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Morris Rosner, Petitioner, v. War Contracts Price Adjustment Board, RespondentRosner v. War Contracts Price Adjustment BoardDocket No. 781-R
United States Tax Court September 27, 1951, Promulgated *82Petitioner, during the first 6 months of 1943, earned commission on orders when they were accepted by the contractor, the amount of which was payable to him not later than the year in which the articles were delivered. On July 1, 1943, when commission had been earned on orders but delivery had not been made, the parties amended the contract to provide for payment of the commission and commission on orders obtained thereafter by petitioner, after payment for delivered material and then in equal annual installments over a period of 10 years without security or interest. Amounts payable under the contract for commissions were accrued by the contractor at the close of 1943 and 1944, payable commencing on February 1 of the next year. A portion of the amount accrued in 1943, representing all or part of the commission earned prior to June 30 of that year, was treated as renegotiable income in a bilateral agreement entered into on July 6, 1945, for 1943, on the cash basis, the method used by petitioner in reporting income for Federal income taxes. The assignment for renegotiation for the year 1944 was canceled on the same date on the basis of statements of petitioner that his renegotiable *83 income on the cash basis was less than the statutory minimum of $ 25,000. Petitioner had costs, but no renegotiable income earned in 1945.
Held , on the record, that the amounts of the accruals made by the contractor at the close of 1943 and 1944 were not subjected to renegotiation in 1943 and 1944 (except $ 54,372 for 1943) and that the amounts (less the $ 54,372 included in the bilateral agreement and the installment payment made by the contractor, in 1944), plus the installment payments made in 1945, are properly allocable to the year 1945 under section 403 (h) of the Renegotiation Act of 1943, as amended June 30, 1945.Held, further , that renegotiation of profits for 1945 is not barred by the statute of limitations and that costs incurred in 1943 and 1944 are not allocable to 1945.Dana Latham, Esq ., andRichard S. Doyle, Esq ., for the petitioner.James Lynch, Esq ., andJ. F. Wolf, Esq ., for the respondent.Disney,Judge .DISNEY*446 Petitioner seeks in this proceeding redetermination of an order issued by the War Contracts Price Adjustment Board determining that he derived excessive profits in the amount of $ 60,000 during the fiscal year ended December 31, 1945. The primary issue *84 is whether petitioner had any renegotiable income during 1945 and if so, the amount of the excessive profits, if any, received by him. Involved in the issue is the question whether amounts earned in 1943 and 1944 and not payable until after 1945 are allocable to the year 1945 under the provisions of section 403 (h) of the Renegotiation Act of 1943, as amended on June 30, 1945. Facts embodied in a stipulation of facts are found as agreed to therein with the limitation placed thereon when the stipulation was received in evidence. Material parts thereof will be set out in connection with findings made from other evidence.
FINDINGS OF FACT.
Petitioner, an individual residing in Florida, was a resident of Washington, D. C., during the years 1941 to 1945, inclusive.
On June 2, 1941, petitioner was appointed the "accredited agent" of the Whitin Machine Works, Whitinsville, Massachusetts, hereinafter referred to as "Whitin," in Washington, D. C., "the remuneration to be $ 1,000.00 per month to cover salary and expenses." Thereafter *447 petitioner applied for and received a social security card on which Whitin appears as the name of his employer. The appointment continued throughout the year *85 1945. The duties of petitioner under the appointment were to obtain priorities and to render assistance to representatives of Whitin and its customers on trips to Washington, including making of reservations. The contract of employment did not include solicitation of or procurement of contracts with any department of the Federal Government or any subcontracts. Part of the services performed by petitioner under the contract during 1945 consisted of obtaining a few priorities, expediting payment of bills rendered for work done under contracts, and arranging appointments for officers of Whitin with officials of the Government to discuss business matters. Similar duties were performed by petitioner under the contract in prior years. Of the amount payable monthly under the contract, $ 300 was treated by Whitin and petitioner as salary and the remainder of $ 700 as expense money. Petitioner reported the entire amount as gross income and deducted as expenses amounts spent in carrying out his duties under the contract.
On January 2, 1942, petitioner and Whitin entered into an agreement reading in part as follows:
The basis of payment between us on orders received and to be received, from *86 the U. S. Maritime Commission, or on any orders received from others obtained by you and accepted by us, is as follows:
An amount of not to exceed 1/2 of 1% of the gross aggregate amount of all of such orders received shall be paid to you for approved expenses incurred by you in obtaining and endeavoring to obtain such orders.
1% of the gross amount of orders received from the U. S. Maritime Commission, or of orders received from others as set forth above, is to be paid you as your commission for obtaining these orders and for the work you are doing for us in connection with U. S. Maritime Commission matters and all other Departmental work for which we avail ourselves of your services from time to time. Upon receipt and acceptance of such orders by us your commission shall be deemed fully earned and to be paid as defined below.
The payments covering approved expenses are to be made to you within three months of the receipt of contracts.
The 1% commission on the orders is to be paid from time to time, the intention being that the commission on orders delivered by us in the current fiscal year, 1942, shall be paid in that year and the commission on orders delivered by us in future years *87 shall be paid in those respective years.
* * * *
Petitioner received from Whitin under the agreement for commissions $ 44,488.12 during the calendar year 1942 and $ 41,531.15 during the first 6 months of 1943.
