Minneci v. Pollard , 132 S. Ct. 617 ( 2012 )


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  • (Slip Opinion)              OCTOBER TERM, 2011                                       1
    Syllabus
    NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as is
    being done in connection with this case, at the time the opinion is issued.
    The syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been
    prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.
    See United States v. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co., 
    200 U. S. 321
    , 337.
    SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
    Syllabus
    MINNECI ET AL. v. POLLARD ET AL.
    CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR
    THE NINTH CIRCUIT
    No. 10–1104. Argued November 1, 2011—Decided January 10, 2012
    Respondent Pollard sought damages from employees at a privately run
    federal prison in California, claiming that they had deprived him of
    adequate medical care in violation of the Eighth Amendment’s prohi-
    bition against cruel and unusual punishment. The Federal District
    Court dismissed the complaint, ruling that the Eighth Amendment
    does not imply an action under Bivens v. Six Unknown Fed. Narcotics
    Agents, 
    403 U. S. 388
    , against a privately managed prison’s person-
    nel. The Ninth Circuit reversed.
    Held: Because in the circumstance of this case, state tort law authorizes
    adequate alternative damages actions—providing both significant de-
    terrence and compensation—no Bivens remedy can be implied here.
    Pp. 3−12.
    (a) Wilkie v. Robbins, 
    551 U. S. 537
    , fairly summarizes the basic
    considerations the Court applies here. In deciding whether to recog-
    nize a Bivens remedy, a court must first ask “whether any alterna-
    tive, existing process for protecting the [constitutionally recognized]
    interest amounts to a convincing reason for the Judicial Branch to re-
    frain from providing a new and freestanding” damages remedy. Even
    absent an alternative, “a Bivens remedy is a subject of judgment: ‘the
    federal courts must make the kind of remedial determination that is
    appropriate for a common-law tribunal, paying particular heed . . . to
    any special factors counselling hesitation before authorizing a new
    kind of federal litigation.’ ” 
    Id., at 550
    . In Bivens itself, the Court
    held that the Fourth Amendment implicitly authorized a court to or-
    der federal agents to pay damages to a person injured by the agents’
    violation of the Amendment’s strictures, 
    403 U. S., at 389
    , noting that
    the Fourth Amendment prohibited conduct that state law might
    permit, 
    id.,
     at 392–393, and that the interests protected on the one
    2                         MINNECI v. POLLARD
    Syllabus
    hand by state “trespass” and “invasion of privacy” laws and on the
    other hand by the Fourth Amendment “may be inconsistent or even
    hostile,” 
    id., at 394
    . It also stated that “[h]istorically, damages have
    been regarded as the ordinary remedy for an invasion of personal in-
    terests in liberty,” 
    id., at 395
    , and found “no special factors counsel-
    ling hesitation in the absence of affirmative action by Congress.” 
    Id., at 396
    . Bivens actions were allowed in Davis v. Passman, 
    442 U. S. 228
    , for a Fifth Amendment due process claim involving gender-
    based employment discrimination, and in Carlson v. Green, 
    446 U. S. 14
    , for an Eighth Amendment claim based on federal government of-
    ficials’ “deliberat[e] indifferen[ce]” to a federal prisoner’s medical
    needs, 
    id., at 16, n. 1, 17
    . Since Carlson, this Court has declined to
    imply a Bivens action in several different instances. See, e.g., Bush v.
    Lucas, 
    462 U. S. 367
    , Correctional Services Corp. v. Malesko, 
    534 U. S. 61
    .
    Applying Wilkie’s approach here, Pollard cannot assert a Bivens
    claim, primarily because his Eighth Amendment claim focuses on a
    kind of conduct that typically falls within the scope of traditional
    state tort law. And in the case of a privately employed defendant,
    state tort law provides an “alternative, existing process” capable of
    protecting the constitutional interests at stake. Wilkie, 
    551 U. S., at 550
    . The existence of that alternative remedy constitutes a “convinc-
    ing reason for the Judicial Branch to refrain from providing a new
    and freestanding” damages remedy. 
    Ibid.
     Pp. 3−7.
    (b) Pollard’s contrary arguments are rejected. First, he claims that
    Carlson authorizes an Eighth Amendment-based Bivens action here,
    but Carlson involved government, not privately employed, personnel.
    The potential existence of an “adequate alternative, existing process”
    differs dramatically for public and private employees, as prisoners
    ordinarily can bring state tort actions against private employees, but
    not against public ones. Second, Pollard’s argument that this Court
    should consider only whether federal laws provide adequate alterna-
    tive remedies because of the “vagaries” of state tort law, Carlson, su-
    pra, at 23, was rejected in Malesko, supra, at 72−73. Third, Pollard
    claims that state tort law does not provide remedies adequate to pro-
    tect the constitutional interests at issue here, but California, like
    every other State (as far as the Court is aware), has tort law that
    provides for negligence actions for claims such as his. That the state
    law may prove less generous than would a Bivens action does not
    render the state law inadequate, and state remedies and a potential
    Bivens remedy need not be perfectly congruent. Fourth, Pollard ar-
    gues that there may be similar Eighth Amendment claims that state
    tort law does not cover, but he offers no supporting cases. The possi-
    bility of a future case, where an Eighth Amendment claim or state
    Cite as: 565 U. S. ____ (2012)                    3
    Syllabus
    law differs significantly from those at issue, provides insufficient
    grounds for reaching a different conclusion here. Pp. 7−12.
    
