintiff-appellee is the State of Ohio.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
{¶ 2} On November 24, 2016 at 12:20 a.m., Lieutenant Haymaker of the Ohio
State Highway Patrol was conducting routine patrol. He noticed appellant travelling at
what appeared to be faster than the posted limit of 40 miles per hour. Lt. Haymaker
followed appellant's vehicle and activated his ground radar. He clocked appellant
traveling at 49 miles per hour. He further noted a slight sideways movement of the vehicle,
but appellant never left his lane of travel. Lt. Haymaker activated his overhead lights and
pulled appellant over.
{¶ 3} Upon making contact with appellant, Lt. Haymaker noticed appellant
smelled of alcohol, had glassy bloodshot eyes and a flushed face. Asked where he was
coming from, appellant stated he had just picked his girlfriend up from a bar. Appellant
denied he had been drinking. Appellant's speech and motions were slow as he gave Lt.
Haymaker his license.
{¶ 4} Lt. Haymaker preformed a preliminary horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN)
test while appellant was still seated in his vehicle and noted nystagmus present. He asked
appellant if he was sure he had not been drinking, and appellant responded he had one
drink while waiting for his girlfriend.
{¶ 5} Based on his observations and appellant's changing alcohol consumption
claim, Lt. Haymaker asked appellant to exit his vehicle for field sobriety testing. He first
Stark County, Case No. 2017CA00137 3
placed appellant in his cruiser to preform complete HGN testing. Appellant exhibited six
of six clues. Lt. Haymaker had appellant preform two other tests. He observed one of five
clues on the one-legged stand and two of eight clues on walk and turn. He placed
appellant under arrest and transported him to the Highway Patrol post. On the way,
appellant stated he had two beers and had smoked marijuana around 8:00 p.m.
{¶ 6} At the post, appellant submitted to a breath alcohol test, and at .073, was
under the legal limit for alcohol.
{¶ 7} Appellant also provided a urine sample which was sent to the Ohio State
Highway Patrol laboratory for testing. Appellant's urine later tested positive for cocaine
and marijuana.
{¶ 8} Appellant was cited for speeding in violation of R.C. 4511.21(C) and
operating a vehicle under the influence of alcohol or drugs (OVI) in violation of R.C.
4511.19(A)(1)(a). He entered pleas of not guilty and filed a motion to suppress. Appellant
argued Lt. Haymaker had no reasonable, articulable suspicion to ask him to exit his
vehicle to preform sobriety tests, and no probable cause to arrest him for OVI.
{¶ 9} On May 18, 2017, a hearing was held on the matter. The state presented
evidence from Lt. Haymaker as well as Edward Yingling of the Ohio State Highway
Patrol's crime lab.
{¶ 10} Yingling testified appellant's urine contained prohibited amounts of both
marijuana and cocaine. Under R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a), the per se limit for marijuana
metabolite levels in urine is 35 nanograms per milliliter. Appellant's urine contained 114
nanograms per milliliter.
Stark County, Case No. 2017CA00137 4
{¶ 11} As for cocaine, the per se limit is 150 nanograms per milliliter. Yingling
testified appellant's urine contained 646 nanograms per milliliter. Appellant's urine also
contained benzoylecgonine, a metabolite of cocaine. The per se cocaine metabolite level
is 150 nanograms per milliliter. Yingling found that appellant's urine contained 1700
nanograms per milliliter.
{¶ 12} After hearing the evidence, the trial court found on the record:
* * * I think the stop was fine. I think there was speed. I saw [appellant]
pulling away and so I think there was a reasonable suspicion for the stop
um regardless of any lane violation that I didn’t see or movement that I didn’t
see. When he got [to appellant's vehicle] he noticed obviously a smell of an
odor of alcohol, defendant having denied drinking at all, but noticed his eyes
were glassy, flushed face um later the defendant admitted to one drink, then
two drinks um his speech sounded really slow to me um he had a hard time
or took time finding his operator's license. I thought there was a reasonable
suspicion to remove him from the vehicle. The HGN * * *, he found six out
of six clues. The walk and turn test and the one-leg stand test um he did
them about as well as I think you could probably do them, so I think there
may have … there was an initial um fall, not fall, but movement of his feet
on the walk and turn test, but then he performed the test, I thought, perfectly.