On July 1, 1943, the agreement of January 2, 1942, was amended, effective on that date, by the following provisions:
1. All amounts of the 1% of the gross amount of orders received by Whitin from the United States Maritime Commission or others and obtained by Rosner, *448 to be paid by Whitin to Rosner but not in fact paid before July 1, 1943, instead of being payable during the calendar year when the products covered by the respective orders are delivered, shall be payable only after such products shall have been delivered and paid for, and then such payment, on account of each particular order, shall be made only in ten annual equal installments without interest, the first installment to be payable within thirty (30) days after the payment to Whitin for the products of the order in question or on February 1, 1944, whichever is later, and yearly thereafter until the ten annual payments have been made, provided, however, that if any order on account of which a commission would be payable *88 is cancelled or terminated in whole or in part the above specified 1% on account of said order shall be payable in the installments above specified on the amount of payment received by Whitin for products delivered under the cancelled or terminated order, and such additional sum as the President of Whitin shall determine to have been fairly earned by Rosner on account of his service with respect to said order -- making a total on account of said order of not more than 1% of the order price -- shall be paid by Whitin to Rosner in the same installments.
In view of the fact that the parties have never considered that the services of Rosner with respect to any order were completed when an order was obtained and accepted by Whitin, the following sentence contained in said letter of January 2nd, 1942, namely, "Upon receipt and acceptance of such orders by us your commission shall be deemed fully earned and to be paid as defined below," is hereby cancelled.
2. It is hereby mutually agreed between the parties that the contract of January 2, 1942, between the parties, as amended hereby, may at any time be terminated by either party by written notice mailed by one to the other specifying the termination *89 date, which shall not be less than twenty (20) days following the date of such notice. Such notice if sent to Whitin shall be sufficient if addressed to it at Whitinsville, Massachusetts, and if sent to Rosner, shall be sufficient if addressed to him at the Shoreham Hotel, Washington, D. C. Said contract, if not previously terminated as above provided, shall also be terminated when Rosner shall die. After termination Rosner shall be entitled to receive under said contract of January 2, 1942, all payments on account of orders obtained by him and accepted by Whitin prior to the termination date, but only subject to all the conditions as to time of payment and otherwise that would have applied if said contract had not been cancelled or terminated, excepting only that if Rosner shall die all amounts payable but not due at his death or becoming payable after his death on account of payments received by Whitin after his death on orders accepted by Whitin before his death, shall be payable in full to Rosner's duly appointed executors or administrators without interest within thirty (30) days after they have been duly appointed, or after such sums become payable, whichever is later. After *90 termination of the contract of January 2, 1942, as amended, no amounts shall be payable to Rosner on account of any order which shall not have been accepted by Whitin prior to the termination date of said contract, such acceptance to be approved by letter or telegram of the President or any Vice President of Whitin.
* * * *
Whitin accrued to petitioner at the end of 1943 under the agreement of July 1, 1943, for commissions the amount of $ 119,033.80, no part of which was paid to petitioner during the calendar year 1943, and at the close of 1944, for 1944 earnings, the amount of $ 43,715, no part of which was paid to petitioner in the calendar year 1944. Of the commissions *449 accrued at the close of 1943, Whitin paid to petitioner under the agreement $ 11,903.38 on February 1, 1944, and a like amount on the same date in 1945, 1946, 1947, and 1948, and of the amount accrued at the close of 1944 it paid to petitioner $ 4,371.50 on January 2, 1945, and a like amount on the same date in 1946, 1947, and 1948. The remaining amounts have been withheld by Whitin upon notice received from the United States Navy Central Disbursing Office.
The obligation of Whitin to pay the amounts to petitioner *91 when accrued by it was fixed and absolute and was not dependent in any way upon any future act or service by petitioner to Whitin or any other person.
Petitioner is not an engineer. Prior to January 2, 1942, he voluntarily arranged a conference between engineers of Whitin and the United States Maritime Commission in regard to a new type of bleeder plug. The discussions resulted in the perfection of a plug to replace the unsatisfactory type then being installed on ships. The United States Maritime Commission placed orders with Whitin for pumps after being informed by petitioner that Whitin could supply the article at a price less than it was manufacturing them at that time under subcontracts. In addition to pumps, in 1943 and 1944 Whitin produced generator sets and bleeder plugs for the United States Maritime Commission. The material was obtained at prices less than the amount other manufacturers would have charged.
Petitioner filed his income tax returns for 1943, 1944, and 1945 on the cash basis.
On July 6, 1945, petitioner entered into a bilateral "Renegotiation Agreement" with the Services and Sales Renegotiation Section of the Navy Department, hereinafter referred to as the Board, *92 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1943, in which they agreed that of the "profits received," *450
Salary, contract June 2, 1941 $ 12,000 Commissions, contract Jan. 2, 1942 41,531 Commissions, earned contract July 1, 1943 119,033 Williamsburg Fireproof Products Co 9,407 Total $ 181,971 Less 64,661 *93 $ 117,310 The amount of $ 54,372, the difference between $ 119,033, and $ 64,661 was arrived at by the Board solely by computing commission of 1 per cent on the contract price of orders outstanding on June 30, 1943, and considering deliveries made.
The members of the Board with whom petitioner conducted renegotiation proceedings for 1943 had before them and were familiar with petitioner's three contracts with Whitin.
