State v. Miles , 2020 Ohio 6921 ( 2020 )

[Cite as State v. Miles, 2020-Ohio-6921.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
PORTAGE COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : OPINION
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
CASE NO. 2020-P-0032
- vs - :
XAVIER M. MILES, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal from the Portage County Court of Common Pleas.
Case No. 2019 CR 01004.
Judgment: Affirmed in part and reversed in part; remanded.
Victor V. Vigluicci, Portage County Prosecutor, and Theresa M. Scahill, Assistant
Prosecutor, 241 South Chestnut Street, Ravenna, OH 44266 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).
Seneca Konturas, P.O. Box 662, Aurora, OH 44202 (For Defendant-Appellant).
TIMOTHY P. CANNON, P.J.
{¶1} Appellant, Xavier M. Miles (“Miles”), appeals from the nunc pro tunc order
and journal entry of the Portage County Court of Common Pleas sentencing him to an
indefinite sentence following a plea of guilty to one fifth-degree felony and two first-
degree felonies with attendant firearm specifications. The trial court’s judgment is
affirmed in part and reversed in part, and the matter is remanded.
{¶2} Miles was accused of being involved in the armed robbery of a Verizon
store in Streetsboro, Ohio, as well as the kidnapping of a store employee. The
circumstances regarding the robbery are not in dispute. On July 17, 2019, Miles and
three accomplices arrived at the Verizon store in a rented vehicle and entered wearing
masks and gloves. They forced the manager working in the store (“the Victim”) to the
back room where he was ordered to open a safe containing merchandise. The Victim
was struck several times, threatened, and had his hands bound behind his back. Police
arrived on the scene after being called by an employee at a neighboring store and
ultimately detained all four suspects.
{¶3} On January 31, 2020, Miles entered a plea of guilty to one count of
Aggravated Robbery, a first-degree felony in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(1), and one
count of Kidnapping, a first-degree felony in violation of R.C. 2905.01. Each of those
counts included a firearm specification under R.C. 2929.14 and 2941.145. He also pled
guilty to an amended count of Escape, a fifth-degree felony in violation of R.C. 2921.34,
which has not been challenged in the present appeal.
{¶4} Miles was sentenced on February 14, 2020. The trial court imposed a 10-
year prison sentence on the Aggravated Robbery count and a 4-year prison sentence
on the Kidnapping count—plus 3-year prison sentences for each firearm specification,
all to be served consecutively for a total of 20 years. The trial court also ordered a 12-
month prison sentence for the Escape count, to run concurrently with the other terms.
Miles was advised at the hearing that he could face up to an additional 5 years in
prison, which would be decided by the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and
Correction (“DRC”). The trial court filed a nunc pro tunc sentencing order and journal
entry on February 19, 2020, adding a previously omitted felony level.
2
{¶5} From that order, Miles noticed a timely appeal and asserts two
assignments of error.
{¶6} Miles’ first assignment of error states:
The trial court erred in failing to merge the Aggravated Robbery and
Kidnapping charges when sentencing Appellant under R.C.
2941.25.
{¶7} Miles maintains the trial court should have merged the Aggravated
Robbery and Kidnapping counts for purposes of sentencing, because his actions were
committed with the singular purpose of robbing the Verizon store. He further asserts
that even though he did not raise the merger issue at the trial level, the trial court’s
alleged error must be considered plain error.
{¶8} Because Miles failed to seek merger of his convictions as allied offenses
of similar import in the trial court, he forfeited this claim for appellate review. State v.
Rogers, 143 Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, ¶21. “Crim.R. 52(B) affords appellate
courts discretion to correct ‘[p]lain errors or defects affecting substantial rights’
notwithstanding the accused’s failure to meet his obligation to bring those errors to the
attention of the trial court.” Id. at ¶22. However, Miles has the burden to show “‘an
error, i.e., a deviation from a legal rule’ that constitutes ‘an “obvious” defect in the trial
proceedings[.]’” Id., quoting State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27 (2002). The error
must have also affected Miles’ substantial rights, and Miles “is therefore required to
demonstrate a reasonable probability that the error resulted in prejudice[.]” Id., citing
Barnes, supra, at 27 and United States v. Benitez, 542 U.S. 74, 81-83 (2004) (emphasis
sic).
