Carpenter v. Commissioner , 20 T.C. 603 ( 1953 )

B. A. Carpenter, Petitioner, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent

Carpenter v. Commissioner

Docket No. 30631

United States Tax Court

20 T.C. 603; 1953 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 122;

June 15, 1953, Promulgated

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">*122 Decision will be entered under Rule 50.

1. Income -- Cooperative -- Revolving Fund Certificates. -- Amounts retained at sole discretion of board of directors for capital purposes evidenced by revolving fund certificates issued to members in payment of patronage dividends, which certificates bore no interest, were retirable at sole discretion of the directors, were subordinate to all other debts of the cooperative, and had no fair market value held, not to be income of members in year issued.

2. Income -- Year in Which Taxable. -- Stock in another corporation purchased by a cooperative on behalf of its members out of earnings of the cooperative held, to be income of the petitioner in year determined by the Commissioner rather than in year of actual receipt of stock certificate by the petitioner. Held, further, burden of proving otherwise not sustained by the petitioner.

Claude L. Gray, Esq., Dorothea Watson, Esq., Roe H. Wilkins, Esq., Mac Asbill, Esq., and William A. Sutherland, Esq., for the petitioner.

Ralph V. Bradbury, Jr., Esq., for the respondent.

Tietjens, Judge. Turner and Bruce, JJ., concur in the result. Arundell, J., dissenting. Van Fossan, Harron, Johnson, and Withey, JJ., agree with this dissent.

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TIETJENS

">*603 The Commissioner determined the following deficiencies in income tax of the petitioner:

Taxable Year
ended Feb. 28	Deficiency
1946	$ 1,103.40
1947	2,430.08
1948	2,450.96
1949	544.00

The issues for decision are:

1. Whether the Commissioner erred in adjusting upward the petitioner's income by amounts representing his proportionate">*124 share in ">*604 revolving fund certificates issued by a fruit growers' cooperative to a partnership of which he was a member and by the amounts of such certificates issued directly to him;

2. Whether the Commissioner erred in increasing the petitioner's income for the year ended February 28, 1949, by the amount of stock in Pasco Packing Company allegedly received by the petitioner in that year; and

3. Whether the deficiency for the year ended February 28, 1947, is barred by the limitations imposed by section 275 (a), Internal Revenue Code.

Another issue has been conceded and may be reflected in a Rule 50 computation.

FINDINGS OF FACT.

The stipulated facts are so found and incorporated herein by reference.

The petitioner resides at Orlando, Florida. He filed the returns in question on the cash basis for fiscal years ending February 28 with the collector of internal revenue for the district of Florida.

During the period involved, the petitioner and a partnership of which he was a member were both members of Fosgate Growers Cooperative (hereinafter called the Cooperative), incorporated under the Florida laws for the formation and operation of an agricultural cooperative association. ">*125 The Cooperative was an exempt cooperative under section 101 (12) of the Internal Revenue Code. The petitioner and the partnership marketed their fruit through the Cooperative. The Cooperative, in accordance with the terms of its agreement with the petitioner and the partnership, as evidenced by the members' crop agreement, its articles of incorporation, and its bylaws, deducted from their fruit settlements various amounts in the taxable years for which revolving fund certificates were issued and delivered to the petitioner and the partnership.

The articles of incorporation of the Cooperative authorized its directors to establish and accumulate reserves out of earnings, including a permanent surplus fund as an addition to capital. The Cooperative's bylaws authorized the directors to deduct from the proceeds of the sale of patrons' products amounts necessary to maintain adequate reserves and for other capital purposes and provided that such retained amounts be evidenced by revolving fund certificates of the type issued to the petitioner and the partnership. The directors were further authorized to pay patronage dividends in such certificates or in cash according to the discretion">*126 of the directors, and pursuant to the bylaws, the petitioner and the partnership agreed that should the directors determine to pay patronage dividends in certificates in lieu of cash, they would accept such payment.

