State v. Maldonado , 2021 Ohio 1724 ( 2021 )

[Cite as State v. Maldonado, 2021-Ohio-1724.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
STATE OF OHIO, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
No. 108907
v. :
ELVIN MALDONADO, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED AND REMANDED
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: May 20, 2021
Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-18-634404-A
Appearances:
Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
Attorney, and Tasha L. Forchione, Assistant Prosecuting
Attorney, for appellee.
The Law Office of Jaye M. Schlachet, Jaye Schlachet, and
Eric M. Levy, for appellant.
ON RECONSIDERATION1
ANITA LASTER MAYS, P.J.:
Pursuant to the App.R. 26 application for reconsideration filed by the
state of Ohio, the opinion as announced on December 10, 2020, State v. Maldonado,
8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108907, 2020-Ohio-5616, is hereby vacated and substituted
with this opinion.
Defendant-appellant Elvin Maldonado appeals from his convictions
for felonious assault and discharge of a firearm on or near prohibited premises. He
assigns the following errors for our review:
I. The trial court erred when it entered a conviction and imposed a
void sentence for a five-year drive-by shooting firearm
specification for Count 8, discharge of a firearm on or near
prohibited premises, a charge where the specification is not
applicable.
II. [Maldonado’s] convictions were entered without sufficient
evidence.
III. [Maldonado’s] convictions were against the manifest weight of
the evidence.
IV. The trial court erred when it failed to instruct the jury on
aggravated assault, an inferior offense to felonious assault,
which was overwhelmingly supported by the testimony at trial.
V. [Maldonado’s] convictions are inconsistent within the same
count and violate the United States and Ohio Constitutions and
otherwise his right to due process of law where the jury’s findings
of not guilty on the firearm specifications within the same counts
1 The original announcement of decision in State v. Maldonado, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 108907, 2020-Ohio-5616, released December 10, 2020, is hereby vacated.
This opinion, issued upon reconsideration, is the court’s journalized decision in this
appeal. See App.R. 22(C). See also S.Ct.Prac.R. 7.01.
as his underlying convictions and guilty findings on the drive-by
shooting specifications make such convictions impossible.
VI. [Maldonado’s] convictions must be vacated as a result of
ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
VII. The trial court erred when it sentenced [Maldonado] to register
as a violent offender under R.C. 2903.41, Sierah’s Law which is
contrary to law as not being applicable to any of [his]
convictions.
Having reviewed the record and the caselaw, including the state’s
acknowledgment that Maldonado’s first assigned error is well-taken, we affirm and
remand for resentencing. For convenience, we shall address the sixth assigned error
last.
Following a November 5, 2018 shooting, Maldonado was charged
with attempted murder and two counts of felonious assault upon Carmen Rojas
(“Rojas”), a total of four counts of felonious assault upon Kenny Rivera (“Rivera”),
and minors A.S., J.S., and A.F., and discharge of a weapon on or near prohibited
premises, all with one-year, three-year, and five-year “drive-by” firearm
specifications. The case proceeded to a jury trial on May 22, 2019.
Through an interpreter, Rojas testified that she lives in a duplex on
Cloud Avenue in Cleveland. Maldonado is her former neighbor, but he moved prior
to the shooting that is the subject of the trial. While they were neighbors, their
families had been friendly. However, after Maldonado’s dog bit Rojas’s daughter’s
boyfriend, Maldonado’s family was evicted from the duplex, and the families were
no longer on good terms. On November 5, 2018, Rojas’s son, Rivera, his girlfriend,
A.S., Rojas’s daughter, J.S., and her granddaughter, A.F., were with Rojas at her
home. According to Rojas, at approximately 3:45 p.m., a woman associated with
Maldonado drove a young man to her home and gave him eggs. The young man
threw the eggs at Rojas’s car and her house, then the woman threatened Rojas before
leaving.
Rojas subsequently asked Rivera, A.S., and J.S. to go to the store for
her. The group walked to the nearby Q’s Gas Station. When they arrived at the gas
station, they spotted Maldonado in a white truck, and his son and another boy near
the gas pumps. Rivera confronted Maldonado’s son and the other boy about egging
Rojas’s home. As Maldonado emerged from the truck, he ordered his son and the
other boy to get into the truck. At that point, Rivera and Maldonado began to fight.
