Wetter v. Habersham , 60 Ga. 193 ( 1878 )

Hillyer, Judge.

1. The testatrix, Mary Telfair, died without children. There was much controversy as to who were her heirs at law, but all the contestants were remote collateral kindred. The estate disposed of under the will was a very large one, and the bulk of it is bequeathed to strangers; indeed, it may be said that all of it is so bequeathed, if the word “ strangers ” be taken to mean any persons not bearing the relationship of husband and wife, or children. The judge presiding' at the trial in the court below gave in charge to the jury, section 2399 of the Code, in which it is provided, amongst other things, that where an entire estate is bequeathed to strangers, “ to the exclusion of the wife and children,” the will should be closely scrutinized, and upon the slightest evidence of aberation of intellect, or collusion, or fraud, or any undue influence or unfair dealing, probate should be refused. On the motion for new trial the judge held that this charge, was error, and we think the latter ruling the correct one. The provision of law contained in section 2399 of the Code is based on the principle, the very rational and common sense principle, that a man is apt to love his wife and children, and that, in a well regulated mind, they are the natural, and, as human experience shows, almost the invariable objects of his bounty; and the law deems that to bequeath his property to strangers, to the exclusion of wife and children, is so unnatural an act as to require very little more evidence to establish the proposition that the testator’s mind is not sound and disposing, and of testamentary capacity. But where there are no kindred having the relationship named in the act, the principle does not apply.

2. One of the grounds for a new trial was, that there was no evidence of monomania, and the presiding judge granted a new trial on this ground amongst others. As the case is to be tried again, we do not indulge in any extended commentary. on the evidence. We will only say that looking carefully through the evidence in the record, we all agree thoroughly with Judge Tompkins, that there is nothing in it which amounts to proof of monomania, and we have no hesitation in affirming the judgment granting the new trial on that ground.

3. It appears in the record that there are two classes of persons, and caveators, claiming to be heirs at law, each to the exclusion of the other. These maybe designated as follows : first, the “Joneses,” who are grandchildren of an aunt of the testatrix; second,the “ Wetters,” who are great-grandchildren of a brother of the testatrix. It was a question much mooted at the trial, and the subject of the most elaborate argument and research in this court, as to which of these two classes are, under our law, the next of kin of Miss Telfair. Section 2484 of the Code furnishes the rules for determining who are the heirs at law of any deceased person, and we hold that its terms as statute law are sufficiently broad and expressive as to cover the whole ground, expressly naming certain particular cases and adopting tlie rules' of the canon law, to govern in all other cases not expressly mentioned. This section in its various clauses, numbered seriatim, from (1) to (8), after providing for the case of husband and children, the wnfe and representatives of children,' posthumous children, brothers and sisters, and descendants of each, the whole blood and half blood, and extending as far as the children or grandchildren of brothers or sisters, the father, mother, first cousins, uncles and aunts, and, in express words, declaring the degree and relative rank of each as to inheritance, ends in the sweeping provision embodied in the 9th clause, “that the more remote degrees of kindred shall be determined by the rules of the canon law, as adopted and enforced in the English courts prior to the 4th day of July, 1776.”

It is obvious that as to all these degrees of kindred and relationship expressly mentioned and set down in the section of the Code under consideration, they are to occupy the position or degree of kindred to which the words of the act assign them. And if the contestants in this case were in any degree of kindred to Miss Telfair not more remote than grandchildren of brothers, their relative rank as to inheritance would be easily 'determined as named by x press words in the section, and they would take rank where the section places them ; but it is conceded on all hands that neither class of the contestants — neither the "Wetters nor the Joneses are within any of these degrees. They come under the class mentioned in the ninth clause of the act, “ the more remote degrees,” and accordingly the question as to “ who are the heirs at law of Mary Telfair ” must be determined by the rules of the canon law, as adopted and enforced in the English courts prior to the fourth of July 1776. To ascertain the rules of the- canon law we have but to refer to the adjudicated cases and authorities in England coming down to us from beyond the date in question, and from these it is impossible to err in the proposition that to ascertain the degree of kindred we must count from the intestate up to the common ancestor one degree for each generation, thence down the collateral line to the contestant: the number of degrees in the longer of these two lines is the degree of kindred between the intestate and the contestant. And by this rule the grandchildren of an aunt are in the third degree, and are heirs at law in preference to the great-grandchildren of a brother, who are in the fourth degree. This construction involves the proposition, that if Alberta Wetter, the grandchild of Thos. Telfair, the brother, had been in life at the time her great-aunt Mary Telfair died, she would have inherited the whole estate to the exclusion of the Joneses. Because by representation she would have been moved up to the position of her grandfather, Thos. Telfair, and then standing in the shoes of a brother she would of course have inherited to the exclusion of the descendants of an aunt (the Joneses); but that Mrs. Wetter having died before Mary Telfair, her line is cut off altogether; and though she left children they are postponed to those same grandchildren of an aunt, whom their mother would have completely outranked. For myself if not controlled by authority and precedent, I should have some hesitancy in so ruling. The doubt is as to whether the language, “ There shall be no representation beyond the children and grandchildren of brothers and sisters,” means that none but living persons shall be counted under, or take rank by, representation, or whether representation ought not to be admitted as far as Alberta Wetter (a brother’s grandchild) although she be dead, but not “ beyond ” her, and thus in counting the degrees to move her up to the place of her grandfather, Thomas Telfair, and to count her and her mother and her grandfather, by “ representation,” as all one degree. If Alberta Wetter had been in life, the fact that her mother and grandfather were dead, would not prevent the degree of kindred from counting in her favor or prevent her from being moved up to and standing in the shoes of her dead grandfather; and why should her death prevent her children from standing in her shoes ? Quite an ingenious argument might be made in favor of that view, and the subject made to furnish another of the curious and difficult problems incident to the whole doctrine of kinship and inheritance, than which perhaps no one branch of the law has been more fruitful of controversy, or had expended upon it more learning and research. But the safe course is to resort to authority, follow the beaten path of precedent. The doctrine of representation is not now in the laws of England.