    607 F. 3d 583
     and 
    629 F. 3d 843
    , reversed.
    BREYER, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which ROBERTS,
    C. J., and SCALIA, KENNEDY, THOMAS, ALITO, SOTOMAYOR, and KAGAN,
    JJ., joined. SCALIA, J., filed a concurring opinion, in which THOMAS, J.,
    joined. GINSBURG, J., filed a dissenting opinion.
    Cite as: 565 U. S. ____ (2012)                              1
    Opinion of the Court
    NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the
    preliminary print of the United States Reports. Readers are requested to
    notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of the United States, Wash-
    ington, D. C. 20543, of any typographical or other formal errors, in order
    that corrections may be made before the preliminary print goes to press.
    SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
    _________________
    No. 10–1104
    _________________
    MARGARET MINNECI, ET AL., PETITIONERS v.
    RICHARD LEE POLLARD ET AL.
    ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF
    APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
    [January 10, 2012]
    JUSTICE BREYER delivered the opinion of the Court.
    The question is whether we can imply the existence of
    an Eighth Amendment-based damages action (a Bivens
    action) against employees of a privately operated federal
    prison. See generally Bivens v. Six Unknown Fed. Narcot-
    ics Agents, 
    403 U. S. 388
    , 389 (1971) (“[V]iolation of [the
    Fourth Amendment] by a federal agent . . . gives rise to a
    cause of action for damages” against a Federal Govern-
    ment employee). Because we believe that in the circum-
    stances present here state tort law authorizes adequate
    alternative damages actions—actions that provide both
    significant deterrence and compensation—we cannot do
    so. See Wilkie v. Robbins, 
    551 U. S. 537
    , 550 (2007) (no
    Bivens action where “alternative, existing” processes
    provide adequate protection).
    I
    Richard Lee Pollard was a prisoner at a federal facility
    operated by a private company, the Wackenhut Correc-
    tions Corporation. In 2002 he filed a pro se complaint in
    federal court against several Wackenhut employees, who
    (now) include a security officer, a food-services supervisor,
    2                   MINNECI v. POLLARD
    Opinion of the Court
    and several members of the medical staff. As the Federal
    Magistrate Judge interpreted Pollard’s complaint, he
    claimed that these employees had deprived him of ade-
    quate medical care, had thereby violated the Eighth
    Amendment’s prohibition against “cruel and unusual”
    punishment, and had caused him injury. He sought
    damages.
    Pollard said that a year earlier he had slipped on a cart
    left in the doorway of the prison’s butcher shop. The
    prison medical staff took x rays, thought he might have
    fractured both elbows, brought him to an outside clinic for
    further orthopedic evaluation, and subsequently arranged
    for surgery. In particular, Pollard claimed:
    (1) Despite his having told a prison guard that he could
    not extend his arm, the guard forced him to put on a
    jumpsuit (to travel to the outside clinic), causing him “the
    most excruciating pain,” App. 32;
    (2) During several visits to the outside clinic, prison
    guards made Pollard wear arm restraints that were con-
    nected in a way that caused him continued pain;
    (3) Prison medical (and other) personnel failed to follow
    the outside clinic’s instructions to put Pollard’s left elbow
    in a posterior splint, failed to provide necessary physical
    therapy, and failed to conduct necessary studies, including
    nerve conduction studies;
    (4) At times when Pollard’s arms were in casts or simi-
    larly disabled, prison officials failed to make alternative
    arrangements for him to receive meals, with the result
    that (to avoid “being humiliated” in the general food ser-
    vice area, id., at 35) Pollard had to auction off personal
    items to obtain funds to buy food at the commissary;
    (5) Prison officials deprived him of basic hygienic care
    to the point where he could not bathe for two weeks;
    (6) Prison medical staff provided him with insufficient
    medicine, to the point where he was in pain and could not
    sleep; and
    Cite as: 565 U. S. ____ (2012)           3
    Opinion of the Court
    (7) Prison officials forced him to return to work before
    his injuries had healed.
    After concluding that the Eighth Amendment did not
    provide for a Bivens action against a privately managed
    prison’s personnel, the Magistrate Judge recommended
    that the District Court dismiss Pollard’s complaint. The
    District Court did so. But on appeal the Ninth Circuit
    found that the Eighth Amendment provided Pollard with a
    Bivens action, and it reversed the District Court. Pollard
    v. The GEO Group, Inc., 
    607 F. 3d 583
    , 603, as amended,
    