After the fight was broken up by others at the gas station, Maldonado returned to
his truck, threatened retaliation, and briefly followed Rivera, A.S., and J.S. as they
returned to Rojas’s home. According to A.S., Rivera, who was on parole, was
unarmed. A.S. also testified that she did not see Maldonado with a weapon.
Rivera and the others returned to Rojas’s home and stood outside
with Rojas and A.F. Approximately fifteen to twenty minutes later, a white F-150
truck arrived, and the driver began shooting, striking Rojas in the neck. Other shots
were fired toward the backyard. Rojas told police officers who responded to the
scene that Maldonado was the assailant. She testified that she saw Maldonado in
the truck immediately before the shooting. A.S. and J.S. testified that Maldonado
was the shooter. Rojas testified that the shooting occurred while the truck was in
her driveway. She also testified that she was hospitalized after the shooting and has
lingering dexterity problems from her injuries. A.S. testified that the white truck
was partially in the driveway and partially on the street when the shooting occurred.
Cleveland Officer Jonathan Holub (“Officer Holub”) testified that he
went to Maldonado’s home to question him about the shooting. Maldonado was not
there, but a white truck registered to Maldonado’s father was in the yard. According
to Officer Holub, the truck’s hood was warm, indicating that it had recently been
driven. Maldonado’s father told Officer Holub that Maldonado had used the truck
before driving to work in another vehicle. He also consented to a search of the truck.
No fingerprints, gun, or shell casings were recovered from the white truck.
However, a .22 caliber rimfire cartridge was recovered from the street in front of
Rojas’s house. It was not established that the cartridge had “cycled through a
firearm” or had simply been dropped.
Cleveland Police Detective Cynthia Moore (“Det. Moore”) testified
that she spoke with Maldonado at his job at a nearby deli. According to Det. Moore,
Maldonado stated that he fought Rivera after Rivera confronted his son and the
other boy about the egging incident. Maldonado stated that he was bloodied during
this fight and that Rivera had a weapon. Maldonado was arrested at the deli.
Proceeding with the defense, Maldonado’s mother testified that just
before 4:00 p.m., Maldonado drove in the white truck registered to Maldonado’s
father and began looking for his son and the other child who had not yet returned
from school. Maldonado returned home approximately fifteen to twenty minutes
later. At that point, he was bloodied and suffering from an asthma attack. He asked
her to drive him to work, then changed his mind, and decided to drive her car after
parking his truck in the backyard.
Maldonado’s son testified that he and the other boy walked home
from school and stopped at the gas station. At the gas station, Rivera confronted
him about the egging incident. When Maldonado exited his truck, Rivera punched
him in the eye and put him in a choke hold. During the fight, a gun fell from Rivera’s
waistband, and one of the minors with him picked it up and then walked toward
Cloud Avenue. Maldonado’s son testified that Maldonado lost the fight with Rivera.
After the fight, Maldonado was “the maddest [he] had ever seen him” and breathing
like he was having an asthma attack. Maldonado’s son decided to give Maldonado
space after the fight. He watched as Maldonado drove off past Cloud Avenue and
past a nearby cemetery. When the son arrived home, Maldonado’s truck was already
parked in the backyard.
San Pedro Garcia (“Garcia”), a friend of Maldonado, testified that on
the afternoon of the shooting, he was at laundromat near the gas station and spoke
briefly with Maldonado. A few minutes later, he saw Maldonado and Rivera arguing.
Garcia testified that Rivera threw the first punch and generally got the better of
Maldonado during the fight. Garcia also testified that he saw a gun fall from Rivera’s
waist during the fight. At that point, Maldonado instructed his son and the other
child to flee, and a black-haired girl with Rivera picked up the weapon.
Maldonado testified that he received a Facebook call warning him
that Rivera was about to start trouble with his son at the gas station. Maldonado got
into the truck and headed toward the gas station. When he arrived, he told Rivera
to deal with him and not the children. According to Maldonado, Rivera was the
aggressor of the ensuing fight, and punched him in the eye as he exited the truck. As
they fought, Rivera’s gun fell to the ground, and Maldonado told his son and the
other boy to run. Afterward, when Maldonado was driving away, Rivera warned
Maldonado that he was going to shoot them, and Maldonado began suffering an
asthma attack. According to Maldonado, he experiences asthma attacks when he is
extremely stressed. Maldonado denied involvement in the shooting.
