Cleveland v. Rudolph , 2022 Ohio 2363 ( 2022 )

[Cite as Cleveland v. Rudolph, 2022-Ohio-2363.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
CITY OF CLEVELAND, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
No. 111128
v. :
CHRISTOPHER G. RUDOLPH, :
Defendant-Appellee. :
[Appeal by S.W.] :
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: REVERSED AND REMANDED
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: July 7, 2022
Criminal Appeal from the Cleveland Municipal Court
Case No. 2021 TRD 013573
Appearances:
Ohio Crime Victim Justice Center, and Latina Bailey, for
appellant S.W.
Cullen Sweeney, Cuyahoga County Public Defender, and
Robert McCaleb, Assistant Public Defender, for appellee
Christopher G. Rudolph.
Mark Griffin, Cleveland Law Director, Aqueelah Jordan,
Chief Prosecuting Attorney, and Stephen F. Gorczyca,
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee City of
Cleveland.
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J.:
Victim-appellant, S.W., appeals from the conviction and sentence of
defendant-appellee, Christopher G. Rudolph (“Rudolph”). He claims the following
errors:
1. The trial court erred when it denied victim-appellant, S.W., the
opportunity to be present and heard during the plea and sentencing
hearing in violation of Article I, Section 10a(A)(2) and (3) of the Ohio
Constitution.
2. The trial court erred in its journal entry by refusing to order
defendant-appellee to pay full and timely restitution to victim, S.W., in
violation of Article I, Section 10a(A)(7).
We find that because the victim asserted his rights under Marsy’s Law by requesting
notice and an opportunity to be present at all public proceedings in this case, the
trial court erred in sentencing Rudolph in the victim’s absence. Accordingly, we
reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand the case to the trial court for
resentencing.
I. Facts and Procedural History
Rudolph was charged in the Cleveland Municipal Court with one count
of driving without a valid driver’s license, in violation of Cleveland Codified
Ordinances (“C.C.O.”) 435.01(A), and one count of failing to stop after an accident,
in violation of C.C.O. 435.16. The charges arose from an accident in which Rudolph
struck and damaged S.W.’s parked car. The prosecutor advised the court at a plea
hearing that the damage to S.W.’s car amounted to approximately $2,000, but no
documentary evidence was submitted to verify the damage. The prosecutor stated,
in relevant part:
Apparently, there’s restitution in this case that comes to about $2,000,
that’s with the deductible. I, actually, do not have proof of that.
[Defense counsel] has brought it to my attention that this defendant is
indigent and really cannot, you know, afford this restitution or if he
were, it would be a significant amount of time before he’d pay it off or
a substantial hardship.
(Tr. 3.) The prosecutor proposed that if Rudolph agreed to plead guilty to the
amended charges, the city would dismiss charges pending in another, unrelated
case. (Tr. 4.)
Pursuant to the plea agreement, Rudolph pleaded no contest to one
count of “license required to operate,” in violation of C.C.O. 435.01, and one count
of failure to control, in violation of C.C.O. 431.34(a), as amended. The prosecutor
did not pursue restitution and, before the trial court made a finding of guilt, the
judge told Rudolph that with respect to restitution, “this will become a civil matter
and if you’re not collectible, you’re just not collectible, but that’s for somebody else
in another courtroom.” (Tr. 5.) The court then found Rudolph guilty of the amended
charges and sentenced him to $100 in fines on each count. The court allowed
Rudolph to perform 20 hours of community service in lieu of fines and costs.
S.W. was not present at any of the trial court proceedings even though
the first prosecutor assigned to the case, who was not present at the plea hearing,
had been in “constant contact” with him. (Tr. 3.) Although not evident from the
record, S.W. maintains on appeal that he asserted his rights under Marsy’s Law,
Article I, Section 10a of the Ohio Constitution, and requested notice and an
opportunity to be heard at all public proceedings in this case. S.W. further contends
that despite being informed of S.W.’s request for restitution, the city prosecutor
failed to seek restitution, the court made no findings on the record as to restitution,
and the court did not order restitution. S.W. now brings this appeal, arguing his
rights under Marsy’s Law were violated.
II. Law and Analysis
A. Right to Appeal
As a preliminary matter, we note that before filing a merit brief,
Rudolph filed a motion to dismiss this appeal, arguing that because S.W. was not a
party to the case, he does not have the right to appeal the court’s judgment. Despite
the fact that this court denied the motion, Rudolph again argues in his merit brief
that this appeal should be dismissed because S.W. does not have the right to a direct
appeal and that S.W. should have filed a writ instead.
