Hicks v. Brantley , 102 Ga. 264 ( 1897 )

Little, J.

Brantley brought an action to recover damages against Hicks for a malicious prosecution.. There was a verdict for the plaintiff, and a motion for a new trial, which was overruled. The motion was on the general grounds, and alleged error in giving to the jury certain charges, and in refusing to charge as requested. The legal questions involved are dealt with by us as indicated in the headnotes of the case, and as therein set out.

1. A cause of action where damages are sustained by one in consequence of a prosecution carried on maliciously and without any probable cause against him, is given by the common law against the person instituting such prosecution, and is specially recognized by our statute. Civil Code, §648. To-recover in such an action, it is necessary that both malice and want of probable cause should concur. In a legal sense, any unlawful act which is done wilfully and purposely to the injury of another, is, as against that person, malicious. 1 Hilliard on Torts, 446. To establish, malice sufficient to authorize a recovery in cases of this kind, it is not necessary to prove the existence of personal hatred, ill-will, or motives of revenge on the part of the prosecutor toward the accused. Haddrick v. Heslah, 12 Ad. & El. N. S. 267. Mr. Newell, in his work on Malicious Prosecution, p. 6, §5, defines the action to be “a judicial proceeding instituted by one person against another) from wrongful or improper motives, and without probable cause to sustain it,” and gives to the term “malicious prosecution” the import of “a causeless as well as an ill-intended prosecution.” He says further -on (p. 10, §8), that “the want of probable cause is the essential ground of the action”; and this court in the case of Marable v. Mayer, 78 Ga. 710, held it to be essential that an allegation of a want of probable cause must he distinctly made in the declaration. Indeed, want of probable cause lies at the foundation of the action. Malice sufficient to sustain a recovery may be inferred from want of probable cause, but the want of such cause may never be inferred from malice. Ventress v. Rosser, 73 Ga. 535; Marable v. Mayer, 78 Ga. 710. This court in the case of Coleman v. Allen, 79 Ga. 643, distinctly repudiated the doctrine, ruled in an English case (10 Exch. 352), that “any motive other than that of simply instituting a prosecution for the purpose of bringing a person to justice, is a malicious motive on the part of a person who acts in that way.” It has been ruled in many States that the motive is immaterial, if there was probable cause (48 Barb. 30; 111 Penn. St. 111; 46 Md. 580; 69 Ill. 376; 49 Mich. 286); or if the accused is guilty of the offense charged (3 Blackf. 241; 2 Denio, 617); and such we understand to he the meaning of our statute. If there is a total want of probable cause upon which to base a charge that the accused is guilty of the crime in question, then it would be a causeless prosecution, and the person instituting it can not be protected by averring the want of malice on his part. It will be inferred that it was an evil motive that prompted one, in the. absence of any probability of the guilt of the accused, to inaugurate a criminal prosecution against another, and such motive answers the malice required by the statute. The probable cause referred to has been defined to be, “the existence of such facts and circumstances as would excite the belief in a reasonable mind, acting on the facts within the knowledge of the prosecutor, that the person charged was guilty of the crime for which he was prosecuted.” 24 Howard (U. S.), 544; 22 Fed. Rep. 217; 85 Am. Dec. 373. And it is on the existence of such belief, based upon such facts and circumstances, that the question of probable cause rests—not on the fact that the accused is actually guilty. 53 N. Y. 14, and other cases cited in 14 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law, 26, note 2. Reasonable and probable cause mean the same. 97 U. S. 642. So that in cases of this character, where there is an absence of facts and circumstances which would lead a reasonable mind to the conclusion of guilt, malice may be inferred on the part of one- who prosecutes him. On the other hand, the existence of probable cause does not depend on the fact that the accused was actually guilty.