Maldonado further testified that he did not drive the white truck to
his job at the deli because the plates were expired, and it had a burned out blinker
light. He parked the truck in the backyard when he arrived home so that it would
not be damaged by neighborhood vandals. Maldonado stated that when police later
confronted him at his job at the deli, he was frightened and mistakenly stated that
he had previously been driving a different vehicle, and not the white truck.
Maldonado was acquitted of attempted murder and all of the one-
year and three-year firearm specifications, but he was convicted of all remaining
charges. The trial court merged the felonious assault charges involving Rojas with
the count of discharging a weapon on or near prohibited premises. The court
sentenced Maldonado to serve a five-year term for the drive-by firearm specification
and a four-year term on the merged offenses, and to concurrent nine-year terms on
the remaining offenses.
Applicability of R.C. 2941.146 Specification to Discharge of
Firearm on or Near Prohibited Premises
In the first assigned error, Maldonado asserts that the R.C. 2941.146
five-year “drive-by” firearm specification is not applicable to a charge of discharge
of a firearm on or near prohibited premises in violation of R.C. 2923.162. He argues
that R.C. 2941.146 applies only to felonies that include, as an essential element,
purposely or knowingly causing or attempting to cause the death of or physical harm
to another, but R.C. 2923.162 is a strict liability offense that contains the element of
“serious physical harm,” but not “physical harm.”
The state of Ohio concedes this error. Likewise, we note that
R.C. 2941.146 provides for a mandatory five-year prison term for offenders who
commit “a felony that includes, as an essential element, purposely or knowingly
causing or attempting to cause the death of or physical harm to another[.]” See
State v. Peoples, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 18AP-850, 2019-Ohio-2141, ¶ 11.
R.C. 2923.162 does not contain the mens rea of “purposely,” and is instead a strict
liability offense. See State v. James, 2015-Ohio-4987, 53 N.E.3d 770, ¶ 33 (8th
Dist.). Therefore, the five-year drive-by specification is not applicable to this
offense. Accordingly, we conclude that this assigned error is well taken. Inasmuch
as this well-taken argument is dispositive of the assigned error, we do not reach
Maldonado’s second argument that the five-year specification is inapplicable to a
charge of discharge of a firearm on or near prohibited premises because
R.C. 2923.162 contains the element of “serious physical harm” rather than “physical
harm.”
Sufficiency of the Evidence
In the second assigned error, Maldonado argues that his convictions
are not supported by sufficient evidence. He asserts that there is no evidence that
the shooting was committed with a firearm as opposed to a BB gun or pellet gun. He
also asserts that the state’s evidence indicated that the shooting occurred from a
private driveway, and not a public road or highway as required under R.C. 2923.162.
He additionally argues that the felonious assault convictions are not supported due
to lack of evidence that the shooter “even shot in the direction of the * * * victims so
as to knowingly expect to cause physical harm.”
A sufficiency challenge requires a court to determine whether the
state has met its burden of production at trial and to consider not the credibility of
the evidence, but whether, if credible, the evidence presented would support a
conviction. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997).
The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable
to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements
of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259,
574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus, following, Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). The state may use
direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or both, in order to establish the elements
of a crime. See State v. Durr, 58 Ohio St.3d 86, 568 N.E.2d 674 (1991).
Circumstantial evidence is “proof of facts or circumstances by direct evidence from
which the trier of fact may reasonably infer other related or connected facts that
naturally or logically follow.” State v. Seals, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101081,
2015-Ohio-517, ¶ 32.
Turning to the conviction for discharge of a firearm on or near
prohibited premises, the state’s evidence indicated that Rojas’s family experienced
ongoing problems from Maldonado’s family after the dog-bite-related eviction. The
record demonstrates that Rivera and Maldonado got into a physical fight at the gas
station immediately after Rojas’s house and car were egged. According to Rivera,
Maldonado threatened retaliation. About fifteen to twenty minutes after the fight
with Rivera at the gas station, while Rojas and her family were in the driveway,
Maldonado was observed in the white truck during the shooting. Rojas was struck
in the neck. As to Maldonado’s argument that no eyewitness testimony places him
at the scene, both Rojas and A.S. observed him in the white truck during the
shooting. A.S. identified Maldonado in a photo array and again in court as the
assailant.
