State v. Ablonczy , 474 Md. 149 ( 2021 )

State of Maryland v. Anthony George Ablonczy, No. 28, September Term, 2020. Opinion
by Hotten, J.
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE – VOIR DIRE – OBJECTIONS – WAIVER. Accepting the jury as
empaneled without qualification at the conclusion of jury selection does not waive a prior
objection to a trial court’s denial of a request to propound a proposed voir dire question.
Circuit Court for Washington County
Case No. C-21-CR-18-000119
Argued: January 4, 2021 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
OF MARYLAND
No. 28
September Term, 2020
__________________________________
STATE OF MARYLAND
v.
ANTHONY GEORGE ABLONCZY
__________________________________
Barbera, C.J.,
McDonald,
Watts,
Hotten,
Getty,
Booth,
Biran,
JJ.
__________________________________
Opinion by Hotten, J.
Barbera, C. J., McDonald and Watts, JJ.,
concur.
__________________________________
Filed: June 23, 2021
Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal
Materials Act
(§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document is authentic.
2021-06-23 13:29-04:00
Suzanne C. Johnson, Clerk
Following a physical altercation and robbery, Respondent, Anthony Ablonczy, was
arrested and charged with armed robbery, robbery, first and second degree assault, and
theft of less than one thousand dollars. Prior to the commencement of a jury trial in the
Circuit Court for Washington County, defense counsel for Respondent submitted several
voir dire questions to be posed to the venire, including a proposed question which
addressed the presumption of innocence, burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt, and
the right to remain silent. The trial court declined to pose the question, defense counsel
objected, the objection was overruled, and voir dire resumed.
At the conclusion of jury selection, the trial court asked whether either party
objected to the jury as empaneled and defense counsel responded “no.” On appeal,
Respondent argued that, in light of this Court’s decision in Kazadi v. State, 467 Md. 1, 223
A.3d 554 (2020), the trial court committed reversible error in failing to ask the proposed
question. The Court of Special Appeals reversed, prompting an appeal by the State to this
Court. We granted certiorari to determine the following question presented:
Should accepting a jury as ultimately empaneled waive any prior objection
to the trial court’s refusal to propound [voir dire] questions?
For the reasons expressed below, we answer in the negative and shall affirm the
judgment of the Court of Special Appeals.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Underlying Factual Background
Respondent approached an individual sitting in his car on the evening of September
28, 2015, pointed a pellet gun at him and demanded money. Respondent grabbed the
individual’s wallet, cellphone, and keys, and then struck him in the face with the back of
the gun, injuring the left side of his face and upper lip.1 DNA found on a cigarette butt
inside the victim’s vehicle was later attributed to Respondent. Respondent was arrested
and charged with armed robbery, robbery, first and second degree assault, and theft of less
than one thousand dollars in the Circuit Court for Washington County.
Circuit Court Proceeding
Before trial, Respondent submitted several voir dire questions for the trial court to
propound to the potential jurors, including proposed voir dire question number eighteen,
which read as follows:
18. There are certain legal principles governing a criminal case by which
you must abide once you have taken your oath as a juror. If you have any
difficulty in understanding these principles, or in accepting these principles,
you must inform the Court at this time. It is imperative that you be absolutely
honest and open about your feelings.
a. Presumption of Innocence
One of the fundamental principles of our legal system is that when a person
is brought to Court charged with a crime, he must be presumed to be innocent
unless, and until, the prosecution presents evidence that convinces you
beyond a reasonable doubt that he is guilty. If you are selected as a juror in
this case, will you have difficult[y] in accepting and/or applying the rule of
law the defendant must be presumed to be innocent?
b. Burden of Proof
The prosecution has the burden of proving that the defendant is guilty beyond
a reasonable doubt. This burden never shifts to the defense. The Defendant
never has to prove that he is innocent. A defendant is not required to present
any evidence. If the prosecution does not prove every element of an offense
beyond a reasonable doubt, the jury must find the Defendant not guilty of
that offense. Will you have any difficulty accepting and/or applying this
legal principle?
1
Testimony at trial revealed that the victim initially believed that Respondent had
shot him, but later clarified that he had been pistol-whipped during the robbery.
2
c. Right to Remain Silent
In every criminal case, the Defendant has an absolute Constitutional right not
to testify.
i) Does any member of the jury panel believe that a Defendant who does not
testify is more likely to be guilty?
ii) If the Defendant presented no evidence at all in his defense, would this
affect your ability to presume him innocent?
d. Beyond a Reasonable Doubt
One of the fundamental principles of our system is that the prosecution has
the burden of proving that the Defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
Will you have any difficulty accepting and/or applying this legal principle?
During a bench conference regarding Respondent’s proposed voir dire question, the
following colloquy ensued:
THE COURT: [] All of these questions about the law, [] I don’t believe they
are appropriate under Maryland law.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: That’s fine, over my objection, I understand.
THE COURT: Sure. That will be just so counsel knows, that is question 18,
[] which has recitations of presumption of innocence, burden of proof, right
to remain silent, beyond a reasonable doubt. I’ve done some research
actually beforehand on this, and . . . those are really questions of law that
aren’t necessary or required under Maryland [law].
Voir dire resumed, and, at the conclusion of jury selection, the trial court asked whether
there were any objections to the jury panel:
THE COURT: Okay. All right first, we have 12 persons seated in the jury
box. Madam State, do you have any objection from the panel that’s been
seated?
[THE STATE]: The State is satisfied.
THE COURT: Okay and Defense I know that you’ve used your peremptory
challenges, do you have any objection to the panel as seated?
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: No. Thank you your Honor.
3
Alternate jurors were then seated and the trial court again asked whether there were any
objections to the jury panel as seated:
THE COURT: [] All right at this time, [] is there any objection to the panel?
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: No.
At the conclusion of trial, the jury convicted Respondent of armed robbery, robbery,
first and second degree assault, and theft of less than one thousand dollars and acquitted
him of reckless endangerment, carrying a handgun, and the use of a firearm in the
commission of a crime of violence. Respondent was sentenced to a total of twenty years’
incarceration for armed robbery, without any probationary period, to run consecutively
with a sentence received by Respondent for other convictions unrelated to the underlying
incident. His remaining convictions were merged for purposes of sentencing.
