State v. Schadhauser , 2018 Ohio 3282 ( 2018 )

[Cite as State v. Schadhauser, 2018-Ohio-3282.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
William Schadhauser, :
Plaintiff-Appellant, : No. 17AP-794
(Ct. of Cl. No. 2016-349)
v. :
(REGULAR CALENDAR)
Ohio Department of :
Rehabilitation and Correction,
:
Defendant-Appellee.
:
William Spikes,
:
Plaintiff-Appellant, No. 17AP-795
: (Ct. of Cl. No. 2016-423)
v.
: (REGULAR CALENDAR)
Ohio Department of
Rehabilitation and Correction, :
Defendant-Appellee. :
Jared T. Ferguson, :
Plaintiff-Appellant, : No. 17AP-796
(Ct. of Cl. No. 2016-657)
v. :
(REGULAR CALENDAR)
Ohio Department of :
Rehabilitation and Correction,
:
Defendant-Appellee.
:
D E C I S I O N
Rendered on August 16, 2018
Nos. 17AP-794, 17AP-795, and 17AP-796 2
On brief: Swope and Swope, and Richard F. Swope, for
appellants. Argued: Richard F. Swope.
On brief: Michael DeWine, Attorney General, Jeanna V.
Jacobus, and Peter E. DeMarco, for appellee. Argued:
Peter E. DeMarco.
APPEALS from the Court of Claims of Ohio
LUPER SCHUSTER, J.
{¶ 1} Plaintiffs-appellants, William Schadhauser, William Spikes, and Jared T.
Ferguson, appeal from an entry of the Court of Claims of Ohio granting the motion for
summary judgment of defendant-appellee, Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and
Correction ("ODRC"). For the following reasons, we affirm.
I. Facts and Procedural History
{¶ 2} In April 2016, appellants each filed an individual complaint against ODRC
asserting a negligence claim. Appellants are all inmates or prior inmates of ODRC once
housed at Chillicothe Correctional Institution ("CCI"), and each of the individual
appellants have been diagnosed with a medical condition known as histoplasmosis.
Appellants alleged in their complaints that they contracted histoplasmosis due to their
exposure to pigeon feces while incarcerated at CCI. The three complaints alleged ODRC
had a duty to eliminate the pigeons or more thoroughly clean up the pigeon feces and that
ODRC's failure to do so was a breach of a duty that proximately caused appellants'
histoplasmosis. ODRC answered in each case, denying any negligence. The trial court
then consolidated all three cases.
{¶ 3} Upon setting a trial schedule, the trial court imposed an expert disclosure
deadline for appellants of March 1, 2017. After several extensions, the final date by which
to disclose expert witnesses was July 24, 2017. Appellants never submitted a list of
experts or any expert reports. As a result, on August 9, 2017, ODRC moved for summary
judgment, arguing appellants could not prove their claims without expert opinions.
Appellants responded with an August 29, 2017 memorandum contra in which they cited
only the affidavits of the individual appellants and their attorney but did not provide any
medical records or expert opinions to the court.
Nos. 17AP-794, 17AP-795, and 17AP-796 3
{¶ 4} Subsequently, the trial court granted ODRC's motion for summary
judgment. The trial court noted that expert testimony is required to establish appellants
contracted histoplasmosis as a proximate result of their exposure to pigeon feces while
incarcerated at CCI. Because appellants failed to disclose any expert witnesses or copies
of expert reports, the trial court concluded appellants' negligence claims must fail.
Additionally, the trial court refuted appellants' claim that an alleged "admission" from an
unidentified treating physician contained in appellants' affidavits was sufficient to
constitute an expert opinion. (Oct. 11, 2017 Entry at 7.) For these reasons, the trial court
granted ODRC's motion for summary judgment, journalizing its decision in an October 11,
2017 entry. Appellants timely appeal.
II. Assignment of Error
{¶ 5} Appellants assign the following error for our review:
The trial court erred when it granted defendant-appellee's
motion for summary judgment.
III. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
{¶ 6} An appellate court reviews summary judgment under a de novo standard.
Coventry Twp. v. Ecker, 101 Ohio App. 3d 38, 41 (9th Dist.1995); Koos v. Cent. Ohio
Cellular, Inc., 94 Ohio App. 3d 579, 588 (8th Dist.1994). Summary judgment is
appropriate only when the moving party demonstrates (1) no genuine issue of material
fact exists, (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and
(3) reasonable minds could come to but one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse to
the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is made, that party being
entitled to have the evidence most strongly construed in its favor. Civ.R. 56(C); State ex
rel. Grady v. State Emp. Relations Bd., 78 Ohio St. 3d 181, 183 (1997).