Maldonado also complains that there is insufficient evidence to
support of discharge of firearm on or near prohibited premises under R.C. 2923.162
because Rojas testified that the shooter was in her driveway, so she did not establish
that he discharged a firearm upon or over a public road or highway. We agree that
Rojas testified that the shooter was positioned in the driveway, and not on a public
road as required under R.C. 2923.162. However, A.S. testified that Maldonado was
in the white truck and that it was positioned partially on the driveway and partially
on the road. The cartridge was discovered on the street, not the driveway. As to
Maldonado’s claim that there was insufficient evidence that his shots came from a
firearm, as opposed to a BB gun, Rojas and A.S. testified that they heard shots, and
the state’s evidence indicated that a .22 caliber cartridge was recovered from the
street.
There is sufficient evidence to support this conviction.
We conclude that the felonious assault convictions are supported by
sufficient evidence. Felonious assault as defined in R.C. 2903.11(A) states, “no
person shall knowingly * * * cause serious physical harm to another * * *.”
Eyewitnesses state that Maldonado pointed a firearm and fired it, striking Rojas in
the neck. Courts have made clear that pointing a firearm at an individual and firing
it is sufficient for felonious assault under R.C. 2903.11(A)(2). State v. Brooks, 7th
Dist. Mahoning No. 02-CA-251, 2004-Ohio-3216, ¶ 18. State v. Jackson, 3d Dist.
Allen No. 1-18-38, 2019-Ohio-1697, ¶ 24.
This analysis is also applicable herein, and we additionally note that
Rojas was struck in the neck during the shooting. Accordingly, this portion of
Maldonado’s assigned error lacks merit. As to Maldonado’s claim that there was
insufficient evidence that the shots came from a firearm, as opposed to a BB gun,
Rojas and A.S. testified that they heard shots, and the state’s evidence indicated that
a .22 caliber cartridge was recovered from the street.
This assigned error is without merit.
Manifest Weight of the Evidence
In the third assigned error, Maldonado argues that his convictions are
against the manifest weight of the evidence. He raises many of the same arguments
that he previously raised in his sufficiency challenge. He also asserts that the
witnesses presented by the state were biased, not credible, and made conflicting and
inconsistent claims.
“[W]eight of the evidence involves the inclination of the greater
amount of credible evidence.” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 678 N.E.2d 541, at
387. Weight of the evidence concerns “the evidence’s effect of inducing belief.” State
v. Wilson, 113 Ohio St.3d 382, 2007-Ohio-2202, 865 N.E.2d 1264, ¶ 25, citing
Thompkins at 386-387. The reviewing court must consider all the evidence in the
record, the reasonable inferences, and the credibility of the witnesses to determine
“‘whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and
created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed
and a new trial ordered.’” Thompkins at 387, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio
App.3d 172, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983).
Furthermore, “the weight to be given the evidence and the credibility
of the witnesses are primarily for the trier of the facts.” State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio
St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967), paragraph one of the syllabus. When examining
witness credibility, “the choice between credible witnesses and their conflicting
testimony rests solely with the finder of fact and an appellate court may not
substitute its own judgment for that of the finder of fact.” State v. Awan, 22 Ohio
St.3d 120, 123, 489 N.E.2d 277 (1986). The factfinder “is free to believe all, some,
or none of the testimony of each witness appearing before it.” State v. Ellis, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 98538, 2013-Ohio-1184, ¶ 18.
Upon review, we cannot say that the jury lost its way and created a
manifest miscarriage of justice by convicting Maldonado of discharging a weapon
over prohibited premises. The record indicates that there was ongoing conflict
between Rojas’s family and Maldonado’s family after Maldonado’s eviction. On the
day of the shooting, while Rojas and her other family members were outside,
Maldonado, from a position within the street but near the driveway, was seen
shooting at the house, striking Rojas in the neck. From the foregoing, we cannot say
that the jury lost its way or created a manifest miscarriage of justice in convicting
Maldonado of the offense.
The third assigned error is without merit.
No Aggravated Assault Instruction
In the fourth assigned error, Maldonado argues that the trial court
erred in failing to instruct the jury on the offense of aggravated assault, as a lesser
included offense of felonious assault. He maintains that there was evidence that he
had both serious provocation and actual sudden passion and a fit of rage, and that
the events occurred within minutes of each other and in an extremely close
geographical proximity.