    629 F. 3d 843
    , 868 (CA9 2010).
    The defendants sought certiorari. And, in light of a split
    among the Courts of Appeals, we granted the petition. Com-
    pare 
    ibid.
     (finding an Eighth Amendment Bivens action
    where prisoner sues employees of a privately operated
    federal prison), with, e.g., Alba v. Montford, 
    517 F. 3d 1249
    , 1254–1256 (CA11 2008) (no Bivens action available),
    and Holly v. Scott, 
    434 F. 3d 287
    , 288 (CA4 2006) (same).
    II
    Recently, in Wilkie v. Robbins, 
    supra,
     we rejected a
    claim that the Fifth Amendment impliedly authorized a
    Bivens action that would permit landowners to obtain
    damages from government officials who unconstitutionally
    interfere with their exercise of property rights. After
    reviewing the Court’s earlier Bivens cases, the Court
    stated:
    “[T]he decision whether to recognize a Bivens remedy
    may require two steps. In the first place, there is the
    question whether any alternative, existing process for
    protecting the [constitutionally recognized] interest
    amounts to a convincing reason for the Judicial
    Branch to refrain from providing a new and freestand-
    ing remedy in damages. . . . But even in the absence
    of an alternative, a Bivens remedy is a subject of
    judgment: ‘the federal courts must make the kind of
    4                   MINNECI v. POLLARD
    Opinion of the Court
    remedial determination that is appropriate for a
    common-law tribunal, paying particular heed, how-
    ever, to any special factors counselling hesitation be-
    fore authorizing a new kind of federal litigation.’ ” 
    551 U. S., at 550
     (quoting Bush v. Lucas, 
    462 U. S. 367
    ,
    378 (1983)).
    These standards seek to reflect and to reconcile the
    Court’s reasoning set forth in earlier cases. In Bivens
    itself the Court held that the Fourth Amendment implicit-
    ly authorized a court to order federal agents to pay dam-
    ages to a person injured by the agents’ violation of the
    Amendment’s constitutional strictures. 
    403 U. S., at 389
    .
    The Court noted that “ ‘where federally protected rights
    have been invaded,’ ”courts can “ ‘adjust their remedies so
    as to grant the necessary relief.’ ” 
    Id., at 392
     (quoting Bell
    v. Hood, 
    327 U. S. 678
    , 684 (1946)). See also Correctional
    Services Corp. v. Malesko, 
    534 U. S. 61
    , 66 (2001) (“author-
    ity to imply a new constitutional tort” anchored within
    general “ ‘arising under’ ” jurisdiction). It pointed out that
    the Fourth Amendment prohibited, among other things,
    conduct that state law might permit (such as the conduct
    at issue in that very case). Bivens, 
    403 U. S., at
    392–393.
    It added that the interests protected on the one hand by
    state “trespass” and “invasion of privacy” laws and on the
    other hand by the Fourth Amendment’s guarantees “may
    be inconsistent or even hostile.” 
    Id., at 394
    . It stated
    that “[h]istorically, damages have been regarded as the
    ordinary remedy for an invasion of personal interests in
    liberty.” 
    Id., at 395
    . And it found “no special factors
    counselling hesitation in the absence of affirmative action
    by Congress.” 
    Id., at 396
    .
    In Davis v. Passman, 
    442 U. S. 228
     (1979), the Court
    considered a former congressional employee’s claim for
    damages suffered as a result of her employer’s unconstitu-
    tional discrimination based on gender. The Court found a
    Cite as: 565 U. S. ____ (2012)            5
    Opinion of the Court
    damages action implicit in the Fifth Amendment’s Due
    Process Clause. 
    Id.,
     at 248–249. In doing so, the Court
    emphasized the unavailability of “other alternative forms
    of judicial relief.” 
    Id., at 245
    . And the Court noted that
    there was “no evidence” that Congress (or the Constitu-
    tion) intended to foreclose such a remedy. 
    Id., at 247
    .
    In Carlson v. Green, 
    446 U. S. 14
     (1980), the Court
    considered a claim for damages brought by the estate of
    a federal prisoner who (the estate said) had died as the
    result of government officials’ “deliberat[e] indifferen[ce]”
    to his medical needs—indifference that violated the
    Eighth Amendment. 
    Id., at 16, n. 1
    , 17 (citing Estelle v.
    Gamble, 
    429 U. S. 97
     (1976)). The Court implied an action
    for damages from the Eighth Amendment. 
    446 U. S., at
    17–18. It noted that state law offered the particular plain-
    tiff no meaningful damages remedy. 
    Id., at 17, n. 4
    .
    Although the estate might have brought a damages claim
    under the Federal Tort Claims Act, the defendant in any
    such lawsuit was the employer, namely the United States,
    not the individual officers who had committed the viola-
    tion. 
    Id., at 21
    . A damages remedy against an individual
    officer, the Court added, would prove a more effective
    deterrent. 
    Ibid.
     And, rather than leave compensation to
    the “vagaries” of state tort law, a federal Bivens action
    would provide “uniform rules.” 
    446 U. S., at 23
    .
    Since Carlson, the Court has had to decide in several
    different instances whether to imply a Bivens action. And
    in each instance it has decided against the existence of
    such an action. These instances include:
    (1) A federal employee’s claim that his federal employer
    dismissed him in violation of the First Amendment, Bush,
    