">*605 The revolving fund certificates issued to the petitioner and the partnership provided that they were entitled to the amounts shown on the certificates on account of deductions for patronage refunds for revolving fund purposes, subject to the following conditions:

1. This and other revolving-fund certificates of the same series are retirable in the sole discretion of the Board of Directors of Fosgate Growers Cooperative, either fully or on a pro rata basis, but certificates issued in prior years shall be entitled to priority (except as hereinafter provided) in retirement.

2. The amount stated in this certificate shall bear no interest.

3. This certificate is transferable only on the books of said association after the express consent of the Board of Directors of said association to such transfer has been first had and obtained.

4. This and other certificates shall be junior and subordinate to all other debts of said association, both secured and unsecured. Upon">*127 the winding up or liquidation of said association in any manner, after full payment to all of its other creditors, all revolving-fund certificates shall then be retired in full or on a pro rata basis, without priority.

An outstanding loan agreement and mortgage between the Cooperative and the Columbia Land Bank provided that the Cooperative could redeem the certificates only upon the written approval of that bank.

The petitioner in his income tax returns for the years in question did not report as taxable income the amounts of the revolving fund certificates issued to him or his share in the amounts of such certificates issued to the partnership.

Prior to March 1, 1949, the Cooperative had paid nothing on the certificates. On October 6, 1949, it did pay 25 per cent of the face amount of the series of 1944, and on October 16, 1950, it made another 25 per cent payment on that series. These payments were made with the consent of the Columbia Land Bank and were reported by the petitioner and the partnership in the fiscal years of their receipt.

There have been no transfers on the books of the Cooperative of the revolving fund certificates issued by it. The petitioner has been unable">*128 to sell or borrow on the security of his certificates. The petitioner and the partnership, at the time of the hearing, still owned the certificates issued to them.

The revolving fund certificates had no fair market value at the time they were issued.

In the notice of deficiency sent to the petitioner the Commissioner increased the petitioner's taxable income by the amount of the revolving fund certificates issued to him and by the increase in his share of the partnership income resulting from the inclusion in the partnership ordinary net income of the face amount of the certificates issued to it.

During the 1947-1948 crop season the Cooperative entered into an agreement with Pasco Packing Company whereby Pasco agreed to ">*606 process 1,100,000 boxes of fruit for the Cooperative upon condition that the Cooperative buy $ 300,000 worth of Pasco stock. At the time of the stock purchase (the exact date of which is not shown), it was the intention of the directors of the Cooperative to have the stock issued in one certificate and to hold it in an escrow account for its members. Before this could be accomplished the Cooperative decided to have the stock issued directly to its members">*129 and it gave Pasco directions to that end on May 10, 1949. The delay in issuing the Pasco stock was due solely to the mechanics of figuring each member's share. The petitioner did not know of the agreement between Pasco and the Cooperative. On May 31, 1949, the petitioner was notified by Pasco that he was entitled to receive capital stock in Pasco and on July 15, 1949, a certificate for 11.2 shares was delivered to him by registered mail. This certificate had a face value of $ 1,112.69. The petitioner returned the stock as though it was a cash receipt in the fiscal year ended February 28, 1950. The Commissioner determined the shares were taxable income in the prior fiscal year.

The member's agreement between the petitioner and the Cooperative provided that any contract between the Cooperative and any agency utilized by the Cooperative shall be part of the member's agreement and binding on the parties.

OPINION.

The Commissioner insists that the revolving fund certificates should be taxable at their face amount regardless of whether or not they had any fair market value at the time of their issuance. He argues that the Cooperative was under an obligation to distribute patronage">*130 dividends either in cash or certificates; that the petitioner by becoming a member voluntarily assented to this arrangement and pursuant thereto, when the directors determined to pay such dividends in certificates the petitioner should be treated as if he had actually received the dividends in cash and reinvested the cash in the Cooperative.

Further, the Commissioner claims that by Bureau ruling and the decisions of this Court, cooperatives have been permitted to exclude the full amount of such allocated profits from income under conditions such as exist in this case. He continues, as a corollary, that he has included in the taxable income of the member the full amount of allocated profits evidenced by certificates in the same year the exclusion is allowed. He maintains that the decisions of this Court have supported this result, but rejected the theory, my holding such income taxable to the members, but on the theory that it was received at fair market value. He concludes that "Consistency and protection of the revenue support the Bureau contention that such proceeds are properly taxable at full face value." In summary, "It is the Commissioner's ">*607 premise that the amounts">*131 represented by the certificate were in effect received and reinvested in the capital of the cooperative, since the amounts were used in the manner the petitioner had elected. In any event, the amounts were 'constructively received' and reinvested by the petitioner."