3
{¶9} Pursuant to R.C. 2941.25(A), the trial court’s duty to merge counts for
allied offenses of similar import at sentencing “is mandatory, not discretionary,” and “[a]
defendant’s plea to multiple counts does not affect the trial court’s duty to merge those
allied counts at sentencing.” State v. Underwood, 124 Ohio St.3d 365, 2010-Ohio-1,
¶26 (citations omitted). R.C. 2941.25 “incorporates the constitutional protections
against double jeopardy. These protections generally forbid successive prosecutions
and multiple punishments for the same offense.” State v. Whitfield, 124 Ohio St.3d 319,
2010-Ohio-2, ¶7. “Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to
constitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment or information
may contain counts for all such offenses, but the defendant may be convicted of only
one.” R.C. 2941.25(A). “Where the defendant’s conduct constitutes two or more
offenses of dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or more offenses of the
same or similar kind committed separately or with a separate animus as to each, the
indictment or information may contain counts for all such offenses, and the defendant
may be convicted of all of them.” R.C. 2941.25(B).
{¶10} “Rather than compare the elements of two offenses to determine whether
they are allied offenses of similar import, the analysis must focus on the defendant’s
conduct to determine whether one or more convictions may result, because an offense
may be committed in a variety of ways and the offenses committed may have different
import.” State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114, 2015-Ohio-995, ¶30.
{¶11} “When the defendant’s conduct constitutes a single offense, the defendant
may be convicted and punished only for that offense. When the conduct supports more
than one offense, however, a court must conduct an analysis of allied offenses of similar
4
import to determine whether the offenses merge or whether the defendant may be
convicted of separate offenses.” Id. at ¶24, citing R.C. 2941.25(B). “As a practical
matter, when determining whether offenses are allied offenses of similar import within
the meaning of R.C. 2941.25, courts must ask three questions when the defendant’s
conduct supports multiple offenses:
(1) Were the offenses dissimilar in import or significance?
(2) Were they committed separately? and
(3) Were they committed with separate animus or motivation?
An affirmative answer to any of the above will permit separate convictions.” Id. at ¶31;
see also id. at ¶13, citing State v. Moss, 69 Ohio St.2d 515, 519 (1982).
{¶12} In support of his argument that the counts of Aggravated Robbery and
Kidnapping should merge, Miles directs our attention to the First Appellate District
decision in State v. Anderson, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-110029, 2012-Ohio-3347.
There, the defendant used a gun during a bank robbery to move customers and
employees into a common area. Id. at ¶22. The First Appellate District held that the
conduct “constituting the kidnapping was incidental to and in furtherance of the
aggravated robbery” and was not committed with a separate animus, thereby making
the aggravated robbery and kidnapping counts allied offenses subject to merger. Id. at
¶32.
{¶13} In response, the state points to our decisions in State v. Cook, 11th Dist.
Geauga No. 2016-G-0096, 2018-Ohio-788, and State v. Smith, 11th Dist. Trumbull No.
2018-T-0061, 2019-Ohio-1952, in support of its argument that the present counts
5
should not be subject to merger. We find the facts in Cook and Smith to be more
closely aligned with the circumstances in the present matter.
{¶14} In the matter sub judice, the acts that constitute the kidnapping count were
not merely incidental to the aggravated robbery. Binding the Victim’s hands, striking
him, and threatening to kill him are separate escalating actions which were committed
with separate animus or motivation, much like the facts in Cook. See Cook, supra, at ¶2(where the victim was assaulted, forced to the basement at gunpoint, tied to a chair,
beaten with a gun, threatened, and had lighter fluid poured on him). Also, like in Smith,
the moving of the Victim into a back room and binding of his hands was not in
furtherance of a robbery, but to facilitate an escape. See Smith, supra, at ¶4 (where the
victim was moved to the back room of a store at gunpoint and left there under threat of
being shot while the offender left the store). Therefore, the conclusion that the
Aggravated Robbery count and Kidnapping count were not allied offenses subject to
merger was not plain error.
{¶15} Miles’ first assignment of error is without merit.
{¶16} Miles’ second assignment of error states:
The trial court erred in sentencing Appellant under Reagan Tokes
indefinite sentencing structure when the court failed to notify
Appellant of the minimum term imposed; Appellant’s rebuttable
presumption of release at the expiration of the minimum term; and,
the maximum term imposed.