    supra,
     at 386–388 (congressionally created federal civil
    service procedures provide meaningful redress);
    (2) A claim by military personnel that military superi-
    ors violated various constitutional provisions, Chappell v.
    Wallace, 
    462 U. S. 296
    , 298–300 (1983) (special factors
    6                  MINNECI v. POLLARD
    Opinion of the Court
    related to the military counsel against implying a Bivens
    action), see also United States v. Stanley, 
    483 U. S. 669
    ,
    683–684 (1987) (similar);
    (3) A claim by recipients of Social Security disability
    benefits that benefits had been denied in violation of the
    Fifth Amendment, Schweiker v. Chilicky, 
    487 U. S. 412
    ,
    414, 425 (1988) (elaborate administrative scheme provides
    meaningful alternative remedy);
    (4) A former bank employee’s suit against a federal
    banking agency, claiming that he lost his job due to agency
    action that violated the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process
    Clause, FDIC v. Meyer, 
    510 U. S. 471
    , 484–486 (1994) (no
    Bivens actions against government agencies rather than
    particular individuals who act unconstitutionally);
    (5) A prisoner’s Eighth Amendment-based suit against
    a private corporation that managed a federal prison, Ma-
    lesko, 
    534 U. S., at
    70–73 (to permit suit against the
    employer-corporation would risk skewing relevant incen-
    tives; at the same time, the ability of a prisoner to bring
    state tort law damages action against private individual
    defendants means that the prisoner does not “lack effec-
    tive remedies,” 
    id., at 72
    ).
    Although the Court, in reaching its decisions, has not
    always similarly emphasized the same aspects of the
    cases, Wilkie fairly summarizes the basic considerations
    that underlie those decisions. 
    551 U. S., at 550
    . We con-
    sequently apply its approach here. And we conclude that
    Pollard cannot assert a Bivens claim.
    That is primarily because Pollard’s Eighth Amendment
    claim focuses upon a kind of conduct that typically falls
    within the scope of traditional state tort law. And in the
    case of a privately employed defendant, state tort law
    provides an “alternative, existing process” capable of
    protecting the constitutional interests at stake. 
    551 U. S., at 550
    . The existence of that alternative here constitutes
    a “convincing reason for the Judicial Branch to refrain
    Cite as: 565 U. S. ____ (2012)           7
    Opinion of the Court
    from providing a new and freestanding remedy in dam-
    ages.” 
    Ibid.
     Our reasoning is best understood if we set
    forth and explain why we reject Pollard’s arguments to the
    contrary.
    III
    Pollard (together with supporting amici) asks us to
    imply a Bivens action for four basic reasons—none of
    which we find convincing. First, Pollard argues that this
    Court has already decided in Carlson that a federal pris-
    oner may bring an Eighth Amendment-based Bivens
    action against prison personnel; and we need do no more
    than simply apply Carlson’s holding here. Carlson, how-
    ever, was a case in which a federal prisoner sought dam-
    ages from personnel employed by the government, not
    personnel employed by a private firm. 
    446 U. S., at 25
    .
    And for present purposes that fact—of employment
    status—makes a critical difference.
    For one thing, the potential existence of an adequate
    “alternative, existing process” differs dramatically in the
    two sets of cases. Prisoners ordinarily cannot bring state-
    law tort actions against employees of the Federal Govern-
    ment. See 
    28 U. S. C. §§2671
    , 2679(b)(1) (Westfall Act)
    (substituting United States as defendant in tort action
    against federal employee); Osborn v. Haley, 
    549 U. S. 225
    ,
    238, 241 (2007) (Westfall Act immunizes federal employee
    through removal and substitution of United States as
    defendant). But prisoners ordinarily can bring state-law
    tort actions against employees of a private firm. Infra, at
    9–10.
    For another thing, the Court specifically rejected Justice
    Stevens’ somewhat similar suggestion in his dissenting
    opinion in Malesko, namely that a prisoner’s suit against a
    private prison-management firm should fall within Carl-
    son’s earlier holding because such a firm, like a federal
    employee, is a “federal agent.” Compare Malesko, 534
    8                   MINNECI v. POLLARD
    Opinion of the Court
    U. S., at 70, and n. 4 (majority opinion), with 
    id.,
     at 76–77,
    82 (dissenting opinion). In rejecting the dissent’s sugges-
    tion, the Court explained that the context in Malesko was
    “fundamentally different” from the contexts at issue in
    earlier cases, including Carlson. 
    534 U. S., at 70
    . That
    difference, the Court said, reflected in part the nature of
    the defendant, i.e., a corporate employer rather than an
    individual employee, ibid., and in part reflected the exist-
    ence of alternative “effective” state tort remedies, 
    id.,
     at
    72–73. This last-mentioned factor makes it difficult to
    square Pollard’s argument with Malesko’s reasoning.
    Second, Pollard argues that, because of the “vagaries” of
    state tort law, Carlson, 
    446 U. S., at 23
    , we should consid-
    er only whether federal law provides adequate alternative
    remedies. See 
    id.,
     at 18–19, 23 (considering adequacy of
    federal remedies); see also, e.g., Schweiker, 
    supra, at 423
    (similar); Bush, 
    462 U. S., at 378
     (similar). But cf. Carl-
    son, 
    supra, at 24
     (“ ‘[R]elevant Indiana statute would not
    permit survival of the [state tort] claim’ ”). This argument
    flounders, however, on the fact that the Court rejected it
    in Malesko. Compare 
    534 U. S., at
    72–73 (majority opin-
    ion), with 
    id.,
     at 79–80 (Stevens, J., dissenting) (making
    similar suggestion). State tort law, after all, can help to
    deter constitutional violations as well as to provide com-
    pensation to a violation’s victim. And it is consequently
    unsurprising that several cases have considered the ade-
    quacy or inadequacy of state-law remedies when determin-
    ing whether to imply a Bivens remedy. See, e.g., Bivens,
    
