People v. Jordan , 2019 IL App (1st) 161848 ( 2020 )

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People v. Jordan, 2019 IL App (1st) 161848
Appellate Court THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption ELGIN JORDAN, Defendant-Appellant.
District & No. First District, First Division
No. 1-16-1848
Filed August 26, 2019
Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 15-CR-6809; the
Review Hon. Stanley J. Sacks, Judge, presiding.
Judgment Reversed and remanded.
Counsel on James E. Chadd, Patricia Mysza, and Eric E. Castañeda, of State
Appeal Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.
Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg,
Brian A. Levitsky, and Raymond Griffin, Assistant State’s Attorneys,
of counsel), for the People.
Panel PRESIDING JUSTICE MIKVA delivered the judgment of the court,
with opinion.
Justices Pierce and Walker concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Elgin Jordan was convicted of possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver
and sentenced to eight years’ imprisonment. On appeal, he contends that the trial court erred
by (1) denying his request to waive a jury trial after the jury had been selected but before it
was sworn and (2) applying the wrong legal standard for a posttrial hearing pursuant to People
v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181 (1984). For the below reasons, we reverse and remand for a new
trial.
¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 Mr. Jordan was charged by information with one count of possession with intent to deliver
more than 3 grams but less than 15 grams of heroin (720 ILCS 570/401(c)(1) (West 2014)),
arising from an incident in Chicago on March 31, 2015.
¶4 During a hearing on August 7, 2015, which Mr. Jordan did not attend, defense counsel
asked the court to schedule a jury trial. On October 6, 2015, in Mr. Jordan’s presence, counsel
told the court, “we are set for jury today,” but requested a continuance to subpoena witnesses.
On November 16, 2015, counsel sought another continuance, and Mr. Jordan stated, “I would
like to have this jury trial and everything, *** but I just want to get on record that I have been
having small problems with my counsel.” The court granted the continuance.
¶5 On January 5, 2016, the trial court conducted voir dire, and the parties selected a jury. The
court excused the jurors for the night but did not swear them.
¶6 Before trial on January 6, 2016, Mr. Jordan told the court that he wanted to “just waive my
jury trial and go pro se.” The following exchange occurred:
“THE COURT: I’m not accepting a waiver at this point. So you’ll still have a jury
trial, sir. *** We spent four hours—almost four hours getting a jury yesterday. You
wanted a jury. You got a jury. I’m not going to take a bench trial at this point. If you
want to go pro se, go pro se.
[MR. JORDAN]: Okay. Well, I mean—
THE COURT: I’ll admonish you of your rights going pro se, but it will be in front
of a jury and we can just finish the jury now.
[MR. JORDAN]: And it h[as] to be today?
THE COURT: I don’t see a reason why it wouldn’t be today, sir. We picked the
jury yesterday. It took three and a half hours to get the jury picked. *** [T]he jurors
will be here by 11:00 o’clock.”
¶7 Mr. Jordan responded that counsel had not filed “pretrial motions” and asked to “go in the
back” to “finish” motions he had prepared. Mr. Jordan also requested an “evidentiary hearing”
and asserted that he had complained to the Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission
about his attorney. The court stated, “we’re done playing the games” and “[y]ou’re going to
trial today with this jury with [counsel] or pro se.” The court then asked:
“THE COURT: *** Why didn’t you answer before I got the jury picked yesterday,
three and a half hours of going back and forth getting the jury picked?
[MR. JORDAN]: Sir, I had brought it to your attention *** November 16th.
***
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*** I said I was having discrepancies with my attorneys and you said—
THE COURT: Discrepancies do[n’t] mean you’re entitled to waive a jury at this
point or not go to trial today, sir.
***
You waited until after we spent three and a half hours getting the jury picked and
now today you want to either go pro se or waive the jury. I will not accept a waiver at
this point after going through all that. If you wanted to waive a jury, you could have
done it yesterday before we even started.”
¶8 The case proceeded to a jury trial, where Mr. Jordan was represented by counsel.
¶9 The evidence established that, at approximately 9 a.m. on March 31, 2015, Chicago police
officer Bryan Cox was conducting narcotics surveillance on the 3900 block of West Roosevelt
Road. On two occasions, he observed unknown men approach Mr. Jordan and give him money
in exchange for small black items that Mr. Jordan took from his sleeve. After the second
transaction, Officer Cox radioed Mr. Jordan’s description and location to Officer Theodore,
who approached Mr. Jordan for a field interview. Mr. Jordan told Officer Theodore that he had
“blows in [his] sleeve,” and Officer Theodore recovered a clear plastic bag with nine black-
tinted plastic bags containing suspected heroin. The officers arrested Mr. Jordan and took him
to the police station, where they inventoried the bags, searched him, and found $229. A forensic
chemist determined that the substances in the nine bags tested positive for 3.6 grams of heroin.
