Deposit National Bank v. Beaver Trust Co. ( 1917 )

■ Opinion by

Head, J.,

The plaintiff national bank sued to recover the moneys due on three separate negotiable notes. Each one of these notes had been made by a corporation called Kyoto Pottery Company,* of which defendant’s decedent was president. Each one was endorsed by him individually among other endorsers. Two of these notes were in the sum of $5,000 each, the third for $860. The plaintiff bank discounted each of these notes for full value at the ordinary and lawful rate of interest before maturity, and, apparently at least, in the usual course of business. Although none of the facts stated were controverted, the result of the trial was that plaintiff bank secured a verdict-for the amount due on the $860 note but. was denied the right to recover anything on either or both of the $5,000 notes for which it had admittedly paid $9,700 in money. ' Upon a verdict to that effect, judgment was entered in.the court below and the plaintiff appeals.

The plaintiff easily made out a prima facie case. As the action was by the endorsee of-a negotiable promissory note against a prior endorser, as soon as that relation was established our statute declares and defines the obligations and covenants that are its legal incidents. Sections G5 and 6G declare that “Every endorser, who endorses without qualification, warrants to all subsequent holders in due course (1) that the instrument is genuine and in all respects what it purports to be; (2) that he has q good title to it, (3) that all prior parties had capacity to contract, (4) that the instrument is, at the time of his endorsement, valid and subsisting.” He further engages that on due presentment the instrument shall be paid and that if dishonored and notice thereof be promptly given, he will pay the amount thereof to the holder. At the close of plaintiff’s case then the defendant endorser was called on to establish by proof a legally sound defense that would relieve him of the liability that confronted him. What was his line of defense?

He introduced in evidence a contract in writing between two pottery companies, of one of which he was president and chief officer if not chief owner. It provided primarily for the purchase of one company by the other or their affiliation at least. It involved an increase of the capital stock of the company, of which he was president, and that it should raise by a loan the sum of $10,000 to be applied to the improvement of the property in which both companies thereafter would be interested. It provided for the deposit of certain shares of stock with the plaintiff bank to be held as collateral security for loans to the amount of $10,000 on notes of the Kyoto Pottery Company, of Ohio; endorsed by Spencer and Smith, present owners and directors of said company. It was the contention of the defendant the execution of this agreement by him and others resulted in an issue of stock, for some portion at least of which 'the company issuing it received no value, and that as such issue- was forbidden by the Constitution and the Act of 1874, it was fictitious and void. He then relied'on this '.remarkable conclusion, drawn from the facts brought upon the record by his own evidence, namely, that the entire contract Avas immoral and illegal and that he should therefore be relieved from the liability he had so clearly created Avhen he entered into this contract of endorsement that produced the loan from the bank. The learned court below instructed the jury that , if they found from the evidence the bank had knowledge of the existence of this contract, it could not recover anything on account of the notes.

It has been a long time since it was first recognized as a sound principle that no man could be heard to allege his own turpitude to relieve himself of. a liability, resulting to him as the consequence of an illegal contract, to Avliich he was a party. It will be observed the present action was in no sense founded upon such contract. The plaintiff national bank was in no way a party to that contract. It does not appear to have been the owner of any stock in either of the pottery companies and the record discloses no interest by it in the execution of that contract. It in no way needs or relies upon that contract in making out its case. Its action is founded upon a subsequent contract and it gave a full and adequate money consideration for the notes it discounted.

In Swan v. Scott, 11 S. & R. 155, Mr. Justice Duncan said: “The plaintiff below did not claim through the medium of an illegal transaction, but through a final judgment. The test, whether a demand connected with an illegal transaction, is capable of being enforced at law, is, whether the plaintiff requires the aid of the illegal transaction, to establish his case. If a plaintiff cannot open his case, without showing that he has broken the law, a court will not assist him, whatever his claims in justice may be upon the defendant; and if the illegality be malum prohibitum only, the plaintiff may recover, unless it be. directly on the forbidden contract;” The principle was again applied in Evans v. Bravo, 24 Pa. 62, and in many later cases down to and including Potamkin v. Wells Fargo & Co., 63 Pa. Superior Ct. 222. It is pointed out in the opinion of our Brother Trexler in that case, that in Vandegrift v. Vandegrift,' 226 Pa. 254, the Supreme Court, in considering this principle, cited with approval the following from Storey on Agency, “The distinction between the cases where a recovery can be had and the cases where a recovery cannot be had, for money connected with illegal transactions, to be gleaned from all the authorities is substantially this: ‘That where the party séeking to recover is obliged to make out his case by showing the illegal contract or transaction or through the' medium of the illegal contract or transaction, then he is not entitled to recover any advances made by him in connection with the contract or money due him as profits derived from the contract; but when the advances have been upon a new contract, remotely connected with the original illegal contract or transaction and the title or right of the party to recover is not dependent upon that contract, but his case may be proved without reference to it, then he is entitled to recover.’ ” If any later authority recognizing this principle be needed it will be found in Mars Nat, Bank v. Hughes, 256 Pa. 75.