Court of Special Appeals’ Opinion
Respondent appealed his convictions to the Court of Special Appeals, arguing that
based on this Court’s decision in Kazadi, 467 Md. at 1, 223 A.3d at 554, the trial court
abused its discretion in declining to ask proposed question number eighteen. Respondent
argued that in Kazadi, this Court held that “on request, during voir dire, a trial court must
ask whether any prospective jurors are unwilling or unable to comply with the jury
instructions on the fundamental principles of presumption of innocence, the State’s burden
of proof, and the defendant’s right not to testify.” Id. at 9, 223 A.3d at 559. To act in a
contrary fashion would be an error in both Kazadi “and any other cases that are pending on
direct appeal when this opinion is filed, where the relevant question has been preserved for
appellate review.” Id. at 54, 223 A.3d at 586. The State countered that Respondent had
4
not preserved the issue, since he waived his objection by accepting the jury without
qualification at the conclusion of the voir dire process.
The Court of Special Appeals rejected the State’s argument. Maryland Rule 4-
323(c) requires a party to “make[] known” its objection to the court. The Court held that
objecting to the omission of a voir dire question was sufficient to preserve the issue for
appeal, and that “accepting the jury that is ultimately selected” after a defense objection
“does not constitute acquiescence to the previous adverse ruling.” Ablonczy v. State, No.
3219, Sept. Term., 2018, 2020 WL 3401190, at *4 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. June 19, 2020)
(citing Marquardt v. State, 164 Md. App. 95, 143, 882 A.2d 900, 928 (2005); State v.
Stringfellow, 425 Md. 461, 470–71, 42 A.3d 27, 32–33 (2012)).
The Court of Special Appeals also held that, pursuant to Kazadi, the trial court
abused its discretion in not asking question eighteen, reversed the trial court’s decision,
and remanded for a new trial. Ablonczy, No. 3219, Sept. Term, 2018, 2020 WL 3401190,
at *2–3. The State appealed to this Court, which granted certiorari to determine whether
accepting a jury as ultimately empaneled waives any prior objection to the trial court’s
refusal to propound voir dire questions. State v. Ablonczy, 471 Md. 102, 240 A.3d 853(2020).
DISCUSSION
The Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article 21 of the
Maryland Declaration of Rights both guarantee a criminal defendant the right to “an
impartial jury.” U.S. Const. amend. VI (“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall
enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district
5
wherein the crime shall have been committed[.]”); Md. Const. Decl. of Rts. art. 21 (“That
in all criminal prosecutions, every man hath a right to . . . a speedy trial by an impartial
jury, without whose unanimous consent he ought not to be found guilty.”). As this Court
explained in Waters v. State, 51 Md. 430, 436 (1879):
It is a fundamental principle underlying the trial by jury, that each juror shall
so far as it is possible be entirely impartial and unbiased, in order that he
may hear the evidence, and decide the matter in controversy uninfluenced by
any extraneous considerations whatever. We say, so far as it is possible, for
after all, it may not be practicable even by the most rigid rules of exclusion
to secure that impartiality which the law in the abstract contemplates.
Every day’s experience teaches that all human institutions are affected to
some extent at least, by the common infirmities of those by whom they are
framed, or by whom they are administered. To secure, however, a fair and
impartial trial so far as it may be practicable, the law has from the earliest
times prescribed certain qualifications for jurors; and has carefully excluded
from the panel all persons who from partiality or prejudice, arising either
from their relations to the parties or from a fixed opinion in regard to the
matter in issue, cannot be expected to give an impartial consideration to the
questions submitted to them.
The “extent of the examination [of potential jurors] rests in the sound discretion of the
court[.]” Langley v. State, 281 Md. 337, 341, 378 A.2d 1338, 1340 (1977) (citations
omitted); Casey v. Roman Cath. Archbishop of Balt., 217 Md. 595, 605, 143 A.2d 627, 631
(1958) (“In this State it is well settled that the scope of the questions propounded to jurors
on their voir dire is largely in the discretion of the trial court. Of course, the only purpose
of the inquiry is to ascertain the existence of cause for disqualification. . . . [I]t is also well
settled that parties to an action triable before a jury have a right to have questions
propounded to prospective jurors on their voir dire, which are directed to a specific cause
6
for disqualification, and failure to allow such questions is an abuse of discretion
constituting reversible error.”).
“[Voir dire], the process by which prospective jurors are examined to determine
whether cause for disqualification exists, is the mechanism whereby the right to a fair and
impartial jury . . . is given substance.” Dingle v. State, 361 Md. 1, 9, 759 A.2d 819, 823
(2000) (citations omitted). “The process entails examination of prospective jurors through
questions propounded by the judge (or either of the parties, if allowed by the judge) to
determine the existence of bias or prejudice and, literally translated, means ‘to say the
truth.’” Charles v. State, 414 Md. 726, 733, 997 A.2d 154, 159 (2010).
It is axiomatic that the “primary purpose of [voir dire] is to ensure a fair and
impartial jury.” Id., 997 A.2d at 158; Dingle, 361 Md. at 9, 759 A.2d at 823 (citations
omitted) (“The overarching purpose of [voir dire] in a criminal case is to ensure a fair and
impartial jury.”). To “ensure [that] a fair and impartial jury” is ultimately seated, a party
may question the impartialness of the jury panel by way of objection during the voir dire
process. Id., 759 A.2d at 823. As such, objections during the voir dire process are an
integral part of the “mechanism” of seating an “impartial jury.” Id., 759 A.2d at 823.
