Lion ex dem. Eden v. Burtiss , 20 Johns. 483 ( 1823 )

Spences, Ch. J.

delivered the opinion of the Court. This case arises under the will of Medcef Eden, the elder. In the. case of Anderson v. Jackson, (16 Johns. Rep. 382.) this will received a construction in the Court for the Trial of Impeachments and the Correction of Errors. The judgment of the Supreme Court was affirmed. It was decided, that Medcef Eden, the younger, on the death of his brother Joseph, without issue, took by way of executory devise, the lands devised to Joseph. This action is for the recovery of part of the real estate thus devised to Joseph Eden. The suit was commenced in May, 1819 ; and on the 26th of July thereafter, Medcef Eden, the younger, died without issue ; and the question between these parties is, whether the whole estate became vested in Medcef Eden, or whether the limitation over to John Eden, and Hannah Johnson, upon the events which have happened, vests the real estate devised to Joseph Eden in them. *

The case states, that Medcef Eden, the elder, made his will in due form, and competent to pass real estate, on the 29th of August3 1798, whereby he devised to his son Joseph certain real estate, including the premises in question, and to Ills heirs and assigns for ever. After devising other real estate to bis son Medcef, also in fee, there is the following clause in his will: “ Item. It is my will, and 1 do so order and appoint, that if either of my said sons should depart this life, without lawful issue, his share or part shall go to the survivor | and in case of both their deaths, without lawful issue, then I give all the property aforesaid to my brother, John Eden, of Loftus, in Cleveland, in Yorkshire, and my sister, Hamah Johnson, of Whitby, in Yorkshire, and their heirs."

In the case of Anderson v. Jackson, it was decided, that the devise to Joseph Eden did not create an estate tail, but that the devise over upon the event of his dying without issue, was a limitation over, as an executory devise, to Medcef, the survivor. The opinion of the Court was, that the devise over to the survivor did not depend on an indefinite failure of issue, but only on the failure of issue at the time of Joseph's death. This, then, is the law of the land, and must govern every other case coming within the same principle, I musí be allowed to say, that subsequent reflection has confirmed my conviction of the soundness of the decision of the Court of Errors. Stare decisis, is a maxim essential to the security of property 5 the decisions of Courts of law become a rule for the regulation of the alienation and descent of real estate, and where that rule has been sanctioned and adopted in our Courts, it ought to be adhered to, unless it be manifestly wrong and unjust. We have, fortunately, little experience with regard to estates tail. It is a tenure opposed to the genius of our institutions; and in the year 1783, during our revolutionary struggle, the legislature evinced its entire hostility to a form of conveyance which had a tendency to obstruct the free alienation of real property.

The will under consideration was made subsequent to the acts of the twelfth of July, 1782, and of the twenty-third of February, 1786 5 both of which statutes converted not only existing, but future estates in fee tail, into fee simple absolute. These statutes formed an important epoch in our history. They broke into pieces the shackles which had been jngenjously contrived to perpetuate estates in the same family, and thus rendered the alienation of the soil free and unrestrained. It will be perceived, that the devisor, in this case, made use of no words denoting an intention to devise in fee tail the estate given to his son Joseph, and it was urged that it was a fee tail only by implication of law : but it seems to me, that since our statutes, any expression denoting an intention to limit the failure of issue to a life in being, such as the word “ survivor” in this case, is, with us, sufficient to repel the implication, that a limitation of an estate over, in the event of the first devisee’s dying without issue,, was meant to be an. estate in fee tail, and thus defeat the real intention of the devisor ; but, on the contrary, it appears to me that no such in-' tent ought to be implied, if there be any other method of effectuating the real intention of the testator. I cannot bring myself to doubt, that when the testator in this case declared it his will, that if either of his sons departed this life without lawful issue, his part or share should go to the survivor, he meant and intended, what is perfectly intelligible, the lawful issue, living at the' time of the death of the son who first died; and this construction is evident, from the consideration, that the surviving son was to inherit the part devised to the son who should first die without lawful issue 5 thus clearly denoting an intention that the surviving son should personally, be benefited, by enjoying the estate which his brother had left, without issue to inherit it. The case of Smith and Wife v. Chapman, (1 Hen. & Mun. 303. 306.) contains principles in accordance with the doctrine I have advanced ; but it is not my purpose to enlarge .upon this point. The law is settled, and I think well and justly. The limitation over to the brother and sister of the testator omits the word survivor, which was considered very significant and important in showing the intent of the testator, when he gave the estate to the surviving son, in case the other died without lawful issue ; but it. is'urged by the defendant, that as the whole is in one sentence, and the devise over to persons in esse, the same common intent is applicable to the limitation over to the brother and sister of the devisor, if both his sons died without issue, and that the same consequence would follow. But as thei'e are other principles which apply to the last devise, it is unnecessary to decide this point.