    403 U. S., at 394
     (state tort law “inconsistent or even
    hostile” to Fourth Amendment); Davis, 
    442 U. S., at 245, n. 23
     (noting no state-law remedy available); cf. Malesko,
    
    supra, at 70
     (noting that the Court has implied Bivens
    action only where any alternative remedy against individ-
    ual officers was “nonexistent” or where plaintiff “lacked
    any alternative remedy” at all).
    Third, Pollard argues that state tort law does not pro-
    Cite as: 565 U. S. ____ (2012)            9
    Opinion of the Court
    vide remedies adequate to protect the constitutional inter-
    ests at issue here. Pollard’s claim, however, is a claim for
    physical or related emotional harm suffered as a result of
    aggravated instances of the kind of conduct that state
    tort law typically forbids. That claim arose in California,
    where state tort law provides for ordinary negligence
    actions, for actions based upon “want of ordinary care or
    skill,” for actions for “negligent failure to diagnose or
    treat,” and for actions based upon the failure of one with a
    custodial duty to care for another to protect that other
    from “ ‘unreasonable risk of physical harm.’ ” See Cal. Civ.
    Code Ann. §§1714(a), 1714.8(a) (West 2009 and Supp.
    2012); Giraldo v. California Dept. of Corrections and Re-
    habilitation, 
    168 Cal. App. 4th 231
    , 248, 
    85 Cal. Rptr. 3d 371
    , 384 (2008) (quoting Haworth v. State, 
    60 Haw. 557
    ,
    562, 
    592 P. 2d 820
    , 824 (1979)). California courts have
    specifically applied this law to jailers, including private
    operators of prisons. Giraldo, supra, at 252, 85 Cal. Rptr.
    3d, at 387 (“[J]ailers owe prisoners a duty of care to pro-
    tect them from foreseeable harm”); see also Lawson v.
    Superior Ct., 
    180 Cal. App. 4th 1372
    , 1389–1390, 1397,
    