We first note that trial counsel did not object to the trial court’s failure
to instruct the jury on the offense of aggravated assault. We therefore review for
plain error. Plain error is error that affects substantial rights. Crim.R. 52(B). In
determining whether plain error occurred, we must examine the alleged error in
light of all of the evidence properly admitted at trial. State v. Hill, 92 Ohio St.3d 191,
196, 749 N.E.2d 274 (2001). State v. Wright, 2017-Ohio-1225, 88 N.E.3d 487, ¶ 26
(6th Dist.). Plain error should be found “only in exceptional circumstances and only
to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.” Hill at 196. Since substantial rights
are in jeopardy, “[w]e have interpreted this aspect of the rule to mean that the
trial court's error must have affected the outcome of the trial.” “The accused
is therefore required to demonstrate a reasonable probability that the error
resulted in prejudice * * *.” State v. White, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 15AP-565,
2016-Ohio-1405, ¶ 44.
As defined in R.C. 2903.12, aggravated assault is an inferior degree of
felonious assault “since its elements are identical to those of felonious assault, except
for the additional mitigating element of serious provocation.” State v. Deem, 40
Ohio St.3d 205, 210-211, 533 N.E.2d 294 (1988). The difference between the
elements of aggravated and felonious assault is provocation involving sudden
passion or fit of rage. State v. McDuffie, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100826, 2014-Ohio-
4924, ¶ 22.
In a trial for felonious assault, where the defendant presents sufficient
evidence of serious provocation, an instruction on aggravated assault must be given
to the jury. Deem at paragraph four of the syllabus. A defendant must show that he
or she acted under serious provocation. Id. at ¶ 23-24. “‘Provocation, to be serious,
must be reasonably sufficient to bring on extreme stress and the provocation must
be reasonably sufficient to incite or to arouse the defendant into using deadly force.’”
State v. Smith, 168 Ohio App.3d 141, 2006-Ohio-3720, 858 N.E.2d 1222, ¶ 43 (1st
Dist.), quoting State v. Horton, 9th Dist. Summit No. 26407, 2013-Ohio-3902, ¶ 52.
R.C. 2903.12 also states that a defendant must act “while under the influence of
sudden passion or in a sudden fit of rage.”
In State v. Mack, 82 Ohio St.3d 198, 1998-Ohio-375, 694 N.E.2d
1328, the Ohio Supreme Court reiterated that an objective standard must be applied
to determine whether the alleged provocation is reasonably sufficient to bring on a
sudden passion or fit of rage, meaning that the provocation must be “sufficient to
arouse the passions of an ordinary person beyond the power of his or her control.”
Id. at 201. If this objective standard is met, then the inquiry shifts to a subjective
standard to determine whether the defendant in the particular case “‘actually was
under the influence of sudden passion or in a sudden fit of rage.’” Id., quoting
State v. Shane, 63 Ohio St.3d 630, 590 N.E.2d 272 (1992).
In State v. Bouie, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108095, 2019-Ohio-4579,
this court explained:
Courts have found that an instruction on aggravated assault is not
warranted when defendants fail to provide evidence that they acted
while under the influence of sudden passion or in a sudden fit of rage.
Compare State v. Walker, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25741, 2014-Ohio-
1287, ¶ 7 (appellant testified that he “was never angry” and only scared,
so counsel was not deficient for failing to request instruction on
aggravated assault); Horton[, 9th Dist. Summit No. 26407, 2013-Ohio-
3902,] at ¶ 53 (appellant only testified that he “feared for the safety of
[another,]” which was not enough to warrant aggravated assault
instruction); Crim, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 82347, 2004-Ohio-2553, at
¶ 13-14 (because the appellant (1) failed to demonstrate that he was
provoked by the victims’ actions, (2) testified that he was not in a fit of
rage, and (3) said he “was not angry and was cool, calm and collected”
when he shot at the victims, the trial court did not err in failing to
instruct the jury on aggravated assault) with State v. Bostick, 9th Dist.
Summit No. 25853, 2012-Ohio-5048, ¶ 10-13 (appellant testified that
he “flipped and saw red,” which was evidence that the appellant was
under the influence of sudden passion or a fit of rage); State v. Smith,
168 Ohio App.3d 141, 2006-Ohio-3720, 858 N.E.2d 1222, ¶ 55-57 (1st
Dist.) (testimony showed that defendant “looked angry and upset” and
indicated that defendant’s anger “escalated into rage, terror, or furious
hatred” so the trial court should have instructed the jury on aggravated
assault as to one of the shootings that defendant allegedly committed).
Id. at ¶ 50.
