Bishop v. State , 9 Ga. 121 ( 1850 )

By the Court.

Lumpkin, J.

delivering the opinion.

[1.] The first error complained of in the proceedings of the Court below in this cause is, that the Court refused to allow counsel for the prisoner to ask John P. Lamar, a witness for the defendant, why he was unfriendly to the deceased, after the State’s attorney had been permitted to inquire of him if he was not inimical to the. deceased. The question asked the witness was properly propounded for the purpose of showing the bias under which he testified; but it does not occur to us,- what good or legal object could have been subserved by instituting an inquiry into the cause of the hostility entertained by the witness toward the deceased. It may have answered, to be sure, to have justified him, in the opinion of the Jury and others, but not in any way to elucidate the truth of the issue which they were trying; on the contrary, by entering into particulars as to the origin of the feud, statements might have been made which could not be rebutted, and thus improperly have prejudiced the minds of the Jury against the prosecution. We do not deem this assignment of error sufficient to affect the judgment.

[2.] It is insisted, in the second place, that the Court erred in allowing a diagram to go before the Jury, to contradict the testimony of Bassett, which was not exhibited to the witness.

[3.] It appears from the record, that this testimony was suffered to go to the Jury, without objection, either on its introduction or in the argument of the case. The illegality, then, is waived, and a new trial will not be granted in consequence of its admission. Had this proof been objected to, it might not have been pressed, and if pressed, might have been excluded by the Court. It will never do to permit a prisoner to hear illegal testimony without objection, and then assign its introduction as error ; by such indulgence, advantage will always be taken of the prosecution. 4 Shep. 187. 4 Humph. 27. 5 Blackf. 436.

But apart from this rule, upon what principle was it necessary to exhibit the diagram, submitted to the Jury, to Bassett ? He had testified to the localities where the homicide was committed. Another witness is introduced, who gives a different statement, and a plat is made out in accordance with his evidence. It is not the paper, but the proof upon which it is made out, that contradicts Bassett. Had the prisoner considered it material, Bassett could have been called back and re-examined as to this matter of discrepancy. This, then, cannot be regarded as error.

[4.] It is next urged as error, that the Court refused to receive the affidavit of David Smith, Jr. one of the Jurors who tried the cause, to impeach the verdict. He does not deny the guilt of the accused, but states, that he was induced to agree to the verdict, by the persuasion of his fellow-jurors, and by their misrepresentations as to the effect of the verdict.

In Monroe’s Case, (5 Kelly § Cobb, 141,) although the point was not directly made, I ventured the opinion, that while the Jury would be heard in their vindication, they would not be allowed to impeach their own verdict. The argument now submitted has satisfied me of the soundness of that conclusion. I admit that the ancient law and practice was the other way. Phillips vs. Fowler, 1 Barnes, 441, 8 Geo. II. Parr vs. Seames, 1 Barnes, 438. Aylett vs. Jewell, 2 Wm. Black. 1279. Bellish vs. Arnold, Bunb. 51. And in Smith vs. Chetham, (3 Caines, 57,) Spencer, J. says, “ on examining the English authorities, prior -to the revolution, it appears to me that the information of Jurors, as to what passed, may be received.”

I will not refer to the case of Price vs. Powers, (1 Keble, 811,) which was a decision to the contrary, as early as tire reign of King Charles II. since Mr. Justice Park, after hearing Lord Kenyori! s censures upon Keble’s Reports, burned his copy, “ not thinking it worth while to keep a refuse book in his library;” and Lord Campbell calls Keble “ a drowsy sergeant, -known only for some bad law reports.” Still, it is very certain that before the epoch of our revolution, and at least as early as 1770, the doctrine in England was distinctly ruled the other way, and has so stood ever since. In Rex vs. Almon, (5 J. Burrows, 2686,) tried that year on a motion for a new trial in the King’s Bench, Sergeant Glynn prayed that the affidavit of Mr. Maclcworth, one of the Jurors, might be read, to show that he rendered his verdict under a mistake; but the emphatic reply of Lord Mansfield was, “ you know it cannot be read.”

In the subsequent case of Vaire vs. Delaval, (1 Term R. 11,) Lord Mansfield said, the Court cannot receive an affidavit from any of the Jurymen themselves, as to their misconduct; but in every such case, the Court must derive its knowledge from some other source.

Concede the most, then, that can be claimed, - in May 1776, when our Adopting Statute took effect, the law in England, to borrow a term from geology, was in a transition state, and that being the case, we are at liberty to exercise our own discretion in respect to it.

It is admitted, that notwithstanding a few adjudications to the contrary, (Warner vs. Roberson, 1 Root, 194; Gunnell vs. Phillips, 1 Mass. Rep. 541; Shobe vs. Bell, 1 Rand. 39; Elledge vs. Todd, 1 Humph. 44,) that it is now well settled, both in England, and with the exception of Tennessee, perhaps, in every State of this confederacy, that such affidavits shall not be received, and, we believe, upon correct reasoning. If the doctrine contended for was once established, but few verdicts could stand. It would open the widest door for endless litigation, fraud and pequry, and is condemned by the clearest principles of justice and public policy.

We reject this ground, then, as totally insufficient to obtain a new trial.