    103 Cal. Rptr. 3d 834
    , 849–850, 855 (2010) (same).
    Moreover, California’s tort law basically reflects general
    principles of tort law present, as far as we can tell, in the
    law of every State. See Restatement (Second) of Torts
    §§314A(4), 320 (1963–1964). We have found specific au-
    thority indicating that state law imposes general tort
    duties of reasonable care (including medical care) on pris-
    on employees in every one of the eight States where pri-
    vately managed secure federal facilities are currently lo-
    cated. See Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Prisions,
    Weekly Population Report (Dec 22, 2011), http://
    www.bop.gov/locations/weekly_report.jsp (listing States)
    (as visited Dec. 29, 2011, and available in Clerk of Court’s
    case file); Thomas v. Williams, 
    105 Ga. App. 321
    , 326, 
    124 S. E. 2d 409
    , 412–413 (1962) (In Georgia, “ ‘sheriff owes to
    10                  MINNECI v. POLLARD
    Opinion of the Court
    a prisoner placed in his custody a duty to keep the prison-
    er safely and free from harm, to render him medical aid
    when necessary, and to treat him humanely and refrain
    from oppressing him’ ”); Giraldo, supra, at 248, 85 Cal.
    Rptr. 3d, at 384 (California, same); Farmer v. State ex rel.
    Russell, 
    224 Miss. 96
    , 105, 
    79 So. 2d 528
    , 531 (1955) (Mis-
    sissippi, same); Doe v. Albuquerque, 96 N. M. 433, 438,
    
