Savannah, Florida & Western Railway Co. v. Booth , 98 Ga. 20 ( 1895 )

Atkinson, Justice.

Cribb owned a saw-mill on tbe line of tbe defendant company’s railroad, and was accustomed to receive from it flat ears to be loaded by bis employees with lumber while standing on a siding of the company located at his mill, and then to be delivered to the company for transportation over its line of railroad to market. Upon one occasion a flat car was delivered by the defendant company to be so loaded, and while the employees of Cribb were engaged in this work it turned over, and in consequence the lumber with which it was partially loaded fell upon one of them and inflicted injuries upon him of which he died. The employee so injured was the husband of the plaintiff in the present action. It was alleged that the car was defective in that the pin which coupled the platform to the trucks was too short, and was further defective in that it was not so keyed as to prevent its drawing in the event the platform should careen. Upon the trial a verdict was rendered for the plaintiff, and the trial judge having overruled the defendant’s motion for a new trial, the case is now here for review.

The question of law as to whether under the circumstances the defendant company owed to the servant of Cribb, its patron, any duty, and, if so, the measure of that duty, is the only one presented by the record into which it is necessary to enter upon an extended discussion; and inasmuch as an examination of the evidence shows that it was sufficient to support a finding that the death of the plaintiff’s husband, without fault on his part, was occasioned by reason of the defects in the defendant’s car as described in the declaration, and that its defective condition was due to the defendant’s negligence, we will proceed to inquire as to the liability of the defendant to the plaintiff for injuries resulting from the breach of the supposed duty to her husband.

No contract relation existed between plaintiff’s husband and the defendant company, and hence it owed him no duty resting upon the contract relation of master and servant; but privity of contract is not always essential to create a liability; it may arise as well out of the relative situation of the parties. 12 Allen, 58; Wood, Master & Servant, 912; 10 Western Reporter, 409. Its duty, if any, arose out of the peculiar relations established between the company and the master of the injured servant. The defendant company owned a railroad which was engaged in the transportation of freight for hire. Its revenue was dependent upon the patronage of those persons who had merchandise to transport. The immediate master of the injured servant owned a saw-mill, and was engaged in the manufacture of lumber which was comparatively valueless without the means of transportation. Under these circumstances, the defendant company and the master agreed that if the former would place its cars upon its side-track at the master’s mill, the latter would undertake to have them loaded for delivery and shipment over the defendant’s road. In accordance with this arrangement, the cars of the defendant company, including the one causing the injury, were placed upon the defendant’s siding to be loaded by the servants of the mill-owner. Tlie latter had no- duty of selecting cars and no control of tbem. Save only as to the matter of loading them, the control of the cars was entirely with the defendant company, except in SO' far as it •sometimes became necessary to move them by hand for convenience in loading, and this was done by the servants of the mill-owner. ITad the injury occurred in consequence of any hidden defect in the premises of the defendant company under circumstances which would otherwise have rendered it liable, there is not the slightest doubt, according to .an almost unbroken current of authority, that the servant of another, entering thereon upon the invitation of the owner to engage in lawful work for tire benefit of his master, and incidentally for the advantage of such owner, would have been entitled to recover. Elliott v. Pray, 10 Allen, 378; 87 American Decisions, 653; Gilbert v. Nagle, 118 Mass. 278; Pickard v. Smith, 10 Com. B. (N. S.) 470; Holmes v. North Eastern R’y Co., L. R. 4 Ex. 254; Powers v. Harlow, 43 Mich. 514; Bennett v. Louisville &c. R. R. Co., 102 U. S. 580; 15 American State Reports, 298. And certainly where the work done was for the mutual benefit of both the master and the owner of the premises, there is no less reason why he should maintain his action. If the company would, under such circumstances, be liable for injuries, resulting from defects in the premises, it is difficult to understand why it should be the less liable if the injury resulted from defective appliances which were furnished to the master, and which the servant of the latter was invited to use in a business which was mutually beneficial to the master and the defendant company. Hnder the arrangement as we understand it in the present case, the contract wás not one of hiring by the defendant company to the master of the defective car, but, selecting and retaining control of it, the company placed it in position knowing the purpose for which and by whom it would be used, thus extending to the injured servant an invitation to use it. Had the master been a mere hirer, or the company exercising no right as to tbe selection of tbe cars to be used, the duty of inspection would have been upon tbe master, and in case of injury to bis servant in consequence of bis furnishing an unsafe appliance, tbe loss would have fallen upon him. But we think each, tbe master and tbe company, owed to tbe other and to tbe servants of tbe former tbe duty of properly discharging bis part of tbe joint undertaking. The master bad no duty of providing, or right of selecting tbe cars to be used. This duty devolved entirely upon tbe company. Tbe cars were intended to be used by tbe mill-owner and bis servants in loading them with lumber. Tbe mere act of selecting and furnishing them, with knowledge of tbe use to which they were to be applied, amounted to' an invitation to tbe mill-owner’s servants to use them, and we think this knowledge and this invitation cast upon tbe company tbe duty of seeing that they were reasonably safe for such use. See the case of Roddy v. Missouri Pacific R. R. Co., 12 Lawyers’ Beports Annotated, p. 746. Tbe breach of this duty give a right of action. Tbe jury found that tbe injury complained of was not due to- any negligence upon tbe part of tbe injured servant or bis master in using tbe defective car after it was furnished by tbe defendant company, but was due wholly to its act in furnishing tbe defective car; and tbe trial judge being satisfied, we are not disposed to disturb the verdict. Judgment affirmed.