{¶ 7} Pursuant to Civ.R. 56(C), the moving party bears the initial burden of
informing the trial court of the basis for the motion and identifying those portions of the
record demonstrating the absence of a material fact. Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St. 3d 280,
293 (1996). However, the moving party cannot discharge its initial burden under this rule
with a conclusory assertion that the nonmoving party has no evidence to prove its case;
the moving party must specifically point to evidence of the type listed in Civ.R. 56(C)
affirmatively demonstrating that the nonmoving party has no evidence to support the
Nos. 17AP-794, 17AP-795, and 17AP-796 4
nonmoving party's claims. Id.; Vahila v. Hall, 77 Ohio St. 3d 421, 429 (1997). Once the
moving party discharges its initial burden, summary judgment is appropriate if the
nonmoving party does not respond, by affidavit or as otherwise provided in Civ.R. 56,
with specific facts showing that a genuine issue exists for trial. Dresher at 293; Vahila at
430; Civ.R. 56(E).
IV. Discussion
{¶ 8} In their sole assignment of error, appellants argue the trial court erred in
granting ODRC's motion for summary judgment. More specifically, appellants argue they
provided sufficient evidence in opposition to ODRC's motion for summary judgment to
create a genuine issue of material fact.
{¶ 9} To establish a claim of actionable negligence, appellants must prove, by a
preponderance of the evidence, that ODRC owed them a duty, that ODRC's acts or
omissions resulted in a breach of that duty, and that the breach proximately caused their
injuries. Harris v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. No. 13AP-466, 2013-Ohio-
5714, ¶ 9, citing Armstrong v. Best Buy Co., Inc., 99 Ohio St. 3d 79, 2003-Ohio-2573, ¶ 8.
" 'In the context of a custodial relationship between the state and its prisoners, the state
owes a common-law duty of reasonable care and protection from unreasonable risks.' "
Franks v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. No. 12AP-442, 2013-Ohio-1519, ¶ 17,
quoting Woods v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 130 Ohio App. 3d 742, 745 (10th
Dist.1998). However, the state is not an insurer of an inmate's safety and "owes the duty
of ordinary care only to inmates who are foreseeably at risk." Harris at ¶ 9, citing Franks
at ¶ 17.
{¶ 10} Appellants asserted in their negligence claims that ODRC had a duty to keep
pigeons away from CCI or to achieve the removal of pigeon feces from the premises of CCI
and that because ODRC breached that duty, appellants contracted histoplasmosis as a
proximate result. The trial court granted ODRC's motion for summary judgment on the
basis that appellants did not submit sufficient evidence of the type contemplated in Civ.R.
56 as to the causation of their histoplasmosis. While a plaintiff may rely on circumstantial
evidence to establish proximate causation, " ' "there must be evidence of circumstances
which will establish with some degree of certainty that the alleged negligent acts caused
the injury." ' " Harris at ¶ 15, quoting Mills v. Best Western Springdale, 10th Dist. No.
Nos. 17AP-794, 17AP-795, and 17AP-796 5
08AP-1022, 2009-Ohio-2901, ¶ 20, quoting Woodworth v. New York Cent. R.R. Co., 149
Ohio St. 543, 549 (1948). "It is well-established that when only speculation and
conjecture is presented to establish proximate causation, the negligence claim has failed
as a matter of law." Harris at ¶ 15, citing Mills at ¶ 20.
{¶ 11} In general, an issue that involves a question of scientific inquiry that is not
within the knowledge of layperson is an issue that requires expert testimony to prove.
Harris at ¶ 16, citing Stacey v. Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., 156 Ohio St. 205 (1951). See
also Mills at ¶ 22 ("[u]nless a matter is within the comprehension of a layperson, expert
testimony is necessary" under Evid.R. 702 and 703, as "[e]xperts have the knowledge,
training and experience to enlighten the jury concerning the facts and their opinion
regarding the facts"), citing Ramage v. Cent. Ohio Emergency Servs. Inc., 64 Ohio St. 3d
97, 102 (1992). As this court has noted, the mechanisms for contracting specific medical
conditions typically are not within the knowledge of a layperson. Harris at ¶ 17 (noting
the mechanisms for contracting methicillin-resistant staphylococcus arueus infection and
information regarding how it is transmitted require expert testimony). More specifically
here, the causes and intricacies of histoplasmosis are not within the knowledge of a
layperson and require expert testimony to establish.
{¶ 12} An independent review of the record indicates appellants did not submit the
names of any expert witnesses or include the reports of any expert witnesses to establish
the causation of appellants' histoplasmosis. In its motion for summary judgment, ODRC
noted the trial court's deadline for the disclosure of expert witnesses had passed without
appellants having filed the names of any experts or any expert reports. Thus, based on
appellants' theory of negligence, we conclude ODRC met its initial burden on summary
judgment on the issue of proximate cause, giving rise to appellants' reciprocal burden
under Civ.R. 56(E).