    631 P. 2d 728
    , 733 (App. 1981) (New Mexico, same); Mul-
    tiple Claimants v. North Carolina Dept. of Health and
    Human Servs., 176 N. C. App. 278, 280, 
    626 S. E. 2d 666
    ,
    668 (2006) (North Carolina, same); Clemets v. Heston, 
    20 Ohio App. 3d 132
    , 135–136, 
    485 N. E. 2d 287
    , 291 (1985)
    (Ohio, same); Williams v. Syed, 
    782 A. 2d 1090
    , 1093–1094
    (Pa. Commw. 2001) (Pennsylvania, same); Salazar v.
    Collins, 
    255 S. W. 3d 191
    , 198–200 (Tex. App. 2008) (Tex-
    as, same); see also Schellenger, 14 A. L. R. 2d 353, §2[a]
    (Later Case Service and Supp. 2011) (same). But cf. Miss.
    Code. Ann. §11–46–9(1)(m) (Supp. 2011) (statute forbid-
    ding such actions against State—though not private—
    employees); N. Y. Correc. Law Ann. §§24 (West 2003), 121
    (2011 Cum. Supp.) (similar).
    We note, as Pollard points out, that state tort law may
    sometimes prove less generous than would a Bivens ac-
    tion, say, by capping damages, see Cal. Civ. Code Ann.
    §3333.2(b) (West 1997), or by forbidding recovery for emo-
    tional suffering unconnected with physical harm, see 
    629 F. 3d, at 864
    , or by imposing procedural obstacles, say,
    initially requiring the use of expert administrative panels
    in medical malpractice cases, see, e.g., Me. Rev. Stat. Ann.,
    Tit. 24, §2853, (Supp. 2010); Mass. Gen. Laws, ch. 231,
    §60B (West 2010). But we cannot find in this fact suffi-
    cient basis to determine state law inadequate.
    State-law remedies and a potential Bivens remedy need
    not be perfectly congruent. See Bush, 
    supra, at 388
     (ad-
    ministrative remedies adequate even though they “do not
    provide complete relief ”). Indeed, federal law as well as
    Cite as: 565 U. S. ____ (2012)          11
    Opinion of the Court
    state law contains limitations. Prisoners bringing federal
    lawsuits, for example, ordinarily may not seek damages
    for mental or emotional injury unconnected with physical
    injury. See 42 U. S. C. §1997e(e). And Bivens actions,
    even if more generous to plaintiffs in some respects, may
    be less generous in others. For example, to show an
    Eighth Amendment violation a prisoner must typically
    show that a defendant acted, not just negligently, but with
    “deliberate indifference.” Farmer v. Brennan, 
    511 U. S. 825
    , 834 (1994). And a Bivens plaintiff, unlike a state
    tort law plaintiff, normally could not apply principles of
    respondeat superior and thereby obtain recovery from a
    defendant’s potentially deep-pocketed employer. See Ash-
    croft v. Iqbal, 
    556 U. S. 662
    , 676 (2009).
    Rather, in principle, the question is whether, in general,
    state tort law remedies provide roughly similar incentives
    for potential defendants to comply with the Eighth
    Amendment while also providing roughly similar compen-
    sation to victims of violations. The features of the two
    kinds of actions just mentioned suggest that, in practice,
    the answer to this question is “yes.” And we have found
    nothing here to convince us to the contrary.
    Fourth, Pollard argues that there “may” be similar
    kinds of Eighth Amendment claims that state tort law
    does not cover. But Pollard does not convincingly show
    that there are such cases. Compare Brief for Respondent
    Pollard 32 (questioning the availability of state tort reme-
    dies for “prisoners [who] suffer attacks by other inmates,
    preventable suicides, or the denial of heat, ventilation or
    movement”), with Giraldo, supra, at 248–249, 85 Cal Rptr.
    3d, at 384–385 (courts have long held that prison officials
    must protect, e.g., transgender inmate from foreseeable
    harm by other inmates), and Restatement (Second) of
    Torts §§314A(4), 320.
    Regardless, we concede that we cannot prove a negative
    or be totally certain that the features of state tort law
    12                  MINNECI v. POLLARD
    Opinion of the Court
    relevant here will universally prove to be, or remain, as we
    have described them. Nonetheless, we are certain enough
    about the shape of present law as applied to the kind of
    case before us to leave different cases and different state
    laws to another day. That is to say, we can decide wheth-
    er to imply a Bivens action in a case where an Eighth
    Amendment claim or state law differs significantly from
    those at issue here when and if such a case arises. The
    possibility of such a different future case does not provide
    sufficient grounds for reaching a different conclusion here.
    For these reasons, where, as here, a federal prisoner
    seeks damages from privately employed personnel work-
    ing at a privately operated federal prison, where the con-
    duct allegedly amounts to a violation of the Eighth
    Amendment, and where that conduct is of a kind that
    typically falls within the scope of traditional state tort law
    (such as the conduct involving improper medical care at
    issue here), the prisoner must seek a remedy under state
    tort law. We cannot imply a Bivens remedy in such a case.
    The judgment of the Ninth Circuit is reversed.
    So ordered.
    Cite as: 565 U. S. ____ (2012)           1
    SCALIA, J., concurring
    SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
    _________________
    No. 10–1104
    _________________
    MARGARET MINNECI, ET AL., PETITIONERS v.
    RICHARD LEE POLLARD ET AL.
    ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF
    APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
    [January 10, 2012]
    JUSTICE SCALIA, with whom JUSTICE THOMAS joins,
    concurring.
    I join the opinion of the Court because I agree that
    a narrow interpretation of the rationale of Bivens v. Six
    Unknown Fed. Narcotics Agents, 
    403 U. S. 388
     (1971),
    would not cause the holding of that case to apply to the
    circumstances of this case. Even if the narrowest ra-
    tionale of Bivens did apply here, however, I would decline
    to extend its holding. Bivens is “a relic of the heady days
    in which this Court assumed common-law powers to create
    causes of action” by constitutional implication. Correc-
    tional Services Corp. v. Malesko, 
    534 U. S. 61
    , 75 (2001)
    (SCALIA, J., concurring); see also Wilkie v. Robbins, 
    551 U. S. 537
    , 568 (2007) (THOMAS, J., concurring). We have
    abandoned that power in the statutory field, see Alexander
    v. Sandoval, 
    532 U. S. 275
    , 287 (2001), and we should do
    the same in the constitutional field, where (presumably)
    an imagined “implication” cannot even be repudiated by
    Congress. As I have previously stated, see Malesko, 
    supra, at 75
    , I would limit Bivens and its two follow-on cases
    (Davis v. Passman, 
    442 U. S. 228
     (1979), and Carlson v.
    Green, 
    446 U. S. 14
     (1980)) to the precise circumstances
    that they involved.
    Cite as: 565 U. S. ____ (2012)                    1
    GINSBURG, J., dissenting
    SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
    _________________
    No. 10–1104
    _________________
    MARGARET MINNECI, ET AL., PETITIONERS v.
    RICHARD LEE POLLARD ET AL.
    ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF
    APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
    [January 10, 2012]
    JUSTICE GINSBURG, dissenting.
    Were Pollard incarcerated in a federal- or state-operated
    facility, he would have a federal remedy for the Eighth
    Amendment violations he alleges. See Carlson v. Green,
    
