Carol FLOYD, Carla Floyd, Mary Ann Drake, Plaintiffs-Appellants, Cross-Appellees,
v.
Iris WAITERS, Security Chief, Board of Public Education and Orphanage for Bibb County, William
Decker Booker, Security Guard, Board of Public Education and Orphanage for Bibb County, Defendants,
Kenneth Bronson, Security Guard, Board of Public Education and Orphanage for Bibb County, John
Nicholson, Head of Operations, Board of Public Education and Orphanage for Bibb County, Stephen Massey,
President, Board of Public Education and Orphanage for Bibb County, Thomas Hagler, Superintendent,
Board of Public Education and Orphanage for Bibb County, Harry Tinker, Defendants-Appellees, Cross-
Appellants.
No. 94-8667
United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
April 5, 1999.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia (No. 91-CV-47-2-MAC
(WDO)), Wilbur D. Owens, Jr., Judge.
ON REMAND FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.
Before EDMONDSON and COX, Circuit Judges, and FAY, Senior Circuit Judge.
EDMONDSON, Circuit Judge:
We earlier decided this case in Floyd v. Waiters,
133 F.3d 786 (11th Cir.1998). The Supreme Court
vacated our judgment and instructed us to reconsider the case in the light of its decision in Gebser v. Lago
Vista Indep. Sch. Dist.,
524 U.S. 274,
118 S.Ct. 1989,
141 L.Ed.2d 277 (1998). We have done so. We
reinstate our prior decision and opinion.
Briefly stated, in Floyd, we wrote that a Title IX plaintiff must establish two things to survive
summary judgment in a cause of action against a school district like Bibb County's for the discriminatory acts
of its employees. First, some supervisor with authority to take corrective action was placed on notice of the
bad conduct. See
id. at 792 & n. 13. Second, the supervisor possessing this authority was a school official
high enough up the chain-of-command that his acts constitute an official decision by the school district itself
not to remedy the misconduct. See id. at 790-792. Given the circumstances of this case, we held that there
could be no Title IX liability.
In Gebser, the Supreme Court faced a sexual-harassment-by-a-teacher case under Title IX. The Court
pointed out the contractual nature of Title IX and rejected school district liability based on either respondeat
superior or constructive notice. See Gebser,
118 S.Ct. at 1997. Then the Court tied school district liability
to an official decision by the school district not to remedy a known act of misconduct. For school district
liability, the Court stressed that some "appropriate person" in the school district must have actual notice of
the misconduct. See id. at 1999.
The Court did not go into detail about who would be an appropriate person; it did not need to do so
to decide Gebser: in Gebser no one in the pertinent school district other than the offending teacher himself
knew of his misconduct. See id. at 1993. The Court did say, however, that the appropriate person must
necessarily be an "official" of the school district and must have the authority to end the discrimination. See
id. at 1999. But these preconditions were set out in the context of "at a minimum"—a minimum which was
not met in Gebser—and not set out as a fully developed, complete standard.*
In our view, our decision in this case is consistent with the Supreme Court's decision (and reasoning)
in Gebser. The judgment of the district court is again AFFIRMED.
*
By the way we, given the record before us, also conclude as a matter of law that Mr. Waiters and Mr.
Tinker (the two district employees who have been especially singled-out by plaintiffs) were not school
district school officials and that they also lacked authority to end the pertinent discrimination.
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