The Commissioner cites United Cooperatives, Inc., 4 T.C. 93, and Colony Farms Cooperative Dairy, Inc., 17 T.C. 688, as cases illustrative of the proposition that the issuance of certificates or the use of earned margins as capital with the permission of the member is excludible from income by the cooperative when the cooperative is the petitioner here. When the member is the petitioner the cases cited are George Bradshaw, 14 T.C. 162; Harbor Plywood Corporation, 14 T.C. 158; P. Phillips, 17 T.C. 1027; Estate of Wallace Caswell, 17 T.C. 1190; and William A. Joplin, Jr., 17 T.C. 1526.

The petitioner's position simply is that he received no taxable income by virtue of the issuance of the revolving fund">*132 certificates under any theory.

Little would be gained by discussing the cases involving exclusion of patronage dividends by cooperatives. Whatever may be the virtues of consistency, it cannot always be attained. The cooperative and its patrons are different entities and we do not think it necessarily follows that what is excludible from the income of the cooperative, whether the cooperative be taxable or tax exempt, automatically becomes income to the member. See William A. Joplin, Jr., supra.

We confine ourselves to the problem before us. Is the petitioner here taxable on any amount represented by the certificates issued by the Cooperative? The import of the decisions is that the member is not taxable unless the certificates have fair market value.

Harbor Plywood Corporation, supra, and George Bradshaw, supra, are not too helpful. Both involved the time of accrual -- the Plywood case of credit memoranda issued to members where the income had been earned by the cooperative and would have been paid to the member but for the contingency of renegotiation, and the Bradshaw case of">*133 notes issued by a purchasing cooperative as patronage refunds. In our opinion, neither case has a direct bearing on the present question.

In Estate of Wallace Caswell, supra, the cooperative, a tax-exempt cooperative, distributed interest-bearing certificates as well as cash to patrons. The Commissioner contended that the patron had received property in addition to cash under section 111 (b) and had received and realized income to the extent of the fair market value of the certificates. We upheld this contention and found not only that the certificates had fair market value, but that "the record gives no leeway for saying that such fair market value was less than face."

">*608 William A. Joplin, Jr., supra, was concerned with $ 25 par value preferred stock issued by the cooperative of a conceded fair market value of half its par value. Here again the decision was for the Commissioner, the Court finding, however, that the fair market value of the stock was the equivalent of its par value.

That phase of P. Phillips, supra, which bears on our question involved a taxable cooperative which">*134 voluntarily issued certificates to its members much like the certificates here, except for the voluntary feature. We stated, at page 1029:

Dr. P. Phillips Cooperative voluntarily issued revolving fund certificates against the amounts retained from marketing operations. Those certificates had no fair market value and did not represent income to the recipients on that basis. The Cooperative never made the funds themselves subject to the demand of any member so that constructive receipt might apply. The funds belonged to and were retained by the Cooperative. They were not income of the members for 1946. Furthermore, if a member ever receives any cash or thing of value in lieu of the certificates, that will represent an additional "amount realized" from the sale of his 1946 crop which will be taken into income at that later date if it represents unreported profit. The Commissioner has advanced no sound reason for including these amounts in the income of the petitioners for 1946.

The Caswell, Joplin, and Phillips cases suggest that the patronage dividends are to be taxed or not taxed depending on whether or not they have a fair market value. We have found that the certificates">*135 with which we are dealing had no fair market value. Accordingly, they would not be taxable to the petitioner.