    446 U. S. 14
     (1980) (Bivens action); Estelle v. Gamble, 
    429 U. S. 97
     (1976) (
    42 U. S. C. §1983
     action). For the reasons
    stated in the dissenting opinion I joined in Correctional
    Services Corp. v. Malesko, 
    534 U. S. 61
    , 75–83 (2001)
    (opinion of Stevens, J.), I would not deny the same charac-
    ter of relief to Pollard, a prisoner placed by federal con-
    tract in a privately operated prison. Pollard may have
    suffered “aggravated instances” of conduct state tort law
    forbids, ante, at 9 (opinion of the Court), but that same
    aggravated conduct, when it is engaged in by official ac-
    tors,* also offends the Federal Constitution, see Estelle,
    
    429 U. S., at
    105–106. Rather than remitting Pollard to
    the “vagaries” of state tort law, Carlson, 
    446 U. S., at 23
    ,
    I would hold his injuries, sustained while serving a feder-
    al sentence, “compensable according to uniform rules of
    federal law,” Bivens v. Six Unknown Fed. Narcotics
    Agents, 
    403 U. S. 388
    , 409 (1971) (Harlan, J., concurring
    ——————
    * The Ninth Circuit ruled that petitioners acted under color of federal
    law, Pollard v. The GEO Group, Inc., 
    629 F. 3d 843
    , 854 (2010), and
    petitioners did not seek this Court’s review of that determination, see
    Brief for Petitioners 37, n. 8.
    2                  MINNECI v. POLLARD
    GINSBURG, J., dissenting
    in judgment).
    Indeed, there is stronger cause for providing a federal
    remedy in this case than there was in Malesko. There, the
    question presented was whether a Bivens action lies
    against a private corporation that manages a facility
    housing federal prisoners. Malesko, 
    534 U. S., at 63
    .
    Suing a corporate employer, the majority observed in
    Malesko, would not serve to deter individual officers from
    conduct transgressing constitutional limitations on their
    authority. 
    Id.,
     at 70–71. Individual deterrence, the Court
    reminded, was the consideration central to the Bivens
    decision. Malesko, 
    534 U. S., at 70
    . Noting the availabil-
    ity of state tort remedies, the majority in Malesko declined
    to “exten[d] Bivens beyond [that decision’s] core premise,”
    i.e., deterring individual officers. Malesko, 
    534 U. S., at
    71–73. Pollard’s case, in contrast, involves Bivens’ core
    concern: His suit seeking damages directly from individu-
    al officers would have precisely the deterrent effect the
    Court found absent in Malesko.
    For the reasons stated, I would hold that relief poten-
    tially available under state tort law does not block Pol-
    lard’s recourse to a federal remedy for the affront to the
    Constitution he suffered. Accordingly, I would affirm the
    Ninth Circuit’s judgment.
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 10-1104

Citation Numbers: 181 L. Ed. 2d 606, 132 S. Ct. 617, 565 U.S. 118, 2012 U.S. LEXIS 573

Judges: Breyer, Scalia, Ginsburg, Thomas

Filed Date: 1/10/2012

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 11/15/2024

Authorities (26)

Osborn v. Haley , 127 S. Ct. 881 ( 2007 )

Davis v. Passman , 99 S. Ct. 2264 ( 1979 )

Estelle v. Gamble , 97 S. Ct. 285 ( 1976 )

Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of ... , 91 S. Ct. 1999 ( 1971 )

Schweiker v. Chilicky , 108 S. Ct. 2460 ( 1988 )

Chappell v. Wallace , 103 S. Ct. 2362 ( 1983 )

Ricky Lee Holly v. Willie Scott Gaddy Lassiter , 434 F.3d 287 ( 2006 )

Bell v. Hood , 66 S. Ct. 773 ( 1946 )

Doe v. City of Albuquerque , 96 N.M. 433 ( 1981 )

Farmer v. State for Use of Russell , 224 Miss. 96 ( 1955 )

United States v. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co. , 26 S. Ct. 282 ( 1906 )

United States v. Stanley , 107 S. Ct. 3054 ( 1987 )

Farmer v. Brennan , 114 S. Ct. 1970 ( 1994 )

Ashcroft v. Iqbal , 129 S. Ct. 1937 ( 2009 )

Lawson v. Superior Court , 103 Cal. Rptr. 3d 834 ( 2010 )

Salazar v. Collins , 255 S.W.3d 191 ( 2008 )

Alba v. Montford , 517 F.3d 1249 ( 2008 )

Pollard v. Geo Group, Inc. , 607 F.3d 583 ( 2010 )

Pollard v. the GEO Group, Inc. , 629 F.3d 843 ( 2010 )

Alexander v. Sandoval , 121 S. Ct. 1511 ( 2001 )

View All Authorities »

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