The jury found Mr. Jordan guilty of possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver.
¶ 10 Mr. Jordan filed a pro se posttrial motion for a new trial, raising several claims of
ineffective assistance of counsel. The trial court conducted a Krankel hearing, and after
questioning Mr. Jordan regarding his allegations, concluded that counsel was “competent” in
“matter[s] of trial strategy” and that Mr. Jordan “was not prejudiced by anything the lawyer
did.” Trial counsel filed an amended motion for new trial, which the court denied. Following
a hearing, the court sentenced Mr. Jordan to eight years’ imprisonment.
¶ 11 II. JURISDICTION
¶ 12 Mr. Jordan was sentenced on June 15, 2016, and timely filed his notice of appeal that same
day. This court has jurisdiction pursuant to article VI, section 6, of the Illinois Constitution (Ill.
Const. 1970, art. VI, § 6) and Illinois Supreme Court Rule 603 (eff. Feb. 6, 2013) and Rule
606 (eff. Dec. 11, 2014), governing appeals from final judgments of conviction in criminal
cases.
¶ 13 III. ANALYSIS
¶ 14 Mr. Jordan’s first argument on appeal is that the trial court had no discretion to deny his
request to waive a jury trial. Mr. Jordan claims that because he made this request before the
jury was sworn in, although it had already been selected, his trial had not yet commenced, and
therefore his right to waive a jury trial was absolute.
¶ 15 Criminal defendants have a constitutional right to a jury trial. U.S. Const., amends. VI,
XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, §§ 8, 13. As our supreme court has made clear, “the dimension of
the constitutionally protected right to a jury trial encompasses the right of an accused to waive
trial by jury.” People v. Stamos, 214 Ill. App. 3d 895, 902 (1991) (citing People ex rel. Daley
v. Joyce, 126 Ill. 2d 209, 222 (1988)). We have held that before trial commences, the right to
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waive a jury trial is unfettered (People v. Zemblidge, 104 Ill. App. 3d 654, 656 (1982)) and a
jury may be “understandingly waived by [a] defendant in open court” (725 ILCS 5/103-6 (West
2014)).
¶ 16 However, we have also held that once the trial begins, a defendant lacks the absolute right
to waive a jury, and whether a waiver will be granted depends on “the sound discretion of the
trial court.” Zemblidge, 104 Ill. App. 3d at 656-57. As we recognized in Zemblidge, it would
make a “mockery” of the judicial system, would “impede the prompt and fair administration
of justice,” and “would be an improper utilization of jurors’ time, and a waste of State resources
and expenditures” if a defendant could choose a bench trial whenever the outcome of a jury
trial seemed as if it would be unfavorable. Id. at 656. The trial court has discretion to allow a
jury waiver after the trial begins because, at that point, the defendant no longer has an absolute
right to forgo the jury and choose a bench trial. Id.
¶ 17 The State’s first response is that, because Mr. Jordan did not raise this issue in his posttrial
motion, this claim has been forfeited. See People v. Staake, 2017 IL 121755, ¶ 30 (“To preserve
a claim of error for consideration by a reviewing court, a defendant must object to the error at
trial and raise the error in a posttrial motion.”). Mr. Jordan argues that we should address the
issue in the interest of judicial economy because it implicates a constitutional right that could
be raised in a postconviction petition, or—as we elect to do here—under the plain error
doctrine.
¶ 18 The plain error doctrine is a “narrow and limited exception” to the general forfeiture rule.
People v. Hillier, 237 Ill. 2d 539, 545 (2010). Pursuant to the doctrine, a reviewing court may
consider unpreserved errors where (1) “the evidence is so closely balanced that the error alone
threatened to tip the scales of justice against the defendant, regardless of the seriousness of the
error” or (2) “a clear or obvious error occurred and that error is so serious that it affected the
fairness of the defendant’s trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial process, regardless
of the closeness of the evidence.” People v. Belknap, 2014 IL 117094, ¶ 48. Our supreme court
has held that a violation of the right to select a bench or jury trial constitutes second-prong
plain error. People v. Bracey, 213 Ill. 2d 265, 270 (2004). We agree with Mr. Jordan that he
has not forfeited this claim.
¶ 19 Mr. Jordan contends that trial had not yet commenced when he asked to waive his right to
a jury on January 6, 2016, because, although the jury had been chosen, it had not been
impaneled or sworn. The State’s position is that the trial commenced when the court began to
voir dire the jury pool. We agree with Mr. Jordan that the point at which the jury is sworn is
the point at which a criminal defendant loses his absolute right to waive a jury.