However, past altercations and past verbal threats do not satisfy the
test for sufficient provocation where there is sufficient time for cooling off. Smith at
¶ 48.
In this matter, Maldonado’s son testified that Maldonado was
extremely angry following the fight with Rivera. There is also evidence that
Maldonado was concerned about his asthma following the fight. However,
Maldonado testified, “I was mad. I wasn’t like fiery mad. I was just — I was more
concerned and upset.” He also denied gripping the steering wheel in the angry
fashion described by his son.
Additionally, we note that the record indicates that the shooting
occurred approximately fifteen to twenty minutes after the fight at the gas station.
This time period has been deemed sufficient for cooling off. See State v. Patterson,
10th Dist. Franklin No. 15AP-1117, 2016-Ohio-7130, in which the court stated:
Courts have indicated that a cooling off period may be a “very short
time span.” State v. Caulton, 7th Dist. [Mahoning] No. 09 MA 140,
2011-Ohio-6636, ¶ 70, discretionary appeal not allowed, 131 Ohio
St.3d 1500, 2012-Ohio-1501, 964 N.E.2d 440, quoting State v. Kanner,
7th Dist. [Monroe] No. 04 MO 10, 2006-Ohio-3485, discretionary
appeal not allowed, [State v. Kanner], 111 Ohio St.3d 1493, 2006-
Ohio-6171, 857 N.E.2d 1230. See, e.g., Parnell at ¶ 24 (15-minute
period that defendant went upstairs after alleged argument a sufficient
cooling off period such that aggravated assault jury instruction was not
warranted); State v. Nowden, 2d Dist. [Clark] No. 07CA0120, 2008-
Ohio-5383, ¶ 59 (10-to 15-minute period defendant left residence to get
a gun sufficient cooling off period); State v. Dean, 4th Dist. [Ross] No.
15CA3499, 2016-Ohio-5720, ¶ 27 (time it took for victim to exit house
and walk down the driveway approximately 100 yards away from
defendant sufficient cooling off period); State v. Byerly, 5th Dist.
[Richland] No. 02-CA-81, 2003-Ohio-6911, ¶ 36, discretionary appeal
not allowed, 102 Ohio St. 3d 1424, 2004-Ohio-2003, 807 N.E.2d
368 (time it took defendant to park his car one-half mile away from
victim’s residence and walk back constituted cooling off
period); State v. Shakoor, 7th Dist. [Mahoning] No. 01 CA 121, 2003-
Ohio-5140, ¶ 105 (recognizing that in certain circumstances a few
seconds may constitute a sufficient cooling off period).
Id. at ¶ 40.
In this matter, in light of Maldonado’s testimony and the sufficient
time for cooling off, the evidence did not support a finding that the shooting was
mitigated by serious provocation, and the trial court did not err in refusing to
instruct the jury on the offense of aggravated assault.
Finally, we find that Maldonado pursued a complete defense strategy
rather than invite a conviction of an inferior offense based on evidence of
provocation. While his trial counsel requested certain other lesser offense
instructions, he did not request an instruction on the inferior offense of aggravated
assault, which indicates both his trial strategy and how he viewed the evidence.
Requesting an instruction on the inferior offense of aggravated assault would have
been inconsistent with Maldonado’s complete-defense strategy and his testimony
that he was not at the shooting and was not “fiery mad” before the shooting. That
the trial court chose not to instruct on the inferior offense sua sponte indicates that
the court similarly did not consider the evidence sufficient to support a finding of
provocation.
Maldonado’s trial counsel did not seek an instruction on aggravated
assault and the trial court did not attempt to instruct on the inferior offense. Finding
plain error under these circumstances would hold the trial court responsible for
Maldonado’s deliberate decision to not pursue an instruction on the inferior offense
and permit Maldonado to retroactively benefit from a strategy he declined to pursue.
Accordingly, we find that the trial court did not commit plain error in
failing to instruct on the inferior offense. See State v. Clayton, 62 Ohio St.2d 45, 47-
48, 402 N.E.2d 1189 (1980) (no plain error for failure to instruct on lesser-included
offense where the defendant pursued a complete defense and waived a lesser-
included offense instruction). See also State v. McCullough, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
67786, 1995 Ohio App. LEXIS 3377, *6 (Aug. 17, 1995); State v. Lockett, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 53334, 1988 Ohio App. LEXIS 534, 8-10 (Feb. 18, 1988); State v.