The members of the Board who conducted the hearing at which a determination was made to eliminate $ 40,000 of the profit for 1943 did not enter into an oral agreement with petitioner with respect to the effect the bilateral renegotiation agreement would have on years subsequent to 1943 and knew of no written agreement, and it was not the policy of the Board to make agreements of that kind.
During most of 1945 one Hudson was Chief of the Services and Sales Renegotiation Section. He participated in the renegotiation proceedings for the years 1943 and 1944. Two other members of the Board compared a statement *94 submitted by petitioner of his income for 1944 with a copy of his Federal income tax return for that year and found that they were in agreement. In view of the fact that the amount of income so reported was less than the statutory minimum of $ 25,000, they recommended on July 5, 1945, that a cancellation letter be sent to petitioner. Petitioner was informed by the Board by letter bearing the date of July 6, 1945, that it proposed to recommend the cancellation of petitioner's assignment to the Board for renegotiation and that while the cancellation did not operate as a release of liability under the Renegotiation Act, in the absence of new developments no further action was contemplated.
The renegotiation proceedings for the years 1943 and 1944 extended over a period of about one year. When determinations therein were made by the Board, the members thereof were aware that at least $ 43,715 had been earned by petitioner as commissions under the July 1, 1943, contract for the year 1944 but no part of the amount was treated by the Board as renegotiable income in 1944. They were also familiar with the provisions of section 403 (h) of the Renegotiation Act, as amended on June 30, 1945.
*451 *95 During 1945 petitioner's secretary spent part of her time in a temporary office of the chairman of the board of directors of Whitin in New York City performing duties in connection with petitioner's effort to obtain additional orders under the contracts of January 2, 1942, and July 1, 1943. Another employee, engaged on a part time basis, was engaged in 1945 in searching for subcontractors under prime contracts of Whitin. He succeeded in having the Williamsburg Fireproof Products Corporation enter into a subcontract. He was paid $ 4,800 in 1945 by petitioner for his services.
During the calendar year 1945 petitioner received and reported in his income tax return $ 24,275 of non-renegotiable income, including $ 20,000 as salary from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, and the following other income:
Whitin: Under contract June 2, 1941 $ 12,000.00 Annual installments under contract July 1, 1943 $ 11,903.38 4,371.50 16,274.88 Refund railroad ticket 159.00 Total $ 28,433.88 The cost of the railroad ticket on which a refund was obtained was deducted in his return as an expense.
Petitioner earned no amount in 1945 under the contracts of January 2, 1942, and July 1, 1943, and no amount was accrued by Whitin*96 in that year for commission earned by petitioner during the year. He endeavored to obtain orders under the contract of July 1, 1943, during the year 1945. Petitioner did not during that year attempt to obtain any contracts or subcontracts for Whitin under the agreement of June 2, 1941.
On September 9, 1947, the Navy Price Adjustment Board issued an order determining that petitioner had derived excessive profits in the amount of $ 35,000 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1945. Upon review of the order by the War Contracts Price Adjustment Board, hereinafter referred to as the War Contracts Board, the amount was increased to $ 60,000 under an order entered March 15, 1948. The War Contracts Board stated in its statutory letter dated June 21, 1948, to petitioner, that he had gross renegotiable income in 1945 in the amount of $ 108,474, composed of the following items:
Salary contract June 2, 1941 $ 3,600 Expenses contract June 2, 1941 8,400 Commissions received contract July 1, 1943 16,275 Commissions receivable contract July 1, 1943 80,199 The letter disclosed that the amount of $ 80,199, treated as renegotiable *452 under section 403 (h) of the Renegotiation Act of 1943, was reached by the *97 following computation:
Commissions accrued by Whitin under contract July 1, 1943: End 1943 $ 119,034 End 1944 43,715 $ 162,749 Less: Accruals renegotiated 1943 54,372 Payments on accruals: 1944 11,903 1945 $ 11,903 4,372 16,275 82,550 $ 80,199 A statement appears in the letter that expenses for 1945 were allocated between renegotiable and non-renegotiable income in the ratio that the classes of income bore to each other, after excluding from renegotiable income the amount of $ 80,199 payable after December 31, 1945, and that $ 13,823 was allowed for expenses.
Petitioner received excessive profits in the amount of $ 48,000 during the fiscal year ended December 31, 1945.
OPINION.
An issue preliminary to the question of excessive profits, if any, is whether the amount included in renegotiable income for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1945, for amounts accrued by Whitin at the close of 1943 and 1944 are subject to renegotiation. Petitioner's contention, in general, is that the amounts accrued -- $ 119,033 at the close of 1943 and $ 43,715 at the close of 1944 -- were subjected to renegotiation for those years and may not again be renegotiated. Respondent's answer to the contentions of petitioner is based, *98 first, upon the theory that petitioner was on the cash basis of accounting for income tax purposes. Petitioner not only insists that there is no proof in the record before us that he reported by the cash method but that assuming the fact, the Board had power to and did renegotiate the amounts in 1943 and 1944.