This is even more so when the objection revolves around fundamental principles of
law such as the presumption of innocence, the right to remain silent, and the burden of
proof, that this Court in Kazadi held must be asked by request of the defense. 467 Md. at
54, 223 A.3d at 586. In Kazadi, this Court held that “on request, during voir dire, a trial
court must ask whether any prospective jurors are unwilling or unable to comply with the
jury instructions on the fundamental principles of presumption of innocence, the State’s
7
burden of proof, and the defendant’s right not to testify.” Id. at 9, 223 A.3d at 559. Prior
to Kazadi, this Court held that “[voir dire] is not the appropriate time for the trial court to
instruct the jury on the law that is applicable to the case.” Id. at 26, 223 A.3d at 569 (citing
Twining v. State, 234 Md. 97, 100, 198 A.2d 291, 293 (1964); State v. Logan, 394 Md. 378,
399–400, 906 A.2d 374, 387 (2006)). The rationale behind the majority opinion2 in Kazadi
was that “[v]oir dire questions concerning these fundamental rights are warranted because
responses indicating an inability or unwillingness to follow jury instructions give rise to
grounds for disqualification—i.e., a basis for meritorious motions to strike for cause the
responding prospective jurors[.]” 467 Md. at 41–42, 223 A.3d at 578. This Court applied
its decision in Kazadi to “this case and any other cases that are pending on direct appeal
when this opinion is filed, where the relevant question has been preserved for appellate
review.” Id. at 54, 223 A.3d at 586. The Kazadi decision did not address how to determine
whether “the relevant question has been preserved for appellate review.” Id., 223 A.3d at
586.
Maryland Rule 4-323(c) delineates the method of objecting to the adverse ruling of
a trial court on a proposed voir dire question:
Objections to Other Rulings or Orders. For purposes of review by the trial
court or on appeal of any other ruling or order, it is sufficient that a party, at
the time the ruling or order is made or sought, makes known to the court the
action that the party desires the court to take or the objection to the action of
the court. The grounds for the objection need not be stated unless these rules
expressly provide otherwise or the court so directs. If a party has no
opportunity to object to a ruling or order at the time it is made, the absence
of an objection at that time does not constitute a waiver of the objection.
2
Judges McDonald and Getty filed separate dissents both of which Judge Hotten
joined.
8
In this case, the record reflects that Respondent objected to the decision by the trial court
not to pose question eighteen in accordance with Md. Rule 4-323(c). The State argues,
however, that Respondent waived that objection by accepting the jury as ultimately
empaneled. We disagree, as we shall explain below.3
The most recent examination of waiver pertaining to voir dire questions was
addressed by this Court in State v. Stringfellow, 425 Md. 461, 42 A.3d 27 (2012).4 In
3
The State also argues, under the doctrine of stare decisis, that our decision in
Kazadi must be accompanied by development of the law with regard to preservation and
waiver. Stare decisis requires a court to generally “follow earlier judicial decisions when
the same points arise again in litigation.” Kazadi, 467 Md. at 27, 223 A.3d at 570 (citing
Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019)). There are two exceptions to stare decisis:
[First,] an appellate court may overrule a case that either was clearly wrong
and contrary to established principles, or has been superseded by significant
changes in the law or the facts. The second exception to stare decisis applies
where changed conditions or increased knowledge have rendered the
appellate court’s precedent unsound in the circumstances of modern life, a
vestige of the past, and no longer suitable to the people.
Id. at 27–28, 223 A.3d at 570 (citations and markings omitted). Neither of these exceptions
apply here. “This Court is not in the habit of overruling cases without stating that it intends
to do so, and it is hardly conceivable that it would, without mentioning the fact, overrule
so recent and important a case.” Moore v. State, 412 Md. 635, 657, 989 A.2d 1150, 1162
(2010). In Kazadi, as noted above, we held that “on request, during voir dire, a trial court
must ask whether any prospective jurors are unwilling or unable to comply with the jury
instructions on the fundamental principles of presumption of innocence, the State’s burden
of proof, and the defendant’s right not to testify.” 467 Md. at 9, 223 A.3d at 559. Not
propounding the relevant voir dire question was an error in both Kazadi “and any other
cases that are pending on direct appeal when this opinion is filed, where the relevant
question has been preserved for appellate review.” Id. at 47, 223 A.3d at 581. Kazadi did
not address preservation, and did not create a “significant change[] in the law” regarding
waiver of an objection made during voir dire. Id. at 28, 223 A.3d at 570.
4
This Court, and the Court of Special Appeals, have a long history of decisions
(continued . . . )
9
Stringfellow, Baltimore City police officers observed Stringfellow holding a handgun and
drove towards him. 425 Md. at 465, 42 A.3d at 29. Stringfellow attempted to run away,
but was caught, arrested, and charged with possessing a firearm after being convicted of a
disqualifying crime and wearing, carrying, or transporting a handgun. Id., 42 A.3d at 29.
At the beginning of trial, the State proposed a voir dire question (question number 14)
“which inquired whether any member of the venire believed that the State must use certain
scientific evidence and/or scientific investigative techniques before a potential juror could
find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 465–66, 42 A.3d at 30. The
following exchange then occurred:
PROSECUTOR: Then my Question 14.
[THE] COURT: Yeah. You always ask me for that and I always tell you no,
then I always give it to you. So I’ll probably do the same thing this time. I’ll
give it to you in [voir dire]. I won’t give it to you in jury instructions.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: I would object to it being asked in [voir dire].
[THE] COURT: Of course you would. I understand, but it’s a fair question
to ask.
***
(. . . continued)
regarding objections made during voir dire and waiver. See, e.g., Neusbaum v. State, 156
Md. 149, 143 A. 872, 874 (1928); Glover v. State, 273 Md. 448, 449, 330 A.2d 201, 202
(1975); Couser v. State, 282 Md. 125, 383 A.2d 389 (1978); Calhoun v. State, 297 Md.
563, 579, 468 A.2d 45, 52 (1983); White v. State, 300 Md. 719, 729, 481 A.2d 201, 205–
06 (1984); Thomas v. State, 301 Md. 294, 483 A.2d 6 (1984); Foster v. State, 304 Md. 439,
499 A.2d 1236 (1985); Mills v. State, 310 Md. 33, 39–40, 527 A.2d 3, 6 (1987); Gilchrist
v. State, 340 Md. 606, 616, 667 A.2d 876, 880 (1995); Fowlkes v. State, 117 Md. App. 573,
579, 701 A.2d 862, 865 (1997); Marquardt v. State, 164 Md. App. 95, 142–43, 882 A.2d
900, 928 (2005); McFadden v. State, 197 Md. App. 238, 250–51, 13 A.3d 68, 75–76
(2011).