Brown, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 52593, 1988 Ohio App. LEXIS 3020, *5-6 (July 28,
1988); State v. McDowell, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 10AP-509, 2011-Ohio-6815, ¶ 45;
State v. Glagola, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2003CA00006, 2003-Ohio-6018, ¶ 22.
The fourth assigned error lacks merit.
Inconsistent Verdicts
In the fifth assigned error, Maldonado contends that the acquittals on
the one-year and three-year firearm specifications are inconsistent with both the
conviction for discharging a firearm in violation of R.C. 2923.162 and the five-year
“drive-by” firearm specifications.
“The several counts of an indictment containing more than one count
are not interdependent and an inconsistency in a verdict does not arise out of
inconsistent responses to different counts, but only arises out of inconsistent
responses to the same count.” State v. Lovejoy, 79 Ohio St.3d 440, 683 N.E.2d 1112(1979), paragraph one of the syllabus.
With regard to the contention that the acquittals on the one-year and
three-year firearm specifications are fatally inconsistent with the convictions on the
principal offenses, this court recently observed in State v. Amey, 2018-Ohio-4207,
120 N.E.3d 503 (8th Dist.):
Amey relies on State v. Koss, 49 Ohio St.3d 213, 551 N.E.2d 970 (1990),
in support of his inconsistent-verdicts argument. In that case, the Ohio
Supreme Court held that an acquittal on a gun specification but the
finding of guilt on the principal offense of voluntary manslaughter for
causing the death of a victim with the firearm were inconsistent, and
therefore, the voluntary manslaughter conviction was reversed. There
was no legal authority or analysis in support of the conclusion reached
in that case. Koss, in fact, contradicted the Ohio Supreme Court’s
earlier conclusion on inconsistency between the principal charge and
the associated specification. State v. Perryman, 49 Ohio St.2d 14, 25-
26, 358 N.E.2d 1040, paragraph 3 of the syllabus (1976) (“Where a jury
convicts a defendant of an aggravated murder committed in the course
of an aggravated robbery, and where that defendant is concurrently
acquitted of a specification indicting him for identical behavior, the
general verdict is not invalid.”).
Although some courts valued Koss based on recency, that support has
faded. State v. Given, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 15 MA 0108, 2016-Ohio-
4746, ¶ 73-75, citing Perryman (noting the conflict created by Koss and
deeming the decision in Koss to be of limited value); see also State v.
Lee, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-160294, 2017-Ohio-7377, ¶ 43; State v.
Ayers, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 13AP-18, 2013-Ohio-5601, ¶ 24. It may
be time to consider Koss as nothing more than an outlier; however, any
such conclusion would be outside the scope of this appeal.
Id. at ¶ 17-18.
Moreover, this court has consistently held that a not guilty verdict on
firearm specifications does not present a fatal inconsistency with a guilty verdict for
the principal charge. State v. Hollins, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107642, 2020-Ohio-
4290, citing State v. Jackson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105541, 2018-Ohio-2131, ¶ 8;
State v. Williams, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95796, 2011-Ohio-5483; State v.
Hardware, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 93639, 2010-Ohio-4346, ¶ 17, citing State v.
Fair, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 89653, 2008-Ohio-930; State v. Robinson, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 99290, 2013-Ohio-4375. As this court explained in Fair, “[i]t is
entirely proper for the jury to find appellant guilty of aggravated robbery without a
firearm specification.” Id. at ¶ 26. In Robinson, this court further explained:
Robinson argues that based upon the Ohio Supreme Court’s holding in
State v. Evans, 113 Ohio St.3d 100, 2007-Ohio-861, 863 N.E.2d 113,
[stating that completely dependent upon, the existence of the
underlying criminal charge] a firearm specification is considered
dependent on the underlying charge, and thus the two should be
considered the same count. This court, however, has consistently
rejected this argument. * * *.
Here, the evidence supported the felony murder, felonious assault, and
the discharge of a firearm on or near a prohibited place, the court
instructed on the specifications independently and separately, and the
convictions on these counts were not dependent upon a finding on the
specifications. Accordingly, consistent with this court’s precedent, we
overrule the tenth assignment of error.
Robinson, 2013-Ohio-4375, ¶ 102-103.
Therefore, the acquittals on the specifications are not fatally
inconsistent with the convictions for the principal offenses.