The question then arises, whether, upon the event which lias happened, the death of the testator’s sons without issue, his brother and sister can take under the devise, as an executory one. In 2 Saund. 388 h. Serjeant Williams, in a note, says, " with regard to executory devises, it is a rule, that wherever one limitation of a devise is taken to be executory, all subsequent limitations must likewise be so taken but he adds, “ however, it seems to be established, that wherever the first limitation vests in possession, those that follow vest in interest at the same time, and cease to be executory, and become mere vested remainders, subject to all the incidents of remainders.” He refers to Stephens v. Stephens, Cas. temp. Talbot, 228. Hopkins v. Hopkins, 1 Atk. 581. and Doe v. Fonnereau, Doug. 479. Cruise, (vol. 6. 517. tit. 38. ch. 20. s. 26-28.) and Fearne, (411. 419, 420. 6 Ed. 526.) concur in this opinion; and the adjudged cases fully support the rule, as laid down by these learned commentators. The case of Brownsword v. Edwards, (2 Ves. sen. 243.) contains the same doctrine. The estate, then, of John Eden and Hannah Johnson, was turned into a remainder, when the executory devise took effect in favour of Med-e.ef Eden. The devise to them then ceasing to be executory, Medcef became seised in fee tail by necessary implication of law, with a remainder expectant in favour of John Eden and Hannah Johnson. For it never was doubted, in the argument of the case of Anderson v. Jackson, that if the limitation over to the surviving son of the testator, in the event of one of them dying without lawful issue, did not operate as an executory devise, it would necessarily be a fee tail; and therefore it follows, inevitably, that wherever the executory devise ceased and could no further operate, the estate in possession became a fee tail, and the subsequent remainder became, by operation of law, limited on a fee tail$ consequently, if our statute abolishing estates in fee tail had not passed, this remainder might have been destroyed by a fine or recovery by Medcef Eden. (5 Cruise, 471. 6 Cruise, 523.)

The statute (1 N. R. L. 52.) enacts. " That in all cases. when any person, or persons, would, if the said act, (the act "uh'i 1782,) and this present act had not been passed, at any time hereafter, become seised in fee tail of any ^nds, tenements, or hereditaments, by virtue of any devise, gift, grant,, or other conveyance, heretofore made, or hereafter to be made, or by any means whatsoever, such person or persons, instead of becoming seised thereof in fee tail, shall be deemed and adjudged to become seised thereof in fee simple absolute.” This statute was passed in 1786, and the will was made in 1798, and thus Medccf Eden became the absolute and unqualified owner in fee- simple, of all the real estate devised to Joseph. .

The second question in this case is, whether the fine is a bar to the recovery. It is a settled principle, that if a person who is possessed of land for a term of years only, or is a tenant at will, or who has an estate less than a freehold, levies a fine, it will not affect strangers. (5 Cruise, 87. s. 20, 21.) A stranger to a fine has a right to aver quod partes finis nil habuerunt. The statute (1 N. R. L. 361.) gives to such as are not parties or privies to the fine, a right to except, and to avoid the fine, if those who were parties to it, or any person to their use, had nothing in the lands and tenements comprised in the fine.

It appears in this case, that the Sheriff of JYew-York sold the premises in question, with other lands, to Robert Bowne, on the 16th of May, 1801, under a judgment in favour of John Wardell against Joseph Eden. On the 23d of February, 1815, Robert Bowne and his wife conveyed the premises thus purchased to the Bank of JYew-York; the deed recites the Sheriff’s sale to him, and that the consideration mentioned in the Sheriff’s deed, were the proper monies of the bank, and paid by them, and that his name was used only in trust. The deed from the bank to Goelct, on which the fine was levied, is a deed of bargain and sale; the writ of covenant is tested the 13th of January, 1816, and the fourth and last proclamation was made in January, 1817. The case states, that Joseph Eden died on the 29th of August, 1812. Thus it appears, that the title of the bank terminated on the death of Joseph Eden, and the right to the premises had become vested in MedcefEden long before the fine was levied. The bank having succeeded to the right of Joseph Eden, which was co-extensive only with his estate, on his death, they had no other estate than that of mere possession. Tiiey entered into possession rightfully, under the title derived by Joseph from the will of his father, but the event having happened by which his estate was defeated, the bank had no other interest than that of naked possessors. In Coke 9. 106 a. 5 Rep. 123 b. and 2 Inst. 517. the ruléis thus laid down, that no fine levied with proclamations, shall bind any but those who are put out of possession, and have but a right; for if their estate or interest be not devested out of them, but remains in them, as it was ab initio, they need not make a claim or entry to that which was never devested.—The continuance of the bank in possession after the death of Joseph Eden was not a disseisin, but a mere deforcement, which is defined to be, the holding of any lands or tenements, to which another person hath right. And it is distinguished from abatement, intrusion, disseisin, or a discontinuance, in this, that it is only such a detainer of the freehold from him that hath the right of property, but never had any possession under that right, as falls within none of the injuries which belong to the other classes. (3 Black. Com. 172, 173.) I am, therefore, of opinion, that the bank,'who were cogniaors, had no estate in the premises enabling them to levy the fine, and that, consequently, no entry was necessary to avoid its effects. In this case, however, there was the necessary entry within five years, given by the statute, after the last proclamation. All that is necessary is, that there be an entry within the five years, animo clamandL (Cruise’s Dig. tit. 35. ch. 14. p. 237. s. 46, 47, 48, 49.) And here it appears, that Medcef Eden, on the 30th April, 1819, gave a power of attorney to Baldwin, authorizing him, in his name, to enter and take possession of that part of the real estate of his father which was devised to his brother Joseph, and to execute leases in his name; declaring in-the power his sole meaning to be, to enable him to institute suits for the trial of his title to the said lands; and, in the mean time, to maintain his right of entry, title, and claim to the said lands; and it was proved, that under this letter of attorney, Baldwin entered on the premises, on the 6th of

May, 1819, and there executed and delivered to the plain-Lion, the lease mentioned in the first count in the declaration. There can be no doubt but that this was a sufficient entry and claim to prevent the defendants setting up the fine as a bar, if the cognisors had any estate in the premises.

The last objection, that Medcef Eden, the elder, had nolegal title to the premises, at the time of his death, is wholly unsupported. The case states him to have been seised of the premises when he devised the same; but the defendants claim under Joseph Eden, who took the premises under the will; and surely the defendants are estopped from denying that they entered under Joseph’s title.

Judgment for the plaintiff.