¶ 20 In People v. Rand, 291 Ill. App. 3d 431 (1997), the defendant moved to waive his right to
a bench trial after the jury had been sworn but before the start of testimony. Id. at 435-36. We
held that the defendant lacked “an absolute right to waive a jury trial prior to the beginning of
testimony” and that “the trial court has discretion to deny a jury waiver after the jury is
impaneled and sworn, even if testimony has not yet begun.” Id. at 436. The premise of our
holding in Rand was that “[a] trial is deemed to have commenced after the jury is impaneled
and sworn.” Id.
¶ 21 Rand is consistent with decisions by our supreme court and the United States Supreme
Court holding that, for double jeopardy purposes, a trial begins when the jury is sworn. See
Martinez v. Illinois, 572 U.S. 833, 834 (2014) (per curiam) (“Our cases have repeatedly stated
the bright-line rule that jeopardy attaches when the jury is empaneled and sworn.” (Internal
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quotation marks omitted.)); People v. Friason, 22 Ill. 2d 563, 565 (1961) (for double jeopardy,
“[t]he trial and jeopardy begin when the accused has been arraigned and the jury impaneled
and sworn”). If we adhere to the line that we drew in Rand, Mr. Jordan’s conviction must be
reversed because the trial court had no discretion to deny his right to waive a jury trial, since
the jury had not yet been sworn.
¶ 22 The State, relying on People v. Vest, 397 Ill. App. 3d 289 (2009), urges us to find that Mr.
Jordan’s trial began earlier, when the court began conducting voir dire on January 5, 2016. In
Vest, the defendant appealed a conviction due to alleged flaws in the indictment. Id. at 289.
The parties disputed when trial started for purposes of determining whether the defendant
needed to show prejudice, which is required when an indictment is challenged after trial
begins. Id. at 291. In that context, we held that a trial starts with voir dire. Id. at 295.
¶ 23 We are not persuaded by the State’s reliance on Vest. The court in Vest specifically
recognized the line we drew in Rand and did not question that it was appropriate for
determining when a defendant lost the absolute right to waive a jury trial. Id. at 292. The court’s
decision to draw a different line in Vest was tied to considerations that are simply not present
here:
“[I]f a defendant moves to dismiss a charging instrument in a pretrial motion, the court
should dismiss the relevant count if it fails to allege an offense, whereas, if he or she
makes that motion anytime after the trial’s start, the court should dismiss the relevant
count only if the defect prejudices the defendant.” (Emphasis omitted.) Id. at 291.
As the Vest court noted, once voir dire has started, it would be “impractical” for the State to
go before the grand jury to get an amended indictment, making it appropriate for the court to
require a defendant to show prejudice at that point. Id. at 295. That rationale simply does not
apply here.
¶ 24 We instead agree with Mr. Jordan that our cases have appropriately drawn the line, for
purposes of defining when a defendant no longer has an absolute right to waive a jury trial, at
the moment the jury is sworn. This is the same bright line that defines the start of a trial for
double jeopardy purposes, and we see no reason to stray from it here. While there is a risk that,
in some cases, this could result in wasted time for the court—and, even more unfortunately,
for prospective jurors—we suspect that such cases will be rare. Wasting a trial judge’s time
with lengthy voir dire only to turn around and ask the same judge to decide the merits of the
case does not strike us as sound trial strategy. Trial courts seeking to avoid the specific result
in this case can also swear in the jury as soon as it has been selected, rather than having jurors
come back to be sworn in the next day.
¶ 25 We are sympathetic to the decision made by the trial court in this case. Mr. Jordan’s request
was disruptive, likely dilatory, and complicated by the fact that it was intertwined with a
request to proceed pro se. However, when Mr. Jordan asked for a bench trial, the jury had not
been sworn in. Because, as we now hold, this means that the trial had not yet commenced, Mr.
Jordan’s right to waive a jury trial remained absolute. See Rand, 291 Ill. App. 3d at 436;
Zemblidge, 104 Ill. App. 3d at 656. The trial court lacked discretion to deny the request at that
juncture and erred by refusing to grant a bench trial. Because denial of the right to waive a jury
trial affects the fairness of proceedings and is plain error (Bracey, 213 Ill. 2d at 270; Joyce,
126 Ill. 2d at 222), Mr. Jordan’s conviction must be reversed. Given this result, we do not reach
his additional argument regarding the Krankel hearing.
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¶ 26 As the evidence of record supports a finding of guilt on the charged offense, double
jeopardy is no bar to retrial. People v. Olivera, 164 Ill. 2d 382, 393 (1995).
¶ 27 IV. CONCLUSION
¶ 28 For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court and remand for a
new trial.
¶ 29 Reversed and remanded.
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