{¶17} The Reagan Tokes Act went into effect in Ohio on March 22, 2019. The
Act requires a sentencing court imposing a prison term for felonies of the first or second
degree, committed on or after the effective date, to impose “an indefinite prison term
with a stated minimum term selected by the court” under R.C. 2929.14(A)(1)(a) or (2)(a)
6
“and a maximum term that is determined pursuant to” the formulas provided in R.C.
2929.144.
{¶18} The Act also sets forth a presumption that an offender “shall be released
from service of the sentence on the expiration of the offender’s minimum prison term or
on the offender’s presumptive earned early release date, whichever is earlier.” R.C.
2967.271(B). The offender’s presumptive earned early release date is determined
under R.C. 2967.271(F), which permits the sentencing court to reduce the minimum
term under certain circumstances. R.C. 2967.271(A)(2). The DRC may rebut the R.C.
2967.271(B) presumption if it determines at a hearing that certain statutorily
enumerated factors apply. R.C. 2967.271(C). If the DRC rebuts the presumption, it
may maintain the offender’s incarceration after the expiration of the minimum prison
term or presumptive earned early release date for a reasonable period of time, which
“shall not exceed the offender’s maximum prison term.” R.C. 2967.271(D)(1).
{¶19} Miles argues in his second assignment of error that the trial court failed to
inform him of the following, as required by law, at his sentencing hearing: (1) the
sentence imposed by the court was the minimum sentence; (2) the rebuttable
presumption that he shall be released at the expiration of his minimum term or
presumptive release date, whichever is earlier; (3) if he has not been released prior to
the expiration of his maximum prison term imposed, he must be released upon the
expiration of that term; and (4) both the maximum and minimum term imposed.
{¶20} Pursuant to R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c), the court is required to inform a
defendant as follows at a sentencing hearing:
7
(2) Subject to division (B)(3) of this section, if the sentencing court
determines at the sentencing hearing that a prison term is
necessary or required, the court shall do all of the following:
***
(c) If the prison term is a non-life felony indefinite prison term, notify
the offender of all of the following:
(i) That it is rebuttably presumed that the offender will be
released from service of the sentence on the expiration of
the minimum prison term imposed as part of the sentence or
on the offender’s presumptive earned early release date, as
defined in section 2967.271 of the Revised Code, whichever
is earlier;
(ii) That the department of rehabilitation and correction may
rebut the presumption described in division (B)(2)(c)(i) of this
section if, at a hearing held under section 2967.271 of the
Revised Code, the department makes specified
determinations regarding the offender’s conduct while
confined, the offender’s rehabilitation, the offender’s threat to
society, the offender’s restrictive housing, if any, while
confined, and the offender’s security classification;
(iii) That if, as described in division (B)(2)(c)(ii) of this
section, the department at the hearing makes the specified
determinations and rebuts the presumption, the department
may maintain the offender’s incarceration after the expiration
of that minimum term or after that presumptive earned early
release date for the length of time the department
determines to be reasonable, subject to the limitation
specified in section 2967.271 of the Revised Code;
(iv) That the department may make the specified
determinations and maintain the offender’s incarceration
under the provisions described in divisions (B)(2)(c)(i) and
(ii) of this section more than one time, subject to the
limitation specified in section 2967.271 of the Revised Code;
(v) That if the offender has not been released prior to the
expiration of the offender’s maximum prison term imposed
as part of the sentence, the offender must be released upon
the expiration of that term.
8
{¶21} R.C. 2929.144(B) provides formulas for determining the offender’s
“maximum prison term that is part of the sentence.” Miles’ prison term falls within the
sentencing category of R.C. 2929.144(B)(2), which states:
If the offender is being sentenced for more than one felony, if one
or more of the felonies is a qualifying felony of the first or second
degree, and if the court orders that some or all of the prison terms
imposed are to be served consecutively, the court shall add all of
the minimum terms imposed on the offender under division
(A)(1)(a) or (2)(a) of section 2929.14 of the Revised Code for a
qualifying felony of the first or second degree that are to be served
consecutively and all of the definite terms of the felonies that are
not qualifying felonies of the first or second degree that are to be
served consecutively, and the maximum term shall be equal to the
total of those terms so added by the court plus fifty per cent of the
longest minimum term or definite term for the most serious felony
being sentenced.