And yeah the turn wasn't exactly right, but he did a quicker turn than he's
supposed to do and he kept his balance through it all, so I thought he did
that well * * * .I thought he did well on the one-leg stand. I don't think that
Stark County, Case No. 2017CA00137 5
gave it probable cause. I think probable cause was found because of the
initial reasons for getting him out of the car um the smell of alcohol, the not
telling the truth about the drinking and that the HGN um six out of six clues
and it just didn't add up with the flush face and the slow speed, so I thought
he was right to take him and test him.
{¶ 13} On June 12, 2017, the trial court issued its judgment finding reasonable
articulable suspicion for the stop, adequate indicia of impairment to continue the
investigation, and from the totality of the circumstances, probable cause to arrest.
{¶ 14} Appellant entered a plea of no contest. The trial court found appellant guilty
and convicted him. Appellant was then sentenced to 180 days in the Stark County Jail
with 110 days suspended. For the balance, appellant was ordered to serve 10 days in the
Stark County Jail and 60 days of electronically monitored house arrest. Appellant's
operator's license was suspended for three years and assessed 6 points. He was ordered
to obtain a drug and alcohol assessment and follow all treatment recommendations.
Finally, appellant was ordered to pay a fine and court costs.
{¶ 15} With the exception of the operator's license suspension, appellant's
sentence was stayed pending this appeal. Appellant raises two assignments of error:
I
{¶ 16} "THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING THE APPELLANT'S MOTION
TO SUPPRESS EVIDENCE BECAUSE LIEUTENANT HAYMAKER LACKED A
REASONABLE, ARTICULABLE SUSPICION THAT THE APPELLANT WAS DRIVING
UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL AND/OR DRUGS TO REQUEST THE
Stark County, Case No. 2017CA00137 6
APPELLANT TO EXIT HIS VEHICLE TO PERFORM FIELD SOBRIETY TESTS IN
VIOLATION OF THE APPELLANT'S RIGHTS UNDER THE FOURTH AND
FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES."
II
{¶ 17} "THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING THE APPELLANT'S MOTION
TO SUPPRESS EVIDENCE BECAUSE THE ARRESTING OFFICER LACKED
PROBABLE CAUSE TO ARREST THE APPELLANT FOR OVI."
{¶ 18} First, as stated by the Supreme Court of Ohio in State v. Leak, 145 Ohio
St.3d 165, 2016-Ohio-154, 47 N.E.3d 821, ¶ 12:
"Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question of law
and fact." State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St. 3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797
N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8. In ruling on a motion to suppress, "the trial court assumes
the role of trier of fact and is therefore in the best position to resolve factual
questions and evaluate the credibility of witnesses." Id., citing State v. Mills,
62 Ohio St. 3d 357, 366, 582 N.E.2d 972 (1992). On appeal, we "must
accept the trial court's findings of fact if they are supported by competent,
credible evidence." Id., citing State v. Fanning, 1 Ohio St. 3d 19, 20, 437
N.E.2d 583 (1982). Accepting those facts as true, we must then
"independently determine as a matter of law, without deference to the
conclusion of the trial court, whether the facts satisfy the applicable legal
standard." Id.
Stark County, Case No. 2017CA00137 7
{¶ 19} As the United States Supreme Court held in Ornelas v. U.S., 517 U.S. 690,
116 S. Ct. 1657, 1663, 134 L. Ed. 2d 94 (1996), "…as a general matter determinations of
reasonable suspicion and probable cause should be reviewed de novo on appeal."
REASONABLE SUSPICION FOR FIELD SOBRIETY TESTING
{¶ 20} In his first assignment of error, appellant claims the trial court erred in
overruling his motion to suppress because Lt. Haymaker lacked reasonable, articulable
suspicion that appellant was impaired, and therefore could not further detain him for field
sobriety testing. We disagree.
{¶ 21} In reviewing whether such testing was proper, we apply a “totality of the
circumstances” approach. See, e.g., State v. Locker, 5th Dist. Stark App. No.
2015CA00050, 2015-Ohio-4953, ¶ 36, citing State v. Freeman (1980), 64 Ohio St. 2d 291,
414 N.E.2d 1044 (1980).
{¶ 22} “Requiring a driver to submit to a field sobriety test constitutes a seizure
within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. Courts have generally held that the
intrusion on the driver's liberty resulting from a field sobriety test is minor, and the officer
therefore need only have reasonable suspicion that the driver is under the influence of
alcohol in order to conduct a field sobriety test.” State v. Bright, 5th Dist. Guernsey
No.2009-CA-28, 2010-Ohio-1111, ¶ 17, citing State v. Knox, 2nd Dist. Greene No.2005-
CA-74, 2006-Ohio-3039.