Petitioner declared in his 1943 return that it was prepared on the cash basis. This constitutes an admission of that fact. No evidence was offered to show that petitioner ever made application to the Commissioner for a change in that method of reporting income. Nothing appears in the returns for 1944 and 1945 to indicate that they were prepared on a basis other than cash. Cash was shown in the bilateral renegotiation agreement for 1943 as petitioner's basis and nothing other than amounts received appears in the statement petitioner made to the Board of renegotiable income in 1944, which statement the *453 Board found to be in accordance with his return for that year. The evidence is sufficient in our opinion to establish that petitioner was on the cash basis. In any event, without any evidence on the question we could assume that petitioner operated on that basis.
Stanley C. Warrick , 20 B. T. A. 220Section *99 403 (a) (4) (B) of the Renegotiation Act of 1943 provides that:
The term "profits derived from contracts with the Departments and subcontracts" means the excess of the amount received or accrued under such contracts and subcontracts over the costs paid or incurred with respect thereto. Such costs shall be determined in accordance with the method of cost accounting regularly employed by the contractor in keeping his books, * * *
It is provided in section 403 (a) (9) that:
The terms "received or accrued" and "paid or incurred" shall be construed according to the method of accounting employed by the contractor or subcontractor in keeping his books.
These statutory provisions must be construed in the light of other provisions of the Act, permitting inclusion by consent in renegotiable income of amounts not otherwise includible.
Section 403 (c) (1) says that at the conference held with respect to renegotiation:
* * * the Board shall endeavor to make a final or other agreement with the contractor or subcontractor with respect to the elimination of excessive profits received or accrued, and with respect to such other matters related thereto as the Board deems advisable. Any such agreement, if *100 made, may, with the consent of the contractor or subcontractor, also include provisions with respect to the elimination of excessive profits likely to be received or accrued. * * *
Another provision of the Act provides that:
For the purpose of this section the board may make final or other agreements with a contractor or subcontractor for the elimination of excessive profits and for the discharge of any liability for excessive profits under this section. Such agreements may contain such terms and conditions as the Board deems advisable. * * * [Section 403 (c) (4)]
Regulations promulgated under the Act provide that:
* * * Under ordinary circumstances a contractor will be renegotiated on the same basis as that used for the determination of his income for Federal income tax purposes * * * [Article 302]
Petitioner construes these statutory provisions to mean that the Board had power to subject to renegotiation for 1943 and 1944 by agreement with him the accruals made by Whitin at the close of those years and argues that the whole of the amounts were actually renegotiated and settled. We agree with him on his interpretation of the statute, that is, that the Board could agree with him on these *101 matters, but for reasons to be set forth disagree with his conclusion on the scope and finality of the renegotiation proceedings each year and conclude *454 that they did not in fact agree to the extent he argues. First we will consider the proceedings held for the year 1943.
Petitioner having, by the amendment of July 1, 1943, deferred until after 1943 a contractual right to receive payment in 1943, there was ground for treatment of the amount in the renegotiation agreement as having been constructively received. Delafield testified that the theory of constructive receipt by petitioner was the basis for the computation. The petitioner contends in effect that Delafield's computation *455 is meaningless. The testimony as transcribed is somewhat ambiguous but it is clear, nevertheless, that thereunder the $ 54,372 was based upon consideration of the amount of contracts outstanding on June 30, 1943, together with consideration of deliveries made, and therefore not upon mere allowance of $ 64,661 for the reasons advanced by the petitioner. After consideration of all of the evidence we have accepted the testimony of Delafield as proof of the manner in which the figure $ 54,372 was reached.
Petitioner also relies on testimony of W. L. Hudson, Chief of the Board during the renegotiation *104 proceedings, that the entire amount was subjected to renegotiation. Hudson testified that "we were of the opinion that we had the right to include in the moneys we were dealing with * * *" the amounts payment of which petitioner deferred, and then stated that the Board did include them. However, other testimony by him on the point is that the Board recognized difficulty in supporting a view that it had undisputed control over the entire amount, that he could not recall the portion thereof over which jurisdiction was exercised but that it was some part of it and, further, could not recall the reason for not renegotiating all of the amount. This testimony, by Hudson, considered as a whole, is to the effect that the entire amount was not renegotiated.
That the Board intended the proceedings for 1943 to renegotiate all of the $ 119,033 and to be a final settlement is alleged by petitioner to find support also in other testimony of Hudson. Hudson testified that at the time he concluded renegotiations for 1943 and 1944 he did not have in mind any plan to attempt to reach any part of the accruals in a subsequent year. This testimony however is not only limited to the thought of one member *105 of the Board but must be considered in the light of other testimony by him already referred to, and other evidence on the question. Reliance is also placed by petitioner on his own testimony to the effect that when he agreed to enter into the bilateral agreement for 1943, he was assured by the members of the Board at the meeting, including Hudson, that the $ 40,000 agreed to as excessive profits included the accruals by Whitin and that if he would sign the agreement, clearance would be given him for 1944, which was done. Hudson, petitioner's witness, was not questioned by petitioner's counsel as to the alleged assurance. On cross-examination he testified that he made no oral agreement with petitioner on the effect execution of the bilateral agreement for 1943 would have on renegotiation for subsequent years, that he knew of no written agreement to that effect and that the policy was not to make agreements of that kind.