From quite an ancient date representation was admitted in England as far as the children of brothers and sisters. And such was the law of Georgia down to the act of 1859. By that act representation was extended to grandchildren of brothers and sisters. But the ancient inhibition which came across the water with our forefathers was retained, namely, “ that further than this there should be no representation among collaterals.” Now take the law as it stood in England prior to our adopting statute, where the rules of the canon law were of force, and in human experience such a contest as the present one would be apt to arise with some frequency, and accordingly we find quite a number of cases in which this and the like question did arise, and were decided in the English courts, and it was very early held, and the doctrine firmly established, that the language of the act: “ There shall be no representatives admitted after brothers’ and sisters’ children,” operated to,cut off all who were in any more remote degree altogether from any benefit of the doctrine of representation; that is, that if the person entitled to representation within the words of the act, be dead, that all representation is at an end, and one who stands in the shoes of such a deceased person can thereby take no benefit of representation. We quote from the case of Pett vs. Pett, 1 Oomyn’s Reports, 87: “A libel was exhibited against the administrator, setting forth that the intestate had two brothers who had issue and died. The issue of one of the brothers had issue, a son and a daughter, and then the intestate dies; and his grand-nephew and grand-neice, the son and daughter of the issue of one of the brothers, wanted to have distribution with his neice, the issue of the other brother; but the spiritual court had denied it, for that there is a proviso in the act of parliament that there shall be no representatives admitted after brothers’ and sisters’ children, which occasioned the motion for a mcmdamus, but it was denied.” Can anything be plainer ? This was decided in the twelfth year of William III, and in support of the doctrine there laid down, may be cited 1 Ld. Raymond, 571; Holt, 259; 1 Salk., 260, S. C.; 3 Salk., 138,; 2 Eq. Cases Abr., 435; 12 Mod., 409; 1 P. Wins., 25, 594; Gib. Cod., 481; 4 Burns’ Eccl. Law., 358; 2 Vern., 233 ; Prec. Chan., 28; 2 Show., 286 ; Lovelass on Wills, 77; Raym., 496.

Concluding, then, as we do, that the doctrine of represen, tation is not applicable to the case, and that by the rules of the canon law, the Joneses are in the third degree and the Wetters in the fourth, we hold that the former are heirs at law to the exclusion of the latter.

4. When a will is propounded for probate whether the proceedings be initiated by the executors or by the heirs at law, the object of the investigation is to determine the question of testacy or intestacy, and it can never be said that the litigation is ended, unless all persons have been heard or have had an opportunity to be heard, who either really have an interest or buna fide claim to have an interest. We will not say that, after the court has heard all the facts, if the presiding judge is clearly satisfied iu his own mind beyond all doubt, that any caveator is really a stranger to the controversy, and has no interest whatever in the result of the litigation, the court may not dismiss him from the case. But as long as it appears, either that the caveator has an interest or the presiding judge has even a doubt upon the subject, he should retain him in the case to the end that the judgment may bind him.

5. Some question was made at the hearing relative to the competency of one of the witnesses, and other matters relating to the faotrnn of the will or formalities of its execution. In none of the rulings thus questioned has error been made apparent.

The remaining points ruled appear with sufficient distinctness in the syllabus.

Judgment affirmed.