{¶22} Additionally, mandatory prison sentences for specifications are never to be
considered or included when calculating the offender’s maximum prison term:
Any mandatory prison term, or portion of a mandatory prison term,
that is imposed or to be imposed on the offender under division (B),
(G), or (H) of section 2929.14 of the Revised Code or under any
other provision of the Revised Code, with respect to a conviction of
or plea of guilty to a specification, and that is in addition to the
sentence imposed for the underlying offense is separate from the
sentence being imposed for the qualifying first or second degree
felony committed on or after the effective date of this section and
shall not be considered or included in determining a maximum
prison term for the offender under divisions (B)(1) to (3) of this
section.
R.C. 2929.144(B)(4); see also State v. Tyson, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-19-72, 2020-Ohio-
5049, ¶9.
{¶23} The statute further directs, “The court shall impose this maximum term at
sentencing as part of the sentence it imposes under section 2929.14 of the Revised
9
Code, and shall state the minimum term it imposes under division (A)(1)(a) or (2)(a) of
that section, and this maximum term, in the sentencing entry.” R.C. 2929.144(C).
{¶24} The trial court’s February 19, 2020 nunc pro tunc entry sentenced Miles as
follows, in relevant part: an indefinite term of 10 years for Aggravated Robbery and a
term of 3 years for the firearm specification, a term of 4 years for Kidnapping and a term
of 3 years for the firearm specification, all to run consecutive to one another; and a term
of 12 months for Escape to run concurrent to the aforementioned sentence, “for a total
of Twenty (20) years, or until such time as he is otherwise legally released.”
Subsequent to the filing of his notice of appeal, the trial court issued a second nunc pro
tunc sentencing order, advising Miles that he is sentenced to “a total of Twenty (20)
years, or an indefinite term of Twenty-five (25) years, or until such time as he is
otherwise legally released.”
{¶25} With regard to the maximum term, both entries provide: “The Defendant
was advised Count One is a qualifying offense and as such the Defendant could receive
up to an additional 50 percent of the minimum sentence for behavior deemed
inappropriate by the [DRC]. The Defendant was advised that in this particular case he
could face an indefinite maximum sentence of up to 15 years.”
{¶26} While the stated prison term of 20-25 years is accurate, it is apparent
from these entries and the transcript of the sentencing hearing that the trial court did not
properly advise Miles of the minimum terms for his qualifying first-degree felonies and
did not properly calculate and advise Miles of his maximum prison term. Under the
Reagan Tokes Act, the maximum term imposed is not offense specific. As applied to
the circumstances of Miles’ sentence, the trial court is ordered to aggregate the
10
minimum and definite consecutive terms imposed for each first- and second-degree
felony offense—but not for the specifications—in order to calculate the overall maximum
term. R.C. 2929.144(B)(2) & (B)(4).
{¶27} The state concedes the trial court failed to properly calculate and inform
Miles of his maximum prison term. Further, the state concedes the trial court failed to
provide the required notices under R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c)(i) and (v). Accordingly, the
matter must be remanded for the limited purpose of conducting a resentencing hearing.
See State v. Wolfe, 5th Dist. Licking No. 2020CA00021, 2020-Ohio-5501, ¶37.
{¶28} Pursuant to the Reagan Tokes Act and all relevant sentencing statutes,
the trial court shall inform Miles, inter alia, of the sentence imposed for each offense and
specification; that the firearm specification sentences (6 years) are to be served prior to
and consecutively to the sentences for the underlying offenses; the indefinite minimum
prison term for each of the qualifying first-degree felony offenses (10 years and 4
years); and the maximum prison term (19 years), which is equal to the total of the
consecutive sentences imposed for Miles’ first-degree felonies plus 50 percent of the
sentence imposed for his most serious felony. As calculated, this results in a total
stated prison term of 20-25 years.
{¶29} The trial court shall also inform Miles of all required notices under R.C.
2929.19(B)(2)(c), including:
(1) That it is rebuttably presumed that Miles will be released from
service of the sentence on the expiration of the minimum prison
term imposed as part of the sentence or on his presumptive earned
early release date, as defined in section 2967.271 of the Revised
Code, whichever is earlier; and
11
(2) That if Miles has not been released prior to the expiration of his
maximum prison term imposed as part of the sentence, he must be
released upon the expiration of that term.
Finally, the trial court shall journalize a resentencing entry that properly reflects the
calculation of Miles’ sentence and all statutorily required notifications.
{¶30} Miles’ second assignment of error has merit.
{¶31} The judgment of the Portage County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed
in part and reversed in part, and this matter is remanded for a limited resentencing
hearing consistent with this opinion.
CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, J.,
MARY JANE TRAPP, J.,
concur.
12