Petitioner's idea that all of the amounts earned by him in 1943 and 1944 though not received were renegotiated in the proceedings in *456 1945 is in our view contrary to the language of the Renegotiation Agreement of July 6, 1945. That instrument is on a printed form, *106 with certain blanks left to be filled. One of these blanks is found in the provision stating that $ 40,000 of "profits received" should be eliminated. "Received" is in typewriting, filling a blank. The same is true in the provision discharging the petitioner from further liability for there again the liability discharged is for "profits
received ," the word "received" being in typewriting, filling a blank. (Emphasis added.) The statute, section 403 (c) (1), provides for agreements, final or otherwise, with respect to elimination of excessive profits, received or accrued and, with the consent of the contractor or subcontractor, for provisions with respect to excessive profits "likely to be received or accrued." It seems obvious therefore that the printed form of Renegotiation Agreement, used in this case, contained the blanks above mentioned for the express purpose of designating in conformity with section 403 (c) (1) whether the excess profits to be eliminated had been "received," or "accrued," or "likely to be received," or "likely to be accrued." It seems apparent therefore that if petitioner's idea, that all of the $ 119,033 for 1943 was renegotiated, though not yet received, and *107 to be received over a period of years, the blanks described would have been filled in not with "received" but with "likely to be received," in accordance with section 403 (c) (1). The agreement here clearly specified elimination of amounts "received"; and is in entire consonance with the cash basis stated in the agreement.Also, opposed to the idea of an assurance, understanding or agreement that the bilateral agreement was a final settlement of the entire amount of $ 119,033 is the method employed in determining the net amount of renegotiable income. The operating statement attached to the bilateral agreement discloses renegotiable income of $ 117,311. The parties agreed at the hearing that this figure was arrived at by deducting from total renegotiable income of $ 181,971 (which includes the $ 119,033 for accruals made by Whitin at the close of 1943) the amount of $ 64,661. Such subtraction ($ 119,033 minus $ 64,661) had the effect of leaving $ 54,372 of the accruals in renegotiable income and excluding therefrom $ 64,661. The agreement by petitioner in that regard is opposed to his present contention that the $ 64,661 was renegotiated in 1943. To remove any doubt there might *108 be about how much of the $ 119,033 was included for renegotiation, there was inserted in the operating statement, which was made a part of the agreement, a footnote, signed by petitioner, that petitioner had agreed to treat the amount of $ 54,372 as income in 1943 for renegotiation purposes. Thus it appears that not only is the renegotiation for 1943 based upon agreement, but that the agreement was limited in amount *457 to $ 54,372. Petitioner was careful in this matter for he not only limited the amount, but limited the agreement to "renegotiation purposes alone and not for any other purpose." It seems apparent that if the intention was to renegotiate and settle the entire amount, and not merely $ 54,372, a different course of action would have been followed. Lack of any such intention is further indicated by the absence of a final settlement the next day for the year 1944. The letter of cancellation of the renegotiation proceedings for 1944 specifically recited that the cancellation did not operate as a release of liability, though reciting that in the absence of new developments no further action was contemplated. This is contradiction of petitioner's testimony that, as to both *109 years, in effect he was assured that the $ 40,000 payment made by him for 1943 freed him from being subject to renegotiation in the future for either 1943 or 1944. The letter of cancellation appears also to be explanatory of Hudson's testimony relied upon by petitioner, as above noted, in effect, that on July 6, 1945, he did not have in mind any further proceedings against petitioner. Since, under the evidence, he participated in the renegotiation for both 1943 and 1944 and was during most of 1945 chief of the section, which issued the cancellation letter as to 1944 on July 6, 1945, which specifically stated that "Although such cancellation does not operate as a release of liability * * * in the absence of new developments, no further action is contemplated," it seems reasonable to think that that is all he had in mind as to either year -- that is, that although he did not have in mind attempting to reach the accruals in any subsequent year, there was no release of liability as to either year. It will be noted in this connection that section 403 (c) (1) provides "final or other agreement with the contractor" so that there is no presumption that the agreement was final.
From a consideration *110 of all of the evidence we conclude that the amount of $ 64,661 was not renegotiated for the year 1943 and that the bilateral agreement was not a final settlement as to that amount.
Petitioner's position with respect to the year 1944 is, in substance, that the amount of $ 43,715 was subjected to renegotiation in that year because the Board was aware that the income had been earned during the year, and had authority to include the amount in renegotiable income, canceled proceedings for that year, and did not intend again to seek to renegotiate the commissions or any part thereof in any future year.
While petitioner's liability for excessive profits in 1944 was considered at the time the renegotiation proceedings were being conducted for 1943, the proof here is that he was renegotiated on a cash basis of accounting in accordance with the statement of income submitted to the Board by petitioner, and his gross renegotiable income under that *458 method of accounting for renegotiation and tax purposes having been found to be less than the statutory minimum, a cancellation letter was sent to petitioner. Accordingly, no part of the accrued commissions was included in renegotiable gross income. *111 Petitioner argues that the whole amount was considered, and renegotiated, but that renegotiable income was regarded as less than $ 25,000 by reason of the possibility of no collection, and lack of interest, upon the deferred amounts. We think it clear that the fact that the amounts reported by him, on a cash basis, were less than $ 25,000, and not the above reasons suggested by petitioner, caused the cancellation as to 1944. No bilateral agreement was executed for 1944, as there was for 1943, and the cancellation letter was (as it specifically says) not a release of liability under the statute. It is apparent and we hold that no part of the $ 43,715 was subjected to renegotiation in 1944.