10
[THE] COURT: We’ll take it—here’s what we’re going to do. I’ll give the
instruction over the objection of the defense and we’ll see where we go with
it because it may not become relevant at all.
Id. at 466, 42 A.3d at 30. The trial court propounded the State’s question and voir dire
resumed. At the conclusion of voir dire, the clerk asked the parties whether the jury was
acceptable, and defense counsel replied “Yes, it is.” Id. at 467, 42 A.3d at 30. Stringfellow
was convicted on both counts, and the case reached this Court on the issue of whether
Stringfellow had waived his objection to question number fourteen by accepting the jury
as empaneled without qualification. Id. at 468–69, 42 A.3d at 31.
We held that Stringfellow had waived his objection by accepting the jury as
empaneled without qualification, and that even if he had preserved his objection, it was
harmless error, given the trial record. Id. at 469, 42 A.3d at 32. Writing for the majority
of this Court, Judge Glenn T. Harrell, Jr., relying on Gilchrist, 340 Md. at 617, 667 A.2d
at 881, differentiated objections during voir dire into two categories. The first group of
objections goes “to the inclusion or exclusion of a prospective juror (or jurors) or the entire
venire[.]” Stringfellow, 425 Md. at 469, 42 A.3d at 32 (citing Gilchrist, 340 Md. at 617,
667 A.2d at 881). In that case, unqualified acceptance of the jury panel waives any prior
objections. Id., 42 A.3d at 32. The second group of objections, on the other hand, which
are “incidental to the inclusion [or] exclusion of a prospective juror or the venire[, are] not
waived by accepting a jury panel at the conclusion of the jury-selection process[.]” Id. at
469, 42 A.3d at 32 (citing Gilchrist, 340 Md. at 618, 667 A.2d at 882). This Court
explained that:
11
Generally, a party waives his or her [voir dire] objection going to the
inclusion or exclusion of a prospective juror (or jurors) or the entire venire if
the objecting party accepts unqualifiedly the jury panel (thus seated) as
satisfactory at the conclusion of the jury-selection process. Conversely, a
[voir dire] objection that is incidental to the inclusion/exclusion of a
prospective juror or the venire is not waived by accepting a jury panel at the
conclusion of the jury-selection process; rather, such an objection is
preserved for review on direct appeal.
Objections related to the inclusion/exclusion of prospective jurors are
treated differently for preservation purposes because accepting the
empaneled jury, without qualification or reservation, is directly inconsistent
with the earlier complaint about the jury, which the party is clearly waiving
or abandoning. Objections related indirectly to the inclusion/exclusion of
prospective jurors are not deemed likewise inconsistent and are deemed
preserved for appellate review. Although the difference between the two
categories of objections may appear slight, it is important in light of the
waiver implications.
Stringfellow, 425 Md. at 469–70, 42 A.3d at 32 (citing Gilchrist, 340 Md. at 617–18, 667
A.2d at 881–82) (other citations and markings omitted) (emphasis added). To illustrate the
distinction between objections that were directly or only incidentally aimed at the inclusion
or exclusion of prospective jurors, the following examples were listed:
We have concluded that the following types of [voir dire] objections were
aimed directly at the inclusion/exclusion of a prospective juror or the venire
and were waived when the objecting party accepted the jury without
contemporaneous renewal of his or her complaint: (1) an objection to a
judge’s refusal to strike prospective jurors for cause, Mills, 310 Md. at 39–
40, 527 A.2d at 6; (2) an objection to the exclusion of a juror because of his
beliefs about capital punishment, Foster v. State, 304 Md. 439, 450–51, 499
A.2d 1236, 1241–42 (1985); (3) a defendant who failed to object to
unacceptable venire members after using all of his peremptory strikes, White
v. State, 300 Md. 719, 729–30, 481 A.2d 201, 205–06 (1984); (4) an
objection to a venire not selected randomly from registered-voter
lists, Glover v. State, 273 Md. 448, 451–52, 330 A.2d 201, 203–04 (1975);
and, (5) an objection to prejudicial remarks made by the prosecutor in earshot
of the venire, Neusbaum v. State, 156 Md. 149, 162–63, 143 A. 872, 878
(1928).
12
On the other hand, the following objections were deemed incidental to the
inclusion/exclusion of prospective jurors and, therefore, not waived by the
objecting party’s unqualified acceptance thereafter of the jury panel: (1) an
objection to a prior jury panel, where the judge excused that prior jury panel
and called a second one from which was selected the jury that convicted the
defendant, Gilchrist, 340 Md. at 617–18, 667 A.2d at 881–82; (2) an
objection, made during [voir dire], to being refused permission to inspect a
prosecutor’s notes on prospective jury members, Couser, 282 Md. at 129,
383 A.2d at 391–92; and, (3) an objection to a judge refusing to ask a
proposed voir dire question, Marquardt v. State, 164 Md. App. 95, 142–43,
882 A.2d 900, 927–28 (2005).
Stringfellow, 425 Md. at 470–71, 42 A.3d at 32–33 (emphasis added).
As applied to Stringfellow’s objection, this Court determined that:
Stringfellow’s objection—that the State’s [voir dire] question, if asked,
would bias the venire members against him and diminish the State’s burden
of proof—tracks most closely in purpose and design the objections in Glover
and Neusbaum. Stringfellow’s objection implied necessarily that the venire
members would be incapable of sitting on the jury and evaluating the
evidence (or lack of certain evidence) fairly and objectively because the
pertinent voir dire question ‘poisoned’ the venire by implying, among other
things, that Stringfellow was guilty. . . .
Like the objections in Neusbaum and Glover, Stringfellow’s objection
asserted that the venire members, if the relevant question was posed, would
be unfit to sit as jurors in his trial; therefore, his objection went to the
inclusion of prospective jurors on the jury selected ultimately. Objections of
this nature are waived if not preserved appropriately at the time the trial court
empanels the jury. Here, Stringfellow accepted, without reservation or
qualification, the jury. Consequently, Stringfellow failed to preserve his
[voir dire] objection for future consideration on appeal.
Id. at 471, 42 A.3d at 33 (emphasis added).