Article I, Section 10a(B) of the Ohio Constitution provides that if a
crime victim is denied relief in the trial court, “the victim or the victim’s lawful
representative may petition the court of appeals for the applicable district, which
shall promptly consider and decide the petition.”
This court denied Rudolph’s motion to dismiss pursuant to Thomas v.
McGinty, 164 Ohio St.3d 167, 2020-Ohio-5452, 172 N.E.3d 824, ¶ 41. In that case,
the Ohio Supreme Court held, in relevant part, that “the undefined term ‘petition’ in
Section 10a(B) is broad enough to encompass an original action or appellate review.”
(Emphasis sic.) See also State v. Beach, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 20AP-589, 2021-
Ohio-4497, ¶ 13 (holding “it is reasonable to read Article I, Section 10a(B) of the
Ohio Constitution in conjunction with McGinty, as conferring upon a victim to a
criminal case standing to appeal, in certain circumstances, where no such right
existed before.”). Having previously determined that S.W. has the right to directly
appeal the alleged violation of his rights under Marsy’s Law, we decline to revisit the
issue.
B. Victim’s Right to Notice and Opportunity to be Heard
In the first assignment of error, S.W. argues the trial court violated his
rights under Marsy’s Law because S.W. did not receive notice and an opportunity to
be heard at the sentencing hearing. S.W. asserts that had he received notice of the
sentencing hearing, he would have appeared and maintained his right to restitution
pursuant to Article I, Section 10a(A)(7), which guarantees a victim the right to “full
and timely restitution from the person who committed the criminal offense or
delinquent act against the victim.”
Article I, Section 10a(A)(2) provides that victims have the right “upon
request, to reasonable and timely notice of all public proceedings involving the
criminal offense * * * against the victim, and to be present at all such proceedings.”
S.W. asserts he requested notice of all public proceedings during conversations he
had with the first prosecutor assigned to the case. Although there is nothing in the
record indicating that the victim requested notice, the second prosecutor assigned
to the case mentioned at the sentencing hearing that the first prosecutor had
“constant contact” with S.W. (Tr. 3.)
In addition, the city filed a written notice of conceded error on appeal
and reiterated the city’s concession of error at oral argument, stating that the victim
sought restitution and requested notice of all public hearings. The city also informed
the trial court of the error in a motion for reconsideration, noting that the victim had
communicated his desire to pursue restitution and that it was due to the city’s error
that the victim was not informed of the plea and sentencing hearings. (Motion for
reconsideration p. 1-2.)
A trial court cannot reconsider a valid final judgment in a criminal
case. State ex rel. Hansen v. Reed, 63 Ohio St.3d 597, 599, 589 N.E.2d 1324 (1992),
citing Brook Park v. Necak, 30 Ohio App.3d 118, 506 N.E.2d 936 (8th Dist.1986).
Nevertheless, the motion for reconsideration provides further evidence that the
victim requested notice and an opportunity to be present at all public proceedings
in order to pursue his claim of restitution. Having made such a request, the victim
was entitled to notice and an opportunity to be heard under Marsy’s Law.
Proceeding to sentencing in the victim’s absence was, therefore, a violation of the
victim’s rights under Marsy’s Law.
The first assignment of error is sustained.
C. Restitution
In the second assignment of error, S.W. contends the trial court
violated his rights under Marsy’s Law by failing to order Rudolph to pay full and
timely restitution in violation of Article I, Section 10a(A)(7) of the Ohio Constitution.
Article I, Section 10a(A)(7) provides that victims of a crime are entitled
“to full and timely restitution from the person who committed the criminal offense
or delinquent act against the victim.”
Marsy’s Law defines the term “victim” as “a person against whom the
criminal offense or delinquent act is committed or who is directly and proximately
harmed by the commission of the offense or act.” Article I, Section 10a(D) of the
Ohio Constitution. Rudolph’s charges and convictions arose from an accident in
which Rudolph struck and damaged S.W.’s vehicle. Therefore, S.W. is a victim for
purposes of Marsy’s Law.
With respect to restitution, the Ohio Supreme Court recently
explained that
Marsy’s Law * * * does not provide a procedural mechanism for
ordering restitution. It merely states that a victim may assert his or her
constitutional rights in any proceeding involving the underlying
criminal act. Article I, Section 10a(B).