The excessive profits in controversy were determined by the respondent under the provisions of section 403 (h), as amended June 30, 1945, which is set forth in the margin. *112 of section 403 (h) as relating to renegotiation of profits to be received or accrued after the termination date and which could not previously have been subjected to renegotiation, and contends that if they confer power to reach the accruals here involved, the statute should have been applied in the 1943 and 1944 proceedings. The amounts subjected to renegotiation for the year 1945 were earned by petitioner in 1943 and 1944. The crux of our next question is therefore whether section 403 (h), as amended, authorizes renegotiation in 1945 of the amounts so earned in 1943 and 1944 but not to be received until after the termination date, December 31, 1945.
Section 403 (h), as amended, must be construed *113 in connection with other provisions of the statute to arrive at its meaning. As hereinbefore pointed out and held, petitioner was on the cash basis of reporting income for income tax purposes and, except for the inclusion, by agreement, of $ 54,372 of income considered constructive in 1943, petitioner was renegotiated in 1943 and 1944 on the cash basis. Only on the theory of constructive receipt or by agreement could the $ 54,372, *459 earned but not yet received, nor accrued by petitioner, have been included in renegotiable income. Section 403 (c) (1) and (4). Without petitioner's consent the Board would in the proceedings taken in 1945 for 1943 and 1944 have been required to confine renegotiable income to such cash or constructively cash receipts (in the absence of accrual by him). Sections 403 (a) (4) (B) and 403 (a) (9), providing renegotiation of profits "received or accrued." In spite of the broad provisions of section 403 (h), as amended, we find nothing therein or in its legislative history as an aid in its construction, authorizing its application in renegotiation proceedings for the fiscal years 1943 and 1944. There was agreement, under other provisions, to renegotiate a *114 portion of the amounts in 1943 and action by both parties which limited renegotiable income in 1944 to actual receipts. Under section 403 (c) (1) the agreement in 1945, for 1943 could be a "final or other agreement," so that it does not preclude the later action under 403 (h). None of the amounts here involved was treated as renegotiable income in 1943 or 1944. It should be noted particularly that no amount payable or paid in 1944 is included in this proceeding. Renegotiation for that year was canceled.
Section 403 (h) applies only to profits "reasonably allocable to performance prior to the close of the termination date." The "performance" here was in 1943 and 1944 and petitioner had profits therefrom, payment of which was, by his agreement, deferred and to be paid in equal annual installments over a period of 10 years. Allocation of profits so deferred, to the first and only fiscal year the section was to operate, was, under the circumstances, a reasonable allocation. That the amounts were not received, actually or constructively, in 1945 is not decisive, for the provision requires the Board to treat them as renegotiable income not later than the "termination date" December *115 31, 1945, regardless of the contractor's method of accounting. Thus, without the action taken by respondent the amounts would have escaped renegotiation, a result obviously not contemplated by the statute, especially in a case like this one where the contractor voluntarily postponed payment of a large portion of his profits to years subsequent to the termination date.
Any doubt there may be on the applicability of the section to the facts here is cleared by the legislative history of the provision. Its predecessor read, to the extent material, as follows:
SEC. 403 (h). This section shall apply only with respect to profits derived from contracts with the Departments and subcontracts which are attributable to performance prior to the termination date. For the purposes of this subsection --
(1) The profits derived from any contract with a Department or subcontract which shall be deemed "attributable to performance prior to the termination date" shall be --
*460 (A) in the case of any contract or subcontract the performance of which requires more than twelve months, or in the case of any contract or subcontract with respect to which the powers of the Board are exercised separately pursuant to *116 subsection (c) (1) rather than on a fiscal-year basis, the portion of the profits so derived which is determined by the Board to be equal to the same percentage of the total profits so derived as the percentage of completion of the contract prior to the termination date; and
(B) in all other cases, the profits so derived which are received or accrued prior to the termination date; * * *
* * * *
The termination date of December 31, 1944, fixed therein, was by proclamation of the President extended to June 30, 1945, the latest possible date under the Act. Thus, without extension by Congress the life of the Renegotiation Act of 1943 would have expired June 30, 1945. The amendment on that date extended its existence six additional months.
The Committee on Ways and Means in its Report No. 725 on the bill said that ordinarily the existing law was applicable to profits received or accrued. Here petitioner did not receive or accrue in 1943 or 1944 any of the amounts here involved, for renegotiation purposes. The report then goes on to say that the amendment extends the Act to profits "reasonably allocable to performance prior to the termination date."
A statement of the Chairman of the War Contracts *117 Price Adjustment Board was attached to the report of the committee, as containing a more complete report with reasons for the change in the Act. The statement discloses concern over a plan to terminate the applicability of the Act in such a way as to protect the interests of the Government and at the same time accord fair and equitable treatment to the contractor. The action taken here by the respondent is in line with that intent. The Board had not renegotiated the amounts in question. By subjecting them to renegotiation in 1945, respondent protected the interests of the Government and did not thereby increase the liability of petitioner for excessive profits, particularly in view of action the petitioner took in 1943 to defer payment beyond the termination date. Whether the method was adopted by him in an effort to bring his renegotiable income each year under the statutory minimum of $ 25,000 we need not decide. The agreement did have that effect and petitioner being on the cash basis of accounting, without his consent, and the June 30, 1945, amendment, the Board could not have renegotiated the profits. The amounts involved were not received, either actually or constructively, *118 nor accrued, by petitioner in 1945.