In reaching our decision, we discussed the differences between objections
addressing “the inclusion or exclusion of a prospective juror (or jurors) or the entire venire”
and objections that are “incidental to the inclusion [or] exclusion of a prospective juror or
the venire[.]” Id. at 469, 42 A.3d at 32. We noted that objections that are directly related
13
to a prospective juror or jurors are waived by later acceptance of the jury panel without
qualification. Id., 42 A.3d at 32. Objections that are incidental, are not. Id., 42 A.3d at
32. Objections directly related to a prospective juror or jurors are waived, if not preserved,
because the “objection implied necessarily that the venire members would be incapable of
sitting on the jury and evaluating the evidence (or lack of certain evidence) fairly and
objectively because the pertinent [voir dire] question ‘poisoned’ the venire by implying
[guilt].” Id. at 471, 42 A.3d at 33. Failure to preserve a direct objection, therefore, must
constitute a waiver because the jury has been “poisoned” in some way and the objecting
party has now accepted the jury as is. Id., 42 A.3d at 33. Objections that are incidental,
however, do not “poison” the jury the same way and no waiver can be inferred from the
later acceptance of the empaneled jury. Id., 42 A.3d at 33. We did not anticipate objecting
counsel to raise a prior objection again at the conclusion of voir dire when none of the
jurors selected were subject to a prior objection. Id. at 472–73, 42 A.3d at 33–34.
Put another way, “an objection to a propounded, purportedly prejudicial, [voir dire]
question relates directly to the composition of the jury[]” because a “prejudicial [voir dire]
question, when propounded, may inject the very prejudice that [voir dire] attempts to filter
out.” Id. at 472, 42 A.3d at 34 (emphasis added). By contrast, an “unpropounded [voir
dire] question, like a defused bomb, cannot likewise prejudice the venire.” Id. at 472–73,
42 A.3d at 34 (emphasis added). Thus, there is a critical difference between objections to
voir dire questions proffered by opposing counsel (or the circuit court sua sponte) that the
circuit court ultimately asks the jury—which are categorized as “direct” and waived—and
objections based on the trial court’s decision not to ask a party’s own proffered voir dire
14
questions—which are categorized as “indirect” and not waived. Counsel need not raise a
prior objection when there is no one in the jury box that the objecting party specifically
objected to. Rather, it is enough to simply note the exception in accordance with Md. Rule
4-323.
Based on Stringfellow, we conclude in the case at bar that defense counsel’s
objection was not waived by later acceptance of the jury, without qualification.
Respondent proffered voir dire question number eighteen, which the trial court declined to
propound to the venire during jury selection. Respondent objected to the denial by the trial
court to his request to ask proposed voir dire question number eighteen in accordance to
Md. Rule 4-323(c) by “mak[ing] known to the court [his] objection to the action of the
court.” Proposed voir dire question number eighteen was never propounded to the venire,
and Respondent accepted the jury without qualification. Applying the principles
articulated in Stringfellow, we hold that the objection to the denial of the request to ask the
voir dire question was not waived by the later unqualified acceptance of the jury as
empaneled. Thus, the Court of Special Appeals correctly concluded that Respondent had
not waived his objection to the trial court’s determination not to ask proposed voir dire
question number eighteen.
CONCLUSION
As this Court set forth in Stringfellow, objections that relate to the determination of
a trial court to not ask a proffered voir dire question are not waived by later acceptance,
without qualification, of the jury as empaneled. Respondent noted an objection to the
decision of the trial court not to ask proffered voir dire question number eighteen. For the
15
reasons expressed previously, Respondent did not waive that objection by accepting the
jury as empaneled without repeating his prior objection. Accordingly, we shall affirm the
decision of the Court of Special Appeals.
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF
SPECIAL APPEALS IS AFFIRMED.
COSTS TO BE PAID BY
PETITIONER.
16
Circuit Court for Washington County
Case No. C-21-CR-18-000119
Argued: January 4, 2021 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
OF MARYLAND
No. 28
September Term, 2020
__________________________________
STATE OF MARYLAND
v.
ANTHONY GEORGE ABLONCZY
__________________________________
Barbera, C.J.,
McDonald
Watts
Hotten
Getty
Booth
Biran,
JJ.
__________________________________
Concurring Opinion by McDonald, J.,
which Barbera, C.J., joins.
__________________________________
Filed: June 23, 2021
For the reasons set forth in my dissent in Kazadi v. State, I believe that decision was
a mistake – not so much because the decision required a trial court to ask certain voir dire
questions, but because of how it did so.1 We must now grapple with the ramifications of
making a change in jury selection procedure by a partially retroactive decision rather than
a prospective rule. The abrogation of the prior law concerning mandatory voir dire
questions and the retroactive adoption of new policy2 is exacerbated by the Court’s case
law on when acceptance of a jury by a litigant waives prior objections to the jury selection
process – case law that has made sometimes subtle and inscrutable distinctions.
Judge Hotten’s majority opinion in this case lists those many decisions, 3 but
appropriately focuses on the most recent one – Stringfellow4– which articulated different
standards for preserving objections to asked and unasked voir dire questions. Her
application of the Stringfellow dichotomy to this case is straightforward. In my view, the
Stringfellow decision was a thoughtful attempt to make sense of the prior decisions of this
Court and the Court of Special Appeals about the preservation of objections to the jury
selection process. The more fundamental question, however, is why in any instance we
1
467 Md. at 55-57 (McDonald, J., dissenting in part).
2
The new policy is not compelled by constitution or statute. As the Court
acknowledged in the Kazadi opinion, only a few jurisdictions have adopted the same rule.
467 Md. at 28-35.
3
See Majority slip op. at 9-10 & n.4.
4
425 Md. 461 (2012).
require a party to express an objection to the jury selection process a second time after that
objection has been fully articulated once. Our rules do not require it.5 Case law does.
So perhaps it is time to jettison that case law. Otherwise, we end up in the ironic
place where an objection to a voir dire question actually used in selecting the jury must be
made twice, while an objection to an unasked question that only theoretically had an effect
on the selection of the jury need be made only once. Finding an objection to be preserved
does not mean the objection has any merit; it simply means that an appellate court must
consider the substance of the objection.