{¶ 23} An officer may not request a motorist to perform field sobriety tests unless
the request is independently justified by reasonable suspicion based upon articulable
facts that the motorist is intoxicated. State v. Evans, 127 Ohio App. 3d 56, 62, 711 N.E.2d
761 (1998), citing State v. Yemma, 11th Dist. Portage App. No. 95-P-0156, 1996 WL
Stark County, Case No. 2017CA00137 8
495076 (Aug. 9, 1996). “Reasonable suspicion is “* * * something more than an inchoate
or unparticularized suspicion or hunch, but less than the level of suspicion required for
probable cause.” State v. Shepherd, 122 Ohio App. 3d 358, 364, 701 N.E.2d 778 (1997).
“A court will analyze the reasonableness of the request based on the totality of the
circumstances, viewed through the eyes of a reasonable and prudent police officer on the
scene who must react to events as they unfold.” Village of Kirtland Hills v. Strogin, 6th
Dist. Lake App. No.2005-L-073, 2006-Ohio-1450, ¶ 13, citing, Village of Waite Hill v.
Popovich, 6th Dist. Lake App. No.2001-L-227, 2003-Ohio-1587, ¶ 14.
{¶ 24} “Where a non-investigatory stop is initiated and the odor of alcohol is
combined with glassy or bloodshot eyes and further indicia of intoxication, such as an
admission of having consumed alcohol, reasonable suspicion exists.” State v. Strope, 5th
Dist. Fairfield No. 08 CA 50, 2009-Ohio-3849 ¶ 19.
{¶ 25} Appellant cites to this court's decision in State v. Hall, 5th Dist. Stark No.
2015CA00213, 2016-Ohio-5787 in support of his argument that Lt. Haymaker lacked
reasonable suspicion to conduct field sobriety tests. In Hall, we concluded that red,
watery, bloodshot eyes and an odor of alcohol, without additional indicia of intoxication,
did not give the officer reasonable suspicion the driver was under the influence when the
stop was for a single marked lanes violation made during a left turn, without speeding or
additional swerving. In this case, however, appellant was stopped for speeding at 12:20
a.m., had an odor of alcohol, slow speech, lethargic movements as he retrieved his
license for the trooper, glassy, bloodshot eyes, and a flushed face. Appellant stated he
had just picked his girlfriend up from a bar and initially denied drinking, but then stated he
Stark County, Case No. 2017CA00137 9
had one beer while he was at the bar. T. 13-15. We therefore find the evidence in this
matter differs from that in Hall.
{¶ 26} Appellant further notes that there was no testimony presented as to the
intensity of the odor of alcohol. Odor of alcohol, however, is but one consideration in an
officer's decision to administer field sobriety tests. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) prohibits driving
under the influence both alcohol and drugs. As was borne out in this matter, a motorist
may display signs of intoxication from prohibited levels of substances other than alcohol.
{¶ 27} In State v. Ciminello, 5th Dist. Ashland No. 17-COA-030, 2018-Ohio-467,
we were presented with a nearly factually identical scenario. In that matter appellant was
stopped for travelling between 5 and 11 miles over the speed limit at 2:09 a.m. Appellant
had a moderate odor of alcohol, glassy red eyes and stated she was coming from picking
up her friend at a drinking establishment. She initially denied drinking herself, then
admitted to consuming one beer. The trooper then asked appellant to preform field
sobriety testing. On appeal, appellant argued the officer lacked reasonable, articulable
suspicion to administer field sobriety tests. We found, however, based on the totality of
the circumstances, the trooper "relied on specific articulable facts giving rise to a
reasonable suspicion appellant was driving under the influence; justifying an extension of
the initial detention for the performance of field sobriety testing." Ciminello ¶ 25.
{¶ 28} We reach the same conclusion here. Lt. Haymaker also relied on specific
articulable facts to justify the administration of field sobriety tests. Appellant’s first of
assignment of error is therefore is not well taken.
Stark County, Case No. 2017CA00137 10
PROBABLE CAUSE TO ARREST
{¶ 29} In his second assignment, appellant argues trial court erred in finding that
Lt. Haymaker had probable cause to arrest. We disagree.
{¶ 30} A police officer has probable cause for an arrest if the facts and
circumstances within his knowledge are sufficient to cause a reasonably prudent person
to believe that the defendant has committed the offense. State v. Cummings, 5th Dist.No.