2. If the circumstances show that there was no reasonable ground for the prosecution, then it would follow that so far as the circumstances were concerned the want of probable cause existed. But notwithstanding -this fact, if the prosecutor really acted in good faith and believed, although mistakenly, that the accused was really guilty, he is at liberty to go further and show his good faith by facts and circumstances,«because the prosecution must be maliciously carried on and without probable cause, and want of probable cause exists when the circumstances are such as to satisfy a reasonable man that the prosecutor had no ground for proceeding but his desire to injure thé accused. Civil Code, § 3844. It is perfectly consistent that one who really had no desire to injure should believe honestly that certain facts known to him established the guilt of another; if he did so in good faith and had reasons for such faith, there might exist probable cause, although in fact the circumstances did not fix guilt on the accused. In all such cases, however, the jury shall determine the existence or want of probable cause. One of the circumstances which may he submitted to show this- cause is, that the prosecutor conferred with and acted on the advice of counsel in instituting the prosecution. The general rule as stated by Mr. Newell (see his work on Malicious Prosecution, p. 310), is, where a party has communicated to his counsel all the facts bearing on the case, of which he has knowledge or could ascertain by reasonable diligence and inquiry, and has acted upon the advice received honestly and in good faith, the absence of malice is established, the want of probable cause is negatived, and the action for malicious prosecution will not lie; and this rule is supported by decisions from the States of Ohio, Missouri, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Alabama, California, Virginia, Maryland, Louisiana, Rhode Island, and North Carolina. It seems to me to be founded upon reason and logic. It must be remembered that the law does not favor actions to recover damages for malicious prosecutions. It was at one time doubted whether the action would lie, unless in a case of ■conspiracy. Lord Holt said that such actions ought not to be favored, but managed with great caution. Their tendency is to discourage prosecutions for crime, as they expose prosecutors to civil suits, and the love of justice may not always be strong enough to induce individuals to commence prosecutions, when, if they fail, they may be subjected to the expense of litigation, if they be not mulcted in damages. Newell on Mal. Pros, p. 21, §§ 13 and 14. While the courts should not discourage .actions for malicious prosecutions by establishing harsh rules of ■evidence, or by the rigid principles of law, by force of which a party may be deprived of an important remedy for a real injury, at the same time all proper guard and protection should be thrown around those who, in obedience to the mandates ■of duty, may be compelled to originate and carry on a criminal prosecution which may from any cause terminate in favor -of the accused. Ibid. p. 22, § 15; see also 20 111. 354. But however this may be elsewhere, it is settled by our statute (Civil Code, § 4420), under the provisions of which the charge of the court below in reference to advice of counsel was proper. This rule is applicable in suits to recover damages for malicious prosecutions; and while the client is not relieved when acting under the advice of counsel, yet the fact of such advice, bona fide given and acted on, may go in mitigation of damages. Fox v. Davis & Co., 55 Ga. 298, 302. And on the question of malice and probable cause, it is competent to show that the prosecution was undertaken on the advice of counsel. Ventress v. Rosser, 73 Ga. 535; Rigden v. Jordan & Stewart, 81 Ga. 675; Fox v. Davis & Co. 55 Ga. 298.