Finally, I note the standard of review that is applied in these cases and what it means.
As the Kazadi decision correctly stated, a trial judge’s decision whether to ask a particular
voir dire question is reviewed under an “abuse of discretion” standard. 467 Md. at 24. In
accordance with the direction in the Kazadi decision, the Court of Special Appeals in this
case held that the trial court abused its discretion in declining to ask the requested voir dire
questions. 2020 WL 3401190 at *1, 3 (2020). It should be emphasized that, in expressing
that holding in this context, an appellate court does not fault the trial court for applying the
law as it existed at the time of the trial. The phrase “abuse of discretion” often connotes a
trial court’s failure in some way to do that which the law required it to do. But it is
appropriate to note that, in this case, the trial court did act in accordance with the law at the
5
See Maryland Rule 4-323(c) (“…it is sufficient that a party, at the time the ruling
… is made or sought, makes known to the court the action that the party desires the court
to take …”).
2
time it acted, and that the reversal in this case and others6 on Kazadi grounds is attributable
to a retroactive change in the law made by this Court.
Chief Judge Barbera advises that she joins this opinion.
6
Based on information submitted by the parties in this case and in pending petitions
for a writ of certiorari, it appears that the results of at least a dozen (and counting) trials
may be reversed for a similar “abuse of discretion.” In these cases there does not appear
to be any contention that the jury that returned the verdict was other than fair and impartial.
3
Circuit Court for Washington County
Case No. C-21-CR-18-000119
Argued: January 4, 2021
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
OF MARYLAND
No. 28
September Term, 2020
______________________________________
STATE OF MARYLAND
v.
ANTHONY GEORGE ABLONCZY
______________________________________
Barbera, C.J.
McDonald
Watts
Hotten
Getty
Booth
Biran,
JJ.
______________________________________
Concurring Opinion by Watts, J.
______________________________________
Filed: June 23, 2021
Respectfully, I concur. I join the majority opinion and agree that the judgment of
the Court of Special Appeals should be affirmed. That said, in addition to affirming the
Court of Special Appeals, I would hold that going forward accepting a jury as ultimately
empaneled waives any prior objection to a trial court’s refusal to propound voir dire
questions of the type that fall under this Court’s holding in Kazadi v. State, 467 Md. 1, 223
A.3d 554 (2020), i.e., I would conclude that the holding applies prospectively. In light of
our holding in Kazadi, it would be difficult to continue to conclude that voir dire questions
of the type discussed in Kazadi and at issue in this case are not critical to the composition
of the jury and to determine that, simply because the objection is to an unasked question,
no renewed objection at the time the jury is empaneled is required to avoid waiver of the
issue. I would conclude that an objection is required to be made or renewed at the time the
jury is empaneled to preserve an issue as to the trial court’s refusal to propound Kazadi-
type voir dire questions, but the rule should not be applied to the detriment of defendants
whose cases are now pending on direct appeal.
In State v. Stringfellow, 425 Md. 461, 465, 42 A.3d 27, 29 (2012), this Court held
that a defendant waived any issue as to the asking of an “anti-CSI effect” voir dire question,
requested by the State, “when he accepted (after his objection was overruled and the
question propounded) the jury, without qualification[.]” We concluded that the defendant’s
objection went to the composition of the jury and that case law made clear “that an
overruled objection to a voir dire question, where the nature of the objection was directed
to the composition of the jury, is waived when the objecting party accepts thereafter the
jury, without qualification.” Id. at 465, 42 A.3d at 29. In determining that the defendant
had waived his objection by accepting the jury as empaneled without qualification, this
Court discussed waiver generally, stating:
Generally, a party waives his or her voir dire objection going to the
inclusion or exclusion of a prospective juror (or jurors) or the entire venire if
the objecting party accepts unqualifiedly the jury panel (thus seated) as
satisfactory at the conclusion of the jury-selection process. Conversely, a
voir dire objection that is incidental to the inclusion/exclusion of a
prospective juror or the venire is not waived by accepting a jury panel at the
conclusion of the jury-selection process; rather, such an objection is
preserved for review on direct appeal.
Objections related to the inclusion/exclusion of prospective jurors are
treated differently for preservation purposes because accepting the
empaneled jury, without qualification or reservation, is directly inconsistent
with the earlier complaint about the jury, which the party is clearly waiving
or abandoning. Objections related indirectly to the inclusion/exclusion of
prospective jurors are not deemed likewise inconsistent and are deemed
preserved for appellate review.
Id. at 469, 42 A.3d at 32 (cleaned up).
We explained that certain types of voir dire objections were directly aimed at the
inclusion or exclusion of a prospective juror or the venire and, consequently, that the
objections were waived when the objecting party accepted the jury without renewing an
objection to those types of questions. See id. at 470, 42 A.3d at 32. Those types of
objections included an objection to a trial court’s refusal to strike prospective jurors for
cause and an objection to the exclusion of a juror because of the juror’s beliefs about capital
punishment. See id. at 470, 42 A.3d at 32. By contrast, this Court explained that other
types of voir dire objections were incidental to the inclusion or exclusion of a prospective
juror and therefore not waived where the objecting party accepted the jury panel without
qualification. See id. at 470-71, 42 A.3d at 32-33. Those types of objections included “an
objection, made during voir dire, to being refused permission to inspect a prosecutor’s
-2-
notes on prospective jury members” and “an objection to a judge refusing to ask a proposed
voir dire question[.]” Id. at 471, 42 A.3d at 33 (citations omitted).
In Stringfellow, id. at 471, 42 A.3d at 33, we explained that the defendant’s
objection to the State’s “anti-CSI effect” voir dire question was that, if asked, the question
would bias prospective jurors against him, render the prospective jurors unfit to sit as jurors
at trial, and diminish the State’s burden of proof, which demonstrated that the “objection
went to the inclusion of prospective jurors on the jury selected ultimately.” We reaffirmed
that failing to object, i.e., accepting a jury as empaneled, where a trial court asks or
propounds a voir dire question that a party objects to, results in waiver, but that failing to
object, i.e., accepting a jury as empaneled, where a trial court declines or refuses to ask a
voir dire question (the question is not propounded), does not constitute waiver.