The Commissioner, however, brushes fair market value aside and seems to stand on the theory either of "constructive receipt" or "assignment of income," though at the same time stating that the theories on which he proceeds are immaterial. As in Phillips, so here, we do not think the Commissioner has advanced any sound reason for including any amount represented by the revolving fund certificates in the petitioner's income. The petitioner never had any real dominion or control over the funds represented by the certificates. The decision to retain the funds in the business rested solely with the directors. The certificates themselves had no fair market value and we do not see that whether or not the Cooperative was obligated to issue such certificates adds anything significant to the situation. We decide for the petitioner on the first issue.

On the issue involving the Pasco stock, the burden of showing the error of the Commissioner's determination that the stock constituted taxable income in the year ended February 28, 1949, rather than the succeeding year is on the">*136 petitioner. This burden, the petitioner contends, has been met by proving that he was on the cash basis, that he had no knowledge of the contract to purchase the Pasco stock, and ">*609 that he actually received the stock certificate in the year in which he reported it.

The facts do not show the exact date on which the stock purchase was consummated by the parties, but it evidently was previous to the taxable year in which the petitioner reported the income since the transaction was entered into during the 1947-48 growing season. It is clear that the stock was not purchased by the Cooperative for itself, but was purchased on behalf of the members including the petitioner. The petitioner's agreement as a member provided that any contract between the Cooperative and any agency utilized by the Cooperative shall be a part of the member's agreement and binding on the parties. The contract between Pasco and the Cooperative which made provision for the stock purchase seems to us to have been such a contract. The intent of the Cooperative, as shown by the facts, was that the Pasco stock was to be held in an "escrow account for its members." This means to us that upon the purchase ">*137 being made, the petitioner immediately became entitled to his proportionate share of the Pasco stock. That his exact share was not immediately determined is not significant -- that was merely a matter of arithmetical computation.

The petitioner's actual knowledge of the transaction would not seem to be material. The contract with Pasco for the stock purchase was obviously for the benefit of the petitioner and the other members of the Cooperative and the Cooperative, pursuant to its original intent, was to hold the stock for the members, not for itself. In such a situation the cooperative is a conduit for passing the stock on to its members. Cf. Dr. P. Phillips Cooperative, 17 T.C. 1002. And it seems fair to say that the Cooperative, in view of the provisions of the membership agreement referred to above, was an agent of the petitioner and the other members in making the stock purchase. It was not necessary for the Cooperative to obtain any ratification by its members before the contract with Pasco became binding. No contention is made to that effect or that the Cooperative exceeded its authority in making the contract.

As we view the transaction, ">*138 the petitioner's right to the stock ripened when the stock purchase was made. It did not depend upon actual issuance of the certificates by Pasco. Ownership of stock is not determined by the formality of registering and delivering stock certificates. W. F. Marsh, 12 T.C. 1083; Scientific Instrument Co., 17 T.C. 1253. The petitioner's right became fixed at the time of the contract, which was before the year in which the stock certificate was actually delivered to the petitioner and returned as income by him. In effect, the entire transaction amounted to an appropriation for the proportionate benefit of each member of $ 300,000 of the earnings of the Cooperative at the time the stock purchase was made.

">*610 In these circumstances we think the petitioner has not met his burden of showing the Commissioner's determination to have been erroneous, and we hold for the Commissioner on this issue.

Our holding on the first issue makes it unnecessary for us to decide the statute of limitations question.

Decision will be entered under Rule 50.

ARUNDELL

Arundell, J., dissenting: I would decide the second issue in this">*139 case for the taxpayer. He reports his income on a cash receipts basis and the shares of stock were returned at full value by him in the year in which he received the shares. He not only did not receive the shares in the year in which they are being taxed but it was not known what shares would come to him within that year; nor had he even heard of the transaction within the year. It was not until the year following the taxable year in question that the Pasco Company was given instructions to issue the shares to the members. Before a cash basis taxpayer may be charged with the receipt of income he must receive cash or property having a fair market value, or such cash or property must be unqualifiedly subject to his demand. Regulations 111, section 29.115-1. The taxpayer in this case had no right to take possession of these Pasco shares in the year in which the tax is imposed, nor would a demand for the shares have been enforceable.

In my opinion, the way the taxpayer reported this income was the normal way taxpayers would follow and to attempt to upset this by the adoption of some theory of agency I think is a mistake.