[5.] The next ground of error assigned is, the refusal of the Court to suffer the counsel for the prisoner to examine the Juror when put upon triors.

By the Act of 1843, two questions, and, as we think, two only, are allowed to be propounded to the Juror, upon his voire dire, by counsel, to test his competency; and, notwithstanding his answer, the State, or the prisoner either, has the right to put such Juror upon his trial in the manner pointed out by the Common Law, and to prove such Juror incompetent; but this must be done, we apprehend, by aliunde testimony. We would not be understood as denying the right of the triors to interrogate the Juror.

This ground, therefore, cannot be supported.

[6.] But it is urged, that the Court erred in overruling the motion for a continuance — the prisoner swearing that the excitement against him was such as to prevent a fair trial.

In Howell vs. The State, (5 Ga. R. 53,) this Court intimated that this would be a good ground of continuance, at least at the first term of the Court, and when the offence had been but recently committed. Considering the facts of this case, that this was the first term of the Court after the indictment was found; the prisoner put upon his trial the next month after the offence was committed; that he was imprisoned in jail during the whole of the intervening time; the known excitement which usually exists upon the perpetration of a great crime; and that the venue cannot be changed — we are unwilling to relax the rule and bring parties into trial, under such adverse circumstances. And when it is recollected, that a half year’s close confinement will be the consequence of this postponement, it is sufficient security, perhaps, that this indulgence will not be abused. But let the depravity of the criminal be ever so great, and the fact of his guilt ever so apparent, if he offers to the Court sufficient reasons, he is entitled to obtain a postponement of his trial.

In a case of murder, committed in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, which had created great excitement, and it appeared that the Jurors were chosen from within a circle of fifteen miles round Newcastle, Alderson and, Parke, BB. postponed the trial until the following Assizes. Bolan’s Case, Newcastle Spring Assizes, 1839. The same doctrine is also recognized in Jollyfer^s Case, (4 T. R. 285.) And how beautifully is this principle illustrated in that humane provision of British jurisprudence, which, adjudging an attack upon the King to be parricide against the State, and that the Jury and witnesses, and even the Judges are the children, deems it fit, on that account, that there should be a solemn pause before proceeding to judgment — a legal quarantine before trial — lest the mind should be subject to the contagion of partial and improper affections. What a sublime spectacle of justice, to witness this statutable disqualification of a whole nation for a limited period!

But it is said, that upon a cross-examination of the prisoner by the Court, as to the sources of his information, that the written affidavit which he made, was so far qualified or discredited as to authorize its rejection; but we think that this proceeding was irregular. Had the accused submitted himself to an oral examination, it might have been otherwise; but having filed his affidavit in terms of the law, it was not competent to interrogate him farther.

Mr. Roscoe, in his Treatise on Criminal Evidence, says,-where a fair and impartial trial cannot be had in the County where the venue is laid, the Court of Kings Bench, (the indictment being removed thither by certiorari,) -will, upon an affidavit stating that fact, permit a suggestion to be entered on the record, so that the trial may be had in an adjacent County. Good ground must be stated in the affidavit for the belief that the trial cannot be had. The suggestion, however, need not state the fads from which the inference is drawn that a fair trial cannot be had. Citing Hunt’s Case, 3 B. & A. 444, (31 Eng. Com. L. Rep. 342.) And this suggestion, when entered, is not traversable. 1 Chitty’s Crim. Law, 201. Roscoe, 236.

Believing these principles to be strictly analogous, the disallowance of this motion for a continuance cannot receive our sanction.

[7.] The only remaining question is, as to the competency of Madison Malsby as a Juror.

The general rules by which the fairness of a Juror is to be tried, are so fully stated in Monroe’s Case, that we do not care to recapitulate them here. The affidavits submitted to the Court, by the defendant in support of his application for a new trial, establish, conclusively, the unfitness of the Juror. Nor do we think him relieved by his own statement. It is contended, that the opinion which he expressed, was predicated upon a hypothetical case; but, from an attentive consideration of all the evidence, we think otherwise. If it amounted to nothing more than the expression, simply, of an opinion upon a given state of facts, we could not only excuse the individual, but even commend him for giving utterance to his abhorrence of a great crime, supposed to have been wantonly and wickedly committed against the peace and welfare of the community of which he was a member. On the contrary, the proof shows a determination to look to the testimony alone, which would iw-culpate, and not to that which would ez-culpate the defendant — to believe that which would convict, and to disregard that which would acquit the prisoner. Such impressions would not be easily removed, whatever facts may have been proven in favor of the accused. Who can doubt but that they would have operated injuriously to the accused ? It is- the pride of the Constitution of this country, that all causes should be decided by Jurors, from whose breasts are excluded all bias and prejudice. To break down any of these safeguards, so wisely erected, and to suffer Jurors to decide upon the life and liberty of the citizen, whose minds are poisoned by passion or prejudice, would be to stab the upright administration of justice in its most vital parts. We cannot hesitate, therefore, to pronounce Madison Malsby an incompetent Juror, and that the Circuit Court ought to have awarded a new trial to the defendant on that account.

The judgment of the Court below must, consequently, be reversed and the cause remanded, and a new trial granted by the Superior Court of Bibb County.