The statement by the Chairman refers to administrative problems in connection with accounting methods, if a specific date, as was done, was used to terminate the Act. Petitioner's cash method of accounting was not unusual, but he having voluntarily postponed payment to *461 years beyond the termination date after he had earned the income, the situation created by him made his method of accounting unusual for renegotiation purposes.
Another idea expressed in the statement is that the interests of both the Government and the contractor "will be best served if the language of the bill gives a degree of flexibility in the handling of this situation." The Senate Finance Committee report states that "* * * this amendment confers upon the Board broad discretionary power in determining items of income which fall within the scope of the act * * *." The position in which petitioner placed himself required a statute in broad terms, as was enacted, to reach profits which petitioner, by his voluntary acts, had placed beyond the power of the Board to renegotiate without his consent. We think this case is within the broad discretionary power granted by the Act.
In conclusion *119 we hold that under the circumstances prevailing here the amounts involved are reasonably allocable to the fiscal year ended December 31, 1945, and, therefore, constitute profits subject to renegotiation in that year, within section 403 (h).
Petitioner contends also that renegotiation of the profits in 1945 was barred by the statute of limitations provided in section 403 (c) (3) of the Act. His theory, as we understand it, is that the amounts having been earned by and accrued to him in the respective years 1943 and 1944, the renegotiation proceedings here involved could not be commenced as to each year later than 1 year after the close thereof. The section relied upon provides, in substance to the extent material here, that if no proceedings are commenced within 1 year after the close of the year in which the excessive profits are received or accrued, all liability of the contractor is discharged and that agreements or orders determining excessive profits must be made within 1 year after the commencement of proceedings. Provision is made in the statute for non-application of the 1-year limitation period for review of orders by the Board and by agreement of the parties.
The amounts *120 in question, as already pointed out, though earned in 1943 and 1944, were not received, or accrued, by petitioner in those years for renegotiation purposes. Section 403 (h), as amended, for the first time empowered the respondent, without the consent of petitioner, to treat the amounts as received by petitioner for renegotiation purposes. Obviously, such amounts were includible only after the amendment and then were allocated, and properly so, to 1945. As above noted, no amounts received in 1944 are involved. In addition petitioner has not shown the time when renegotiation proceedings for 1945 were commenced or that he did not agree to an extension of the 1-year period and does not contend that the proceeding was not started within 1 year from the close of 1945. Under the circumstances we *462 can not find that the proceedings were not commenced or that the order in question was not made within the time allowed by the statute.
In addition to the contention of petitioner that no part of the accruals of $ 64,661 and $ 43,715 at the close of 1943 and 1944 constitute renegotiable income in 1945, on which we have above ruled against him, he argues that none of the items of cash receipts *121 in 1945, totaling $ 28,433.88, is renegotiable or subject to the Act. The amount consists of three items, $ 12,000, $ 16,275, and $ 159 which we will treat separately.
The parties are in agreement that the question of whether the item of $ 12,000, which was received from Whitin under the contract of June 2, 1941, constitutes renegotiable income is controlled by the provisions of section 403 (a) (5) (B) (ii) of the Act, which defines a subcontract as an agreement "under which any part of the services performed or to be performed consists of the soliciting, attempting to procure, or procuring a contract or contracts with a Department or a subcontract or subcontracts * * *." The contract appointed petitioner as the "accredited agent" for Whitin in Washington without specifying in writing the duties of the agency.
Petitioner had an understanding with Whitin at the time of the appointment of June 2, 1941, concerning the nature of his duties, which are set forth in our findings. The duties did not include solicitation or procurement of contracts with any department of the Government or subcontracts. The later agreement of January 2, 1942, was entered into for payment of commission on orders *122 obtained for his employer. Although it does recite that the 1 per cent there provided is to be paid as commission for obtaining orders "and for the work you are doing for us in connection with the U.S. Maritime Commission and all other departmental work for which we avail ourselves of your services * * *," the $ 12,000 was actually paid, in addition to the 1 per cent and was due under the provisions of the agreement of June 2, 1941, which did not, under the evidence, provide for solicitation, procurement or attempt to procure contracts or subcontracts. Accordingly, we hold that the amount of $ 12,000 does not constitute renegotiable income in 1945.
The amount of $ 16,275 represents payments received in 1945 for installments payable in that year out of the commissions accrued at the close of 1943 and 1944. For the reasons given in connection with the amounts payable after 1945, the amount constitutes renegotiable income reasonably allocable to 1945 under the provisions of section 403 (h), as amended.
The amount of $ 159 representing a refund on a railroad ticket, the cost of which was deducted by petitioner as an expense in his return for 1945, does not constitute renegotiable income, *123 it being nothing more than recovery of an expenditure made by petitioner in carrying out a *463 business activity, the nature of which was not the subject of any evidence before us. Accordingly, the amount will not be regarded as renegotiable income in 1945.
There remains the question of to what extent, if any, the renegotiable income as reduced by us constitutes excessive profits. On this issue, petitioner had the burden of proof.