{¶ 13} Despite appellants' failure to disclose the names of any expert witnesses or
include any expert reports in their response to ODRC's motion for summary judgment,
appellants nonetheless argue their personal affidavits submitted in their memorandum
contra ODRC's motion for summary judgment contained sufficient evidence of causation
to create a genuine issue of material fact for trial. In his affidavit, Spikes avers that
unnamed doctors from the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center "told [him] the
Nos. 17AP-794, 17AP-795, and 17AP-796 6
exposure to bird droppings at [CCI] caused [his] [h]istoplasmosis." (Spikes Aff. At ¶ 8.)
Ferguson's affidavit contains an averment that a physician from Ohio State he identifies
only as Dr. McGuire "diagnosed [him] with [h]istoplasmosis, asking if there was a large
pigeon population." (Ferguson Aff. at ¶ 6.) Finally, Schadhauser's affidavit contains an
averment that while his attorney "was unable to find a local expert in the field of
[h]istoplasmosis," Schadhauser "firmly believe[s] it was from the exposure to bird
droppings at [CCI]" that caused his condition and that "[d]octors at the prison would
acknowledge the pigeon droppings and [his] exposure did cause [his] condition."
(Schadhauser Aff. at ¶ 5.)
{¶ 14} These averments are insufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact
regarding causation under Civ.R. 56(E). First, the statements attributed to people other
than the affiant are hearsay. " '[H]earsay statements, unless an exception to the hearsay
rule, are not admissible evidence in a summary judgment context.' " Ocwen Loan
Servicing, LLC v. Graf, 10th Dist. No. 17AP-361, 2018-Ohio-2411, ¶ 38, quoting Guernsey
Bank v. Milano Sports Enters., LLC, 177 Ohio App. 3d 314, 2008-Ohio-2420, ¶ 59 (10th
Dist.). Though appellants attempt to frame these statements as "admissions" of a party-
opponent, presumably in an attempt to render them admissible under Evid.R. 801(D)(2),
the statements were not made by ODRC.
{¶ 15} Moreover, even if we were to deem the proffered statements somehow
admissible, the statements do not rise to the level of an expert opinion. Pursuant to
Evid.R. 702(B), a witness may testify as an expert when the witness qualifies as an expert
by "specialized knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education regarding the subject
matter of the testimony." Jarvis v. Hasan, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-578, 2015-Ohio-1779,
¶ 25, citing State v. Roush, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-201, 2013-Ohio-3162, ¶ 44. Appellants'
affidavits offered no information regarding the qualifications of the unnamed doctors to
opine on the subject of histoplasmosis. Instead, the affidavits contained conclusory
statements that appellants' treating physicians informed them their histoplasmosis was
caused by exposure to pigeon feces while incarcerated at CCI. The conclusory allegations
are insufficient to constitute an expert opinion. See Avery v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. &
Corr., 10th Dist. No. 16AP-856, 2017-Ohio-7376, ¶ 16; Harris at ¶ 15. Appellants' promise
Nos. 17AP-794, 17AP-795, and 17AP-796 7
of more detailed testimony at trial is not sufficient to overcome ODRC's motion for
summary judgment.
{¶ 16} Having reviewed the entire record, we conclude appellants failed to satisfy
their burden under Civ.R. 56(E) to demonstrate that a genuine issue of material fact exists
with respect to causation. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in granting ODRC's
motion for summary judgment. Thus, we overrule appellants' sole assignment of error.
V. Disposition
{¶ 17} Based on the foregoing reasons, the trial court did not err in granting
ODRC's motion for summary judgment. Having overruled appellants' sole assignment of
error, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Claims of Ohio.
Judgment affirmed.
BROWN, P.J., and TYACK, J., concur.
TYACK, J., concurring.
{¶ 18} The medical dictionaries I own both define histoplasmosis as a disease of
the lymph nodes resulting from exposure to a fungus of the genus histoplasma
("histoplasma capsulatum"). It is usually without symptoms or severe progressive
generalized involvement of the lymph nodes. It is endemic to the Mississippi and Ohio
River valleys.
{¶ 19} The disease can result from exposure to bat feces or bird feces, but can
result from any exposure to the spore of the genus histoplasma capsulatum. This
technical medical information reinforces what is in the majority opinion. This technical
medical information also explains why it is virtually impossible to find an expert who will
opine on the source of the spores which caused the infection in these three inmates.
{¶ 20} This does not excuse ODRC from doing a better job of keeping Chillicothe
Correctional Institution ("CCI") clean and safe. CCI has been around for over 70 years,
having served as a federal prison before becoming the property of ODRC. Due to its age,
it requires more upkeep then a newer institution. ODRC should either invest the funds to
make it more habitable or close it.