2005-CA-00295, 2006-Ohio-2431, ¶ 15, citing State v. Heston, 29 Ohio St. 2d 152, 280
N.E.2d 376 (1972). In making this determination, the trial court must examine the totality
of facts and circumstances surrounding the arrest. See State v. Miller, 117 Ohio App. 3d
750, 761, 691 N.E.2d 703 (11th Dist.1997); State v. Brandenburg, 41 Ohio App. 3d 109,
111, 534 N.E.2d 906 (2nd Dist.1987).
{¶ 31} Appellant cites the trial court’s findings on his good performance on two of
the field sobriety tests. As noted above, upon review of the video tape of the incident, the
trial court found that appellant did exceptionally well on the one leg stand and the walk
and turn tests. While these are factors to be considered in appellant’s favor they do not
constitute the entire calculus in the totality of the circumstances test. Probable cause does
not necessarily have to be based, in whole or in part, upon a suspect's good or poor
performance on one or more field sobriety tests. Poor performance on one test and
adequate performance on others may establish probable cause to arrest. State v. Elam,
5th Dist. Licking App. No. 13-CA-89, 2014-Ohio-1666 ¶ 12-14. Or, as we noted in State
v. Tipple, 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 16CA33, 2017-Ohio-2774 ¶ 19:
Stark County, Case No. 2017CA00137 11
The totality of the facts and circumstances can support a finding of probable
cause to arrest even where no field sobriety tests were administered. State
v. Homan, 89 Ohio St. 3d 421, 732 N.E.2d 952 (2000), superseded by
statute on other grounds as stated in State v. Boczar, 113 Ohio St. 3d 148,
863 N.E.2d 155, 2007-Ohio-1251. In Homan, the facts which supported a
finding of probable cause to arrest for driving under the influence were: red
and glassy eyes, breath which smelled of alcohol, erratic driving and an
admission that the suspect had consumed alcohol.
{¶ 32} Appellant here exhibited six of six clues on the HGN test. The HGN test is
a reliable test for determining if a person in under the influence. State v. Bresson, 51 Ohio
St.3d 123, 129, 554 N.E.2d 1330. Failure of an HGN test, combined with an odor of
alcohol and an admission to consuming alcohol, even without conducting other field
sobriety tests, had been found to constitute probable cause to arrest. Tallmadge v.
McCoy, 96 Ohio App. 3d 604, 610, 645 N.E.2d 802.
{¶ 33} Appellant also argues the video in this matter shows no erratic driving or
weaving, and that there was no testimony from Lt. Haymaker that speeding was indicative
of driving under the influence. In State v. Carter, 5th Dist. No. 2013CA00036, 2013-Ohio-
5153, ¶ 14, we found that speeding was an indication of erratic driving. However, in Carter
the defendant was traveling 56 mph in a 35 mph zone on a snowy road where the officer
testified the speed was unreasonable for the conditions. Id. We are not prepared to say
that every speed violation is erratic driving. We have reviewed the testimony and the video
in this case we do not find erratic driving here.
Stark County, Case No. 2017CA00137 12
{¶ 34} Additionally, it was not necessary for Lt. Haymaker to observe poor driving
performance in order to place appellant under arrest for driving under the influence when
all the facts and circumstances lead to the conclusion that appellant was impaired. State
v. Harrop, 5th Dist. No. CT2000-0026, unreported, 2001 WL 815538, (July 2, 2001), *2.
{¶ 35} Lt. Haymaker testified that upon approaching the vehicle he observed five
indicators of intoxication. He smelled an odor of alcohol about the vehicle, appellant’s
speech was slow, his motions while looking for his operator’s license were lethargic, his
eyes were glassy and bloodshot, and his face was flushed. T. 12-13. Appellant initially
said he had not had any alcohol to drink, but when asked a second time he admitted that
he recently had one drink. T. 13-14. Lt. Haymaker testified that appellant performed poorly
on the HGN exhibiting six clues, two clues on the walk and turn and one clue on the one
leg stand. T. 19-23. After the field sobriety test were conducted, Lt. Haymaker is heard
on the video tape telling the appellant that, “you reek of alcohol” and emphasized that,
“the clues I’m looking for in your eyes are very very distinct.”
{¶ 36} While this matter represents a close call, we nonetheless find the totality of
these observations adequate to establish probable cause to arrest appellant for operating
his vehicle under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
Stark County, Case No. 2017CA00137 13
{¶ 37} The judgment of the Massillon Municipal court is affirmed.
By Wise, Earle, J.
Wise, John, P.J. and
Baldwin, J. concur.
EEW/rw037