Nathan Cohen , 7 T. C. 1002Petitioner says that respondent allowed no amount for expenses incurred in the earning of the income in 1943 and 1944 which was allocated to 1945, and that he had $ 14,477.35 of the expenses for renegotiable business in 1945.
No proof was made by petitioner that the allowance for costs made by the Board in 1945 for the year 1943 was not for all of the renegotiable business conducted by him in that year, including the $ 64,661 of income not subjected to renegotiation in that year. As to 1944: The present proceeding does *124 not seek to include renegotiable income for 1944. The proceeding for that year was canceled, and the amounts of renegotiable income received in that year are excluded here. Specific statutory authority would be required to authorize deduction of expenses incurred in 1944 against profits allocable to 1945, and we find none. Moreover, no reason appears for doing so since we see the income for 1944 not involved in, but specially excluded from, the proceeding. The expenses of 1944 logically are applicable only to the income of that year, as to which renegotiation was canceled. Items of cost allowed in a prior renegotiation may not, under regulations of the War Contracts Price Adjustment Board, be allocated to a subsequent year. Article 381.4 (5). The regulation is reasonable when applied to the facts here.
For 1945 the War Contracts Board allocated petitioner's expenses in the ratio that renegotiable income actually received bore to non-renegotiable income and by that method it allowed $ 13,823 or about seven-twelfths, of the costs of $ 23,600 for renegotiable business. Respondent does not request that costs be reduced below that amount. If the $ 12,000 petitioner received under *125 the June 2, 1941, contract had been held by the War Contracts Board to be non-renegotiable income, as we have held, the same method of allocation would have resulted in an allowance of only about $ 10,500.
Petitioner testified that of his expenses in 1945, amounting to $ 23,600.18, substantially all of which consists of compensation to three employees, traveling expenses, entertaining clients, and costs of maintaining two offices, one in Washington and the other in New York City, *464 $ 14,477.35 is allocable to renegotiable business, excluding his duties under the June 2, 1941, contract. The testimony represents conclusions of the witness, which the whole evidence shows to be unjustified.
Petitioner testified that during the first 6 months most of his time was devoted to work required by the June 2, 1941, contract and that he could no more than guess what he did during the remainder of the year. He asserts, on brief, that his principal activities for Whitin in 1945 related to matters other than the solicitation of contracts or subcontracts. All of his traveling expenses, amounting to $ 3,192.95, were included in renegotiable costs, leaving nothing for the June 2, 1941, contract or duties *126 as an employee of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios. All of the expense of his Washington office, amounting to $ 2,673.98, and $ 1,882.60 of the cost of $ 2,227.63 incurred in maintaining the New York City office, was also allocated to renegotiable business. He endeavored to obtain orders in 1945 under his contract but the evidence fails to show that the effort was made throughout the year. The evidence, in our opinion, is insufficient to find that the petitioner's costs were $ 14,477.35, as alleged by him, or in excess of $ 13,823, and we so hold.
Petitioner next contends that the unpaid amounts of the accruals made at the close of 1943 and 1944 should be discounted under section 403 (a) (4) (A) (iv) and (vii) because the deferred payments do not bear interest and that being unsecured there is no certainty that they will ever be paid and that it will be difficult, if not impossible, to compute his tax credit. No amount is requested or suggested as a reasonable amount and no evidence was offered on the point.
As already pointed out petitioner's right to payment upon delivery of the articles covered by the orders was surrendered in favor of payments in equal annual installments over a *127 period of 10 years without security or interest. Petitioner must have regarded the deferred payment plan to be of greater economic value to him than the one it superseded, otherwise he would not have voluntarily changed the method of payment. We can not find that those advantages, even without knowledge of their character, do not offset or more than outweight any loss for interest or risk of ultimate payment. Nothing appears in the evidence before us that the debt will not be paid on maturity.
The jurisdiction of this Court is limited to the redetermination of excessive profits. Section 403 (e) (1) and (2);
Psaty & Fuhrman, Inc ., 11 T. C. 638*465 Some proof was made that petitioner contributed to the war effort. That factor, together with all other facts having any bearing on the issue, has been considered in reaching our ultimate *128 finding that petitioner received excessive profits in the fiscal year ended December 31, 1945, in the amount of $ 48,000.
An order will be issued accordingly .Footnotes
1. Discrepancy of $ 1 resulted from rounding of dollars.↩
1. The Renegotiation Agreement is upon a printed form and the word "received" included in the above quotation is inserted in a blank provided, in typewriting. The same is true of the word "received" used in the provision discharging petitioner from liability for excessive profits "received" for the fiscal year covered.
The form also provides that the agreement can not be reopened "as to the matters agreed upon."↩
2. The amount is reflected in the 1945 proceedings as $ 119,034 because of a different method employed in rounding dollars.↩
3. (h) This section shall apply only with respect to profits derived from contracts with the Departments and subcontracts which are determined under regulations prescribed by the Board to be reasonably allocable to performance prior to the close of the termination date. Notwithstanding the method of accounting employed by the contractor in keeping his books, profits determined to be so allocable shall be considered as having been received or accrued not later than the termination date. * * *↩
Document Info
Docket Number： Docket No. 781-R
Citation Numbers： 17 T.C. 445, 1951 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 82
Judges： Disney
Filed Date： 9/27/1951
Precedential Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 10/19/2024