Maldonado further argues that the convictions on the five-year
specification for discharging a firearm from a motor vehicle is fatally inconsistent
with the acquittals on the one-year and three-year firearm specifications. However,
as the court in State v. Crabtree, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 09AP-1097, 2010-Ohio-
3843, explained, “[a]s long as sufficient evidence supports the jury’s verdict at issue,
other seemingly inconsistent verdicts do not undermine the otherwise sufficient
evidence.” Id. at ¶ 19. “A jury need not deliver rationally consistent verdicts in order
for the verdicts to be upheld. * * * As long as sufficient evidence supports the jury’s
verdict at issue, other seemingly inconsistent verdicts do not undermine the
otherwise sufficient evidence.” Id. See also State v. Smith, 10th Dist. Franklin
No. 06AP-1165, 2007-Ohio-6772, ¶ 42. Here, we conclude that the evidence
supports the fire-year firearm specifications. Moreover, under the evidence
presented, it was entirely rational for the jury to have selected the fire-year firearm
specification that specifically references the discharge of a firearm from a motor
vehicle.
This assigned error is without merit.
Sierah’s Law
In the seventh assigned of error, Maldonado argues that the trial
court erred in sentencing him under Sierah’s Law and requiring him to register as a
violent offender.
Pursuant to R.C. 2903.41, individuals who are convicted of certain
violent offenses must register in the Violent Offender Database. Qualifying violent
offenses are aggravated murder in violation of R.C. 2903.01; murder in violation of
R.C. 2903.02; voluntary manslaughter in violation of R.C. 2903.03; kidnapping in
violation of R.C. 2905.01; and second-degree felony abduction in violation of
R.C. 2905.02. Attempt, complicity, and conspiracy to commit these offenses are
likewise included as qualifying offenses.
Here, the state concedes that Sierah’s Law is inapplicable to
Maldonado. Upon our review, we agree that Sierah’s law is inapplicable in this
matter because Maldonado was not convicted of a qualifying offense.
This assigned error is well taken.
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
In the sixth assigned error, Maldonado argues that he received
ineffective assistance of counsel at his trial. He complains that his trial counsel did
not seek the dismissal of the five-year firearm specification, did not argue for an
instruction on the lesser offense of aggravated assault, ineffectively advocated for
the lesser offense of improperly handling a firearm in a motor vehicle, and did not
challenge application of Sierah’s Law during sentencing.
In order to establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a
defendant must establish that counsel’s performance fell below an objective
standard of reasonable representation. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,
687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136,
538 N.E.2d 373 (1989), paragraph two of the syllabus. Second, a defendant must
also demonstrate that he or she was prejudiced by counsel’s performance. Id. To
show that he or she has been prejudiced by counsel’s deficient performance, the
defendant must prove that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the trial would have
been different. Bradley at paragraph three of the syllabus.
Herein, the claim regarding the inapplicability of the five-year firearm
specification for discharging a firearm from a motor vehicle to the charge of
discharge of a firearm on or near prohibited premises is now moot, in light of this
court’s disposition of the first assigned error.
Turning to the next portion of the assigned error regarding the
instruction for aggravated assault, we note that Maldonado’s counsel did advocate
for an instruction on a lesser charge and repeatedly elicited questions designed to
probe Maldonado’s state of mind during and after the fight with Rivera. (Tr. 942.)
Therefore, we find no trial error as required under the first component of the
Strickland analysis. This portion of the assigned error lacks merit.
Turning next to Maldonado’s complaint challenging the efficacy of his
trial counsel’s argument for a lesser instruction of improperly handling a firearm in
a motor vehicle, the evidence did not indicate that Maldonado simply discharged a
weapon or improperly transported it within R.C. 2923.16. Rather, the evidence
demonstrated that there were continuing problems between Maldonado’s family
and Rojas’s family, multiple shots were fired following the fight with Rivera, and one
of the shots struck Rojas in the neck. Therefore, counsel could have reasonably
concluded that additional argument would have been futile. This portion of the
assigned error lacks merit.
Finally, the argument regarding Sierah’s law is moot.
App.R. 12(A)(1)(c).
The sixth assigned error is without merit.
Judgment affirmed. The conviction for discharge of a firearm on or
near prohibited premises is affirmed but remanded for resentencing.
It is ordered that appellee and appellant share the costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the
common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
___________________________________
ANITA LASTER MAYS, PRESIDING JUDGE
LARRY A. JONES, SR., J., CONCURS;
MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J., CONCURS IN JUDGMENT ONLY