In Stringfellow, in reaffirming such a rule, we relied on several key cases—Gilchrist
v. State, 340 Md. 606, 667 A.2d 876 (1995), Fowlkes v. State, 117 Md. App. 573, 701 A.2d
862 (1997), and Marquardt v. State, 164 Md. App. 95, 882 A.2d 900 (2005). In Gilchrist,
340 Md. at 618, 667 A.2d at 882, where there had been two jury panels, this Court
concluded that defense counsel’s acceptance of a second jury panel related only to the
second jury panel and had no bearing as to whether the trial court erred in dismissing the
first jury panel. On appeal, the State contended that the defendant had waived any
objection to the dismissal of the first jury panel when defense counsel unequivocally
accepted the jury chosen from the second panel. See id. at 617, 667 A.2d at 881. This
Court disagreed, explaining:
This Court in a series of cases has taken the position that a defendant’s
-3-
claim of error in the inclusion or exclusion of a prospective juror or jurors is
ordinarily abandoned when the defendant or his [or her] counsel indicates
satisfaction with the jury at the conclusion of the jury selection process.
Th[is] principle . . . , however, relates to a complaint about the
exclusion of a prospective juror from, or the inclusion of a prospective juror
in, the jury which tried the defendant. None of the[] cases involved the
situation where there were two separate jury pools, where the complaint
related to the tentative jury panel drawn from the first pool, and where the
jury which heard the case was drawn from the second pool.
When a party complains about the exclusion of someone from or the
inclusion of someone in a particular jury, and thereafter states without
qualification that the same jury as ultimately chosen is satisfactory or
acceptable, the party is clearly waiving or abandoning the earlier complaint
about that jury. The party’s final position is directly inconsistent with his or
her earlier complaint.
Nevertheless, where the objection was not directly aimed at the
composition of the jury ultimately selected, we have taken the position that
the objecting party’s approval of the jury as ultimately selected did not
explicitly or implicitly waive his previously asserted objection, and his
objection was preserved for appellate review.
Id. at 617-18, 667 A.2d at 881-82 (cleaned up).
Relying on Gilchrist, id. at 617-18, 667 A.2d at 881-82, in Fowlkes, 117 Md. App.
at 580, 701 A.2d at 866, the Court of Special Appeals held that defense counsel did not
waive an objection to the trial court’s failure to ask a particular voir dire question by
accepting the jury as empaneled, stating: “Here, defense counsel objected to the trial court’s
failure to ask a particular question during voir dire, not to the ultimate composition of the
jury. Therefore, defense counsel did not waive the objection by approving the panel
selected.” The Court of Special Appeals explained that, under the circumstances, “defense
counsel’s acceptance of the jury was merely obedient to the court’s ruling and obviously
was not a withdrawal of the prior objection, timely made” and that, “because the objection
was not directly aimed at the composition of the jury, . . . a statement of satisfaction with
-4-
the panel selected did not waive collateral issues.” Fowlkes, 117 Md. App. at 580, 701
A.2d at 866 (cleaned up).
In Marquardt, 164 Md. App. at 142-43, 882 A.2d at 927-28, the Court of Special
Appeals concluded that a defendant’s objection to a trial court refusing to ask proposed
voir dire questions was sufficient to preserve the issue for appellate review and that
“accepting the jury that [was] ultimately selected after the [trial] court [] refused to
propound requested voir dire questions d[id] not constitute acquiescence to the previous
adverse ruling.” (Citations omitted). The requested voir dire questions included, among
other things, asking the jury panel whether it understood that the State had the burden of
proof and asking whether any member of the panel thought that the defendant should be
required to prove his innocence. See id. at 141, 882 A.2d at 927. The defendant had argued
to no avail that this Court’s opinion in Twining v. State, 234 Md. 97, 198 A.2d 291 (1964),
which was good law at the time, was outdated and should not be followed. See Marquardt,
164 Md. App. at 142, 882 A.2d at 928.
Significantly, last year, in Kazadi, 467 Md. at 9, 223 A.3d at 559, this Court held
“that, on request, during voir dire, a trial court must ask whether any prospective jurors are
unwilling or unable to comply with the jury instructions on the fundamental principles of
presumption of innocence, the State’s burden of proof, and the defendant’s right not to
testify.” In so holding, this Court relied on key developments in the law—namely, the
holdings in Stevenson v. State, 289 Md. 167, 179-80, 423 A.2d 558, 565 (1980), and
Montgomery v. State, 292 Md. 84, 91, 437 A.2d 654, 658 (1981), “that, other than with
respect to the crime charged, jury instructions are binding[.]” Kazadi, 467 Md. at 8-9, 223
-5-
A.3d at 559. And, we recognized that, in Montgomery, 292 Md. at 91, 437 A.2d at 658,
this Court observed that fundamental principles,
such as the presumption of innocence, the burden of proof, and the right not
to testify, are not the law of the crime; they are not advisory; and they cannot
be the subject of debate by counsel before the jury. They are binding. They
are the guidelines of due process to which every jury is required to adhere.
Kazadi, 467 Md. at 26, 223 A.3d at 569.
We expressly determined that this Court’s holding as to voir dire questions in
Twining, 234 Md. at 100, 198 A.2d at 293—“that a trial court need not ask during voir dire
whether any prospective jurors would be unwilling to follow jury instructions on the
presumption of innocence and the State’s burden of proof”—was “based on outdated
reasoning and has been superseded by significant changes in the law.” Kazadi, 467 Md. at
9, 223 A.3d at 559. As such, this Court held:
To the extent that this Court held in Twining that it is inappropriate to ask on
voir dire questions concerning the presumption of innocence, the burden of
proof, and a defendant’s right to remain silent, we overrule the holding in
Twining, and conclude that, on request, during voir dire, a trial court must
ask whether any prospective jurors are unwilling or unable to comply with
the jury instructions on the fundamental principles of presumption of
innocence, the State’s burden of proof, and the defendant’s right not to
testify.