Centerville v. Knab, 162 Ohio St.3d 623, 2020-Ohio-5219, 166 N.E.3d 1167, ¶ 18. In
other words, an award of restitution is not automatic. To the contrary, Marsy’s Law
imposes a legal duty on the trial court to provide for “full and timely restitution” in
accordance with the procedures set forth in R.C. 2929.18. Ohio v. Oliver, 2021-
Ohio-2543, 176 N.E.3d 1054, ¶ 58 (12th Dist.), citing State ex rel. Howery v. Powers,
2020-Ohio-2767, 154 N.E.3d 146 (12th Dist.).1
1A victim’s right to full restitution supersedes the criminal defendant’s inability to
pay. Oliver at ¶ 70.
Under R.C. 2929.18(A)(1), a trial court may order restitution to the
victim of the offender’s crime in an amount that does not exceed the amount of the
economic loss suffered by the victim as a direct and proximate result of the
commission of the offense. In determining the appropriate amount of restitution,
the court “may base the amount of restitution it orders on an amount recommended
by the victim, the offender, a presentence investigation report, estimates or receipts
indicating the cost of repairing or replacing property, and other information[.]” R.C.
2929.18(A)(1); see also State v. Lalain, 136 Ohio St.3d 248, 2013-Ohio-3093, 994
N.E.2d 423, paragraphs one and two of the syllabus. Moreover, the amount of the
restitution imposed “‘must be supported by competent, credible evidence from
which the court can discern the amount of the restitution to a reasonable degree of
certainty.’” State v. Johnson, 2018-Ohio-3670, 119 N.E.3d 914, ¶ 55 (8th Dist.),
quoting State v. Gears, 135 Ohio App.3d 297, 300, 733 N.E.2d 683 (6th Dist.1999).
Whether a defendant is unable to pay the amount of restitution is
irrelevant under Marsy’s Law. In Oliver, the Twelfth District considered the conflict
between an offender’s rights as set forth in R.C. 2929.19(B)(5), which requires a trial
court to consider an offender’s ability to pay before ordering restitution, and the trial
court’s legal duty to provide victims with full and timely restitution in accordance
with Marsy’s Law. In finding that the provisions of Marsy’s Law supersede the
defendant’s rights under R.C. 2929.19(B)(5), the Oliver court explained:
Marsy’s Law provides that in instances where the provisions of Marsy’s
Law conflict with previously enacted statutes, the constitutional
provision “shall supersede” the conflicting state law. Article I, Section
10a(E), Ohio Constitution. This is consistent with the well-settled law
in Ohio that where constitutional provisions and the legislative
enactment are “so clearly in conflict that they cannot both stand the
statutory provision must fall.” * * * Such a conflict exists here, and in
accordance with Ohio law, we conclude Marsy’s Law supersedes R.C.
2929.19(B)(5) to the extent the statute allows the trial court to reduce
or otherwise modify the restitution amount owed to a victim.
Oliver at ¶ 71, quoting State ex rel. Price v. Huwe, 105 Ohio St. 304, 306, 137 N.E.
167 (1922).
The prosecutor stated on the record that Rudolph was indigent and,
therefore, could not afford to pay restitution. Pursuant to Oliver and Article I,
Section 10a(E) of the Ohio Constitution, Rudolph’s inability to pay restitution is not
a valid basis on which the court could decline an order of restitution.
As previously stated, the prosecutor stated that there was damage of
“about $2,000,” but he did not present proof of that amount. Normally, the lack of
proof would support the denial of a request for restitution. However, in this case,
the victim requested the opportunity to attend the sentencing hearing in order to
present evidence in support of his claim for restitution. As previously explained,
S.W. was not given notice of the sentencing hearing and, therefore, did not have an
opportunity to present evidence in support of his claim for restitution. The denial
of the victim’s right to notice and an opportunity to be present at the sentencing
hearing violated Article I, Section 10a(A)(7) of Marsy’s Law.
Accordingly, the second assignment of error is sustained.
Judgment reversed and case remanded to the trial court for
resentencing in accordance with Marsy’s Law.
It is ordered that appellant recover from appellee costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue of this court directing the municipal
court to carry this judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, JUDGE
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, P.J., and
EMANUELLA D. GROVES, J., CONCUR