There is and always has been a modification of or exception to this general principle where the special facts proven tended to show that the instrument actually sued on was created merely as a subterfuge or medium through which the party suing might recover, what in fact was but the profits or advantage he was to derive from the illegal contract. Of this class of cases was Morrison Run Coal Co. v. Barclay Coal Co., 68 Pa. 173, It would follow therefore that even if the entire contract between the pottery companies could bq said to have been illegal, the defendant cannot be heard to set that up as a defense to an action upon a subsequent contract, made with one who had no connection whatever with or interest in the original contract, but who .paid a perfectly good and adequate consideration for the notes upon which it sues.

But upon an entirely distinct principle we think the defendant was estopped to offer such a line of defense. He had become the endorser of a promissory negotiable note which was discounted by the plaintiff" bank in due course before maturity and for value. We have seen that by virtue of his contract of endorsement he warranted the existence of certain facts enumerated in the statute. Yet to relieve himself from liability he has been permitted to set up a breach by himself of every one of those covenants of warranty and the plaintiff bank is thereby mulcted with the loss of $10,000. We think again his mouth is closed to make such a defense. In Young’s Est, 234 Pa. 287, a bank discounted a promissory note which had been executed by a wife to the order of her husband and endorsed- by the husband. After the lunacy of the husband the wife made a new note which was endorsed by her sister and then delivered to the bank. The bank had knowledge of the character of the original transaction and was aware that the married Avoman Avas in fact but the surety of her husband. . Leaving aside the question of novation first considered, Mr. Justice Stewart declares: “The bank then being the holder in due course, for value, is entitled to the protection which our Act of May 16, 1901, P. L. 194, relating to negotiable instruments gives.” He then enumerates the several covenants of warranty which every endorser enters into and continues: “The effect of the statute is to shut off all such defense as is here set up. In so deciding Ave are in accord with the decisions in other states'where like statutory provision governs.” He cites with approval the case of Erwin v. Downs, 15 N. Y. 575, in which it was held that in the light of the covenants of warranty included in the contract of endorsement, although the endorsee took the note with the knowledge that the makers were married women, such' knowledge “does not deprive him of the right to rely upon the implied guaranty of the endorser that the makers were competent to contract as parties, nor of the character of a bona fide holder.” Also the case of Binney v. Globe National Bank, 150 Mass. 574, where it was held that “While a promissory note between husband and wife is void between the original parties, an endorser when sued on the contract between him and his endorsee is not at liberty to deny the validity of the original note, or the capacity of the maker for the purpose of defeating his or her liability.” Mr. Justice Stewart thus concludes: “The views expressed in these cases as to the purpose and effect of the statute rest upon the plain language of the act itself, which admits of no other construction.”

In a proper proceeding at law or in equity, with all parties before it, a court might inquire into the question of the validity of all or a portion of the stock increase provided for in the contract but it could not be done, as we view it, either by the learned court below or this court in the case at bar. One of the corporations entering into that contract is no party to this action. The stockholders of the corporation making the increase and the present holders or owners of that stock have not been heard. This action in no way rests upon an effort to enforce the validity of such increased stock as might be, under the Constitution and Act of 1874, declared fictitious and void.

Under these circumstances we are unable to see, as the record now stands, that the claim of this plaintiff could be defeated by anything thus far established by way of defense. We are therefore of opinion the case was tried entirely upon erroneous principles. But there is nothing, as the case is now presented to us, to enable this court to enter a final judgment. At the conclusion of the trial the plaintiff presented a point for binding instructions which was refused. There was no motion for any judgment in the court below under the Act of 1905, nor was any question of law reserved which, before that act, would have enabled the court to enter a judgment for the plaintiff: for the full amount of its claim. We therefore reverse the judgment with a new venire so that the cause may be tried in accordance with the principles of this opinion.

Judgment reversed and a venire facias de novo awarded.