Kazadi, 467 Md. at 9, 223 A.3d at 559. We reiterated that, “[c]onsistent with Stevenson,
289 Md. at 180, 423 A.2d at 565, and Montgomery, 292 Md. at 91, 437 A.2d at 658, today,
jury instructions about the law are binding and trial courts advise juries as much.” Kazadi,
467 Md. at 44, 223 A.3d at 579. We explained that the “long-standing fundamental rights”
concerning the presumption of innocence, the burden of proof, and a defendant’s right not
to testify are “critical to a fair jury trial in a criminal case[,]” and voir dire questions about
-6-
a juror’s inability or unwillingness to honor those fundamental rights are “mandatory on
request[.]” Id. at 46, 223 A.3d at 581. We concluded that, “[o]n request, during voir dire,
a trial court must ask whether any prospective jurors are unwilling or unable to comply
with the jury instructions on the presumption of innocence, the burden of proof, and the
defendant’s right not to testify.” Id. at 48, 223 A.3d at 582. An issue of preservation was
not raised in Kazadi.
All of that said, from my perspective, Stringfellow and the cases it cited illustrate
that, generally where a party accepts the jury as empaneled without qualification, waiver
of an objection to a propounded voir dire question will be found and yet generally waiver
of an objection to an unpropounded voir dire question will not be found. The rationale
behind this dichotomy appears to be that an objection to an unasked voir dire question is
assumed to be incidental to the inclusion or exclusion of a prospective juror, i.e., that an
objection to an unasked voir dire question is not directly related to the composition of the
jury. Stringfellow and the cases it cited limit waiver to objections directly aimed at the
composition of the jury, because such objections are inconsistent with later accepting the
jury as empaneled, and conclude that an objection to an unasked voir dire question does
not relate to the composition of the jury, and therefore, accepting the jury is not inconsistent
with the earlier objection and does not constitute waiver. Applying such a rule in every
case, however, disregards the circumstance that an objection to an unasked voir dire
question may directly relate to the composition of the jury, such that accepting the jury as
empaneled should constitute waiver of that objection.
In my view, it is not possible to reconcile broad application of the rule reaffirmed
-7-
in Stringfellow—that a trial court’s refusal to ask certain voir dire questions is not
considered to be directly related to the composition of the jury, and therefore there is no
need to renew an objection to the trial court’s refusal at the time the jury is empaneled in
order to preserve the issue—with our recent decision in Kazadi. To be faithful to the
rationale underlying the rule discussed in Stringfellow, I would modify its application
where Kazadi-type voir dire questions are concerned.1 In Kazadi, 467 Md. at 48, 223 A.3d
at 582, this Court made clear that not asking voir dire questions, on request, concerning
fundamental principles is reversible error. Because voir dire questions concerning
prospective jurors’ willingness and ability to comply with jury instructions on the
1
Our decision in Kazadi demonstrated that voir dire questions concerning the
presumption of innocence, the State’s burden of proof, and the defendant’s right not to
testify concern fundamental principles and are directly related to the composition of the
jury. As such, from my perspective, application of the principle that the failure to ask voir
dire questions such as these is incidental or does not relate to the composition of the jury
is no longer warranted. As we explained in Kazadi, 467 Md. at 27-28, 223 A.3d at 570,
[u]nder the doctrine of stare decisis—Latin for “to stand by things that are
decided”—generally, a court must follow earlier judicial decisions when the
same points arise again in litigation. That said, stare decisis is not absolute.
Under two exceptions to stare decisis, an appellate court may overrule a case
that either was clearly wrong and contrary to established principles, or has
been superseded by significant changes in the law or the facts. The second
exception to stare decisis applies where changed conditions or increased
knowledge have rendered the appellate court’s precedent unsound in the
circumstances of modern life, a vestige of the past, and no longer suitable to
the people.
(Cleaned up) (some italics added). Although this Court’s holding in Kazadi did not change
the law with respect to principles of waiver and preservation, as a result of Kazadi, it is
clear that broad application of the principle that objections to the refusal to propound voir
dire questions are not waived is no longer justifiable under the rationale set forth in
Stringfellow.
-8-
presumption of innocence, the burden of proof, and the defendant’s right not to testify are
critical questions about fundamental principles that must be asked upon request, it is hard
to discern how not asking those voir dire questions is somehow only incidental to the
composition of the jury and that a renewed objection is not necessary at the time the jury
is empaneled. This Court’s holding in Kazadi demonstrates that voir dire questions
concerning the fundamental principles at issue in the case are directly related to the
composition of the jury, so much so that the questions must be asked on request and that
the failure to do so is reversible error. The failure to ask such questions could result in the
inclusion on the jury of jurors who are either unwilling or unable to follow the court’s
instructions as to fundamental principles concerning the presumption of innocence, the
State’s burden of proof, and a defendant’s right not to testify.
Ultimately, in light of Kazadi, I would not blanketly adhere to the theory underlying
the holding in Stringfellow to conclude that accepting a jury as empaneled does not waive
a prior objection to a trial court’s refusal to propound voir dire questions of the type
requested in this case concerning the presumption of innocence and the State’s burden of
proof. To do so would give credence to the irreconcilable position that the voir dire
questions at issue in this case and those that were at issue in Kazadi are of such fundamental
importance that the failure to ask them constitutes reversible error, but, on the other hand,
the failure to ask the questions is so incidental to the composition of the jury that an
objection need not be renewed at the time the jury is empaneled. Rather, it is clear under
Kazadi that voir dire questions concerning fundamental rights go to the heart of the
composition of the jury and that an objection must be stated or renewed at the time the jury
-9-
is empaneled to preserve an issue as to the trial court’s refusal to ask such questions.
Accordingly, where a party accepts a jury as empaneled, without qualification or objection,
that acceptance waives the party’s prior objection to the trial court’s refusal to propound
Kazadi-type voir dire questions.
The question becomes whether modification of the application of Stringfellow to
Kazadi-type voir dire questions should apply to this case and other cases now pending on
appeal or whether the need to renew an objection to the failure to ask Kazadi-type voir dire
questions at time of empanelment of the jury should apply prospectively. In my view, the
requirement to renew the objection should apply prospectively. I would affirm the
judgment of the Court of Special Appeals based on the framework set forth in Stringfellow
as it existed at the time of Ablonczy’s trial.
For the above reasons, respectfully, I concur.
- 10 -