The fourth ground of the motion for a new trial in this case alleges error, because the court refused to charge the jury, in substance, that if the defendant made to the solicitor-general a truthful statement of the evidence in the case, giving the names of witnesses who furnished him the evidence, and the solicitor-general made a mistake either in classifying the offense or in advising that any offense had been committed, the defendant is not responsible for the mistake of the solicitor-general, and if he acted in good faith and without malice and upon the advice of the solicitor-general, the law relieves him from all liability. The substance of this request as a legal proposition is, we think, good law. It will be noted that the provisions of our Civil Code, §4420, supra, to the effect that clients shall not be relieved from liability on the advice of counsel, refers to private counsel and counsel employed by the prosecutor himself for the purpose of giving advice. The opening words of the section clearly indicate this meaning: clients shall not be relieved, etc. A solicitor-general or prosecuting officer for a particular circuit has only the State for a client. He can not be employed by a private person to prosecute a case, nor to give advice. His is a public duty. He represents the entire public. He is an officer commissioned by the State to perform certain duties. These are in part prescribed by the statute'. Civil Code, § 4392. Among his duties, as therein enumerated, he is to draw up all indictments and prosecute all indictable offenses; and by the 11th paragraph of the section, he is to perform such other duties as may necessarily appertain to his office. As a prosecuting officer, the office of solicitor-general is a very responsible and important one. He is attorney and agent of the government in whatever concerns his office. He is to determine whether or not to commence a particular prosecution, or to discontinue one already begun. If it be not foi; the public interest to punish the doer where the law is but technically violated, he shall forbear the prosecution. The prosecutions which he inaugurates are by the people in the name of the State. He is controlled by the public interests, and while these interests require the conviction of the guilty, they forbid that of the innocent. See 1 Bishop’s New Criminal Procedure, §§ 287 to 293. The advice then given by the prosecuting officer, in relation to a prosecution in the court of which he is solicitor-general, is not to be placed on the same footing as advice from private counsel. The solicitor-general draws the bill of indictment, examines the witnesses, not with a view to the interest of any client, but alone to sub-serve public justice. If in his judgment the facts stated do not amount to a violation of the criminal law, he will submit no indictment. The whole proceeding, from the time the case is laid before him, where an indictment is demanded, until the rendition of the verdict, is under his direction, supervision and control, subject of course to certain restrictions which the law imposes. Can it be said that when a prosecutor lays before the solicitor-general a given state of facts which he is prepared to prove, and asks direction whether or not these facts constitute a violation of law, and when advised by this officer, whose official duty it is to advise, that they do constitute a breach of the criminal law, and he acts on this construction of the law by this officer, a prosecution instituted thereunder is not supported by probable cause for his action? The very fact that the State’s officer advises that there has been an infraction of the law,, is probable cause which any citizen may act upon. Our Civil Code, § 3844, says, that want of probable cause shall be a question for the jury under the direction of the court. The doctrine generally adopted in the American courts is, that the question of probable cause is a mixed question of law and fact. “Whether the circumstances alleged to show it probable are true and existed is a matter of fact, and to be determined by the jury; but whether, supposing this to be true, they amount to probable cause, is a question. of law.” Newell on Mal. Pros. p. 276, § 11, citing numerous authorities. We do not understand our code, as above referred to, to differ from this doctrine. The question of probable cause is a question for the jury, under the direction of the court; that is, a question of fact for the jury, but subject to the provisions of the law thereon. We know of no case where it has been held that the advice given by attorneys for the commonwealth in cases which came under their supervision was not probable cause for the prosecution, where such advice was to the effect that the circumstances, truly stated, constituted a violation of law. On the contrary, in such of the States where the question has been decided and which has come to our knowledge, the courts have uniformly held the advice of prosecuting officers to be probable cause to authorize the prosecution. The Texas Court of Appeals, 30 N. W. Rep.-566, uses the following language on this subject: “Where a person in good faith makes to the prosecuting attorney a fair statement of the facts as known to him concerning a charge of which he makes complaint, the action of the attorney in advising the prosecution is conclusive proof of probable cause, in an action for malicious prosecution against the person making the complaint.” See also 45 N. W. Rep. 970. In 16 Pac. Rep. 804, the Supreme Court of Kansas says: “ It is a good defense to any action for a malicious prosecution, that before commencing the alleged malicious prosecution the defendant presented the matter to the county attorney, fairly stating to him all the facts, and then in good faith followed the advice of the county attorney. Such a thing completely rebuts the allegations of the plaintiff that there was a want of probable cause, and it of itself shows probable cause.” To the same effect is the ruling of the Supreme Court of Iowa, 29 N. W. Rep. 743. The Supreme Court of Michigan has ruled the same principle. 13 N. W. Rep. 593. See also Newell on Malicious Prosecution, 311. It of course must be understood, in all cases where the advice of the State’s attorney is sought by a person contemplating the prosecution of another, that to protect him from liability in an action for malicious prosecution he must make a fair, full and complete statement of the facts as they exist. He is not relieved if he conceals facts, nor if he distorts facts, nor if he is negligent in ascertaining facts. It is necessary also that he act bona fide on the advice as given. Unless he :does so, there is no reason in the law which affords him protection under such circumstances; but when he has honestly sought such advice, and in good faith acted on it, it can not be said that the prosecution was undertaken without probable cause.

The court below erred in refusing to grant a new trial; and accordingly the

Judgment is reversed.

All the Justices concurring.