An Giang Fisheries Import & Export Joint Stock Co. v. United States , 284 F. Supp. 3d 1350 ( 2018 )

Kelly, Judge:

*1352Before the court for review is the U.S. Department of Commerce's ("Department" or "Commerce") remand redetermination filed pursuant to the court's decision in An Giang Fisheries Import and Export Joint Stock Company v. United States, 41 CIT ----, 203 F.Supp.3d 1256 (2017) (" An Giang"). See Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to An Giang Fisheries Import and Export Joint Stock Company et al. v. United States, 203 F.Supp.3d 1256 (2017), (June 21, 2017), ECF No. 133 ("Remand Results"); see also An Giang, 41 CIT ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1294-95.

In An Giang, the court remanded Commerce's final determination in the tenth administrative review of the antidumping duty ("ADD") order on certain frozen fish fillets from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam ("Vietnam") to further explain or reconsider Commerce's surrogate value data selection for fish feed and Commerce's decision not to grant Can Tho Import-Export Joint Stock Company ("CASEAMEX") separate rate status. See An Giang, 41 CIT at ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1294-95 ; see generally Certain Frozen Fish Fillets From the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 80 Fed. Reg. 2,394 (Dep't Commerce Jan. 16, 2015) (final results of [ADD] administrative review; 2012-2013) ("Final Results") and accompanying Certain Frozen Fish Fillets from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Results of the Tenth [ADD] Administrative Review; 2012-2013, A-552-801, (Jan. 7, 2015), ECF No. 20 ("Final Decision Memo"); Certain Frozen Fish Fillets from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 68 Fed. Reg. 47,909 (Dep't Commerce Aug. 12, 2003) (notice of [ADD] order). The period of review ("POR") for the tenth administrative review was August 1, 2012 through July 31, 2013. Final Results, 80 Fed. Reg. at 2,394.

On remand, Commerce provided further explanation of its determination to value respondents' fish feed using prices contained in the affidavit of Dr. Djumbuh Rukmono, an official from the Indonesian Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries ("Rukmono Affidavit"). See Remand Results at 16-25; see also Petitioners' Surrogate Country Comments and Submission of Proposed Factor Values at Ex. 16-B, PD 182, bar code 3200753-04 (May 12, 2014) (containing the Rukmono Affidavit).¹

*1353Commerce also provided further explanation of its determination to deny CASEAMEX separate rate status. Remand Results at 2-16. For the reasons that follow, Commerce's determinations in the Remand Results to value fish feed using the Rukmono Affidavit data and to deny CASEAMEX separate rate status are sustained.

BACKGROUND

The court presumes familiarity with the facts of this case as discussed in the previous opinion, see An Giang, 41 CIT at ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1260-62, and here recounts the facts relevant to the court's present review of the Remand Results. In the tenth ADD administrative review, Commerce examined Hung Vuong Group ("HVG"), which includes An Giang Fisheries Import & Export Joint Stock Company and other exporters of subject merchandise, as the sole mandatory respondent. See Certain Frozen Fish Fillets from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Decision Memorandum for the Preliminary Results of the 2012-2013 [ADD] Administrative Review at 1 n.2, 2-3,8-9, PD 236, bar code 3213671-01 (July 2, 2014). Commerce also reviewed separate rate applications from 23 companies, including one from CASEAMEX. Id. at 6, 8. Pertinent here, in the final determination, Commerce did not rely on the prices contained in an article from the Indonesian magazine, Trobos Aqua ("Trobos Aqua Article"), and instead relied on the Rukmono Affidavit to value respondents' reported fish feed as a farming factor of production. See Final Decision Memo 35-40; see generally Rukmono Affidavit; An Giang Fisheries Import and Export Joint Stock Company-Direct Surrogate Values at Ex. 1.A, PD 159, bar code 3201162-02 (May 12, 2014) (containing the Trobos Aqua Article). Further, Commerce reconsidered its separate rate determination with respect to CASEAMEX and concluded that CASEAMEX failed to demonstrate independence in the selection of management. See Final Decision Memo at 5, 87; see also Memorandum re: Proprietary Analysis of Comment XXI: CASEAMEX-Separate Rate Status at 1, 4-7, CD 184, bar code 3251356-01 (Jan. 7, 2015) (providing Commerce's reasoning for denying CASEAMEX separate rate status in a separate confidential memorandum because Commerce's decision is based on business proprietary information).

In An Giang, the court sustained in part and remanded in part Commerce's determination in the tenth administrative review of the subject merchandise.² An Giang, 41 CIT at ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1261-62, 1294-95. The court remanded the agency's selection of the Rukmono Affidavit to value fish feed. Id., 41 CIT at ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1285-86, 1294-95. The court determined that Commerce did not reasonably explain why the Rukmono Affidavit "was representative of a broad-market average in this review," but not in the ninth administrative review. Id., 41 CIT at ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1285. The court also determined that Commerce's decision to deny CASEAMEX separate rate status in the tenth administrative review was not supported by substantial evidence, id., 41 CIT at ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1288-94, and remanded the issue accordingly. Id., 41 CIT at ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1294-95. The court noted that Commerce failed to explain how the government of Vietnam, through [ [ ] ], referred to here as Mr. X, *1354was able to influence, either directly or indirectly, "the actual selection of CASEAMEX's management [.]" Id., 41 CIT at ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1290 (footnotes omitted) (citing Can Tho Import-Export Joint Stock Company (CASEAMEX) Separate Rate Application at Ex. 10 at Art. 25 ¶ 2, CD 46-51, bar codes 3168607-01-06 (Dec. 17, 2013) ("CASEAMEX SRA") ). The court also emphasized that Commerce did not, with sufficient clarity, explain why it deviated from its practice of "requiring that the government either actually appoint management or be directly or indirectly involved in the management of the company," relying instead "solely upon the government's potential to nominate a manager or a board member with control over day-to-day company operations." An Giang, 41 CIT at ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1291-92 (citations omitted). In light of CASEAMEX's ability to point to record evidence demonstrating that the government was not able to, either directly or indirectly, exercise actual control over the selection of CASEAMEX's management, and Commerce's failure to explain its reliance on "potential control" when its practice has been to look for actual control, the court determined that CASEAMEX was able to rebut the presumption of de facto government control. See id., 41 CIT at ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1291-94.

JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

The court continues to have jurisdiction pursuant to section 516A(a)(2)(B)(iii) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(B)(iii) (2012),³ and 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (2012), which grant the court authority to review actions contesting the final determination in an administrative review of an ADD order. Commerce's antidumping determinations must be in accordance with law and supported by substantial evidence. 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i). "The results of a redetermination pursuant to court remand are also reviewed 'for compliance with the court's remand order.' " Xinjiamei Furniture (Zhangzhou) Co. v. United States, 38 CIT ----, ----, 968 F.Supp.2d 1255, 1259 (2014) (quoting Nakornthai Strip Mill Public Co. v. United States, 32 CIT 1272, 1274, 587 F.Supp.2d 1303, 1306 (2008) ).

DISCUSSION

I. Surrogate Value for Fish Feed

In An Giang, the court remanded for further explanation or reconsideration Commerce's decision to rely upon the Rukmono Affidavit to value respondents' fish feed. An Giang, 41 CIT at ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1284-86, 1294-95 ; see also Rukmono Affidavit. Specifically, the court determined that Commerce had not explained how it could reach opposite conclusions about the same affidavit in the ninth and tenth administrative reviews. Id., 41 CIT at ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1284-85.

On remand, Commerce supported its finding that the Rukmono Affidavit was representative of a broad-market average by referencing record evidence, available during the tenth (but not ninth) administrative review, showing that the Rukmono Affidavit's data represented 99.8 percent of total pangasius production in Indonesia in 2012. Remand Results at 22. In the tenth administrative review, Commerce determined that the Rukmono Affidavit was representative of a broad-market average because it covered the "vast majority" of the pangasius producing regions in Indonesia. Final Decision *1355Memo at 39. However, in the ninth administrative review, Commerce determined that the very same Rukmono Affidavit, "with the same regional and temporal coverage, was not representative of a broad market average[.]" An Giang, 41 CIT at ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1286 (citing Certain Frozen Fish Fillets from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Results of the Ninth Administrative Review and Aligned New Shipper Review at 34, A-552-801, (Mar. 28, 2014), available at http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/vietnam/2014-07714-1.pdf (last visited Jan. 16, 2018).⁴ On remand, Commerce explained its change of position by citing to "material differences" in the records of the ninth and the tenth administrative reviews. Remand Results at 19; see id. at 20-21. Specifically, Commerce explained that it was not until the tenth administrative review, that the Department became aware that "the three provinces covered in the [Rukmono] Affidavit ... represented 99.8 percent of Indonesia's total pangasius production in 2012." Remand Results at 22 (citing [Memorandum to the File for the] Tenth Administrative Review of Certain Frozen Fish Fillets from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Surrogate Values for the Preliminary Results at Ex. 3, A-552-801, PD 238, bar code 3213863-01 (July 2, 2014) ). Commerce explains on remand that the lack of knowledge as to the production yield of the three provinces led it to discount the Rukmono Affidavit during the ninth administrative review on the belief that the data from the three Indonesian provinces was not comparable to the national data provided by the Trobos Aqua Article. Id. at 21; see generally Trobos Aqua Article; Rukmono Affidavit. Commerce sufficiently explained why the Rukmono Affidavit represented a broad-market average. Comparatively, knowing that the data contained in the Rukmono Affidavit "represent[ed] the supermajority of fish feed data from Indonesia ... [Commerce was able to conclude that the Rukmono Affidavit] provide[d] as much broad-market average coverage" as the Trobos Aqua Article. Remand Results at 22. Therefore, Commerce has complied with the court's order. No party continues to challenge Commerce's selection, and the determination is sustained.

II. Commerce's Determination to Deny CASEAMEX Separate Rate Status

In An Giang, the court remanded Commerce's determination that the minority government shareholder exercised control over the selection of management. See An Giang, 41 CIT at ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1288-95. The court determined that Commerce's decision was not supported by substantial evidence because CASEAMEX pointed to record evidence that rebutted Commerce's presumption of de facto government control.⁵ Id., 41 CIT at ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1290-91 (footnotes and citations omitted).

Through practice, Commerce has implemented a presumption that all respondents within a non-market economy ("NME")

*1356country are subject to government control and should be assigned a single "NME-wide" ADD rate "unless an exporter demonstrates the absence of both de jure and de facto governmental control over its export activities."⁶ Import Admin., U.S. Dep't Commerce, Separate-Rates Practice and Application of Combination Rates in Antidumping Investigations involving Non-Market Economy Countries, Policy Bulletin 05.1 at 1 (Apr. 5, 2005) ("Policy Bulletin 05.1") (citation omitted), available at http://enforcement.trade.gov/policy/bull05-1.pdf (last visited Jan. 16, 2018); see also Antidumping Methodologies in Proceedings Involving Non-Market Economy Countries: Surrogate Country Selection and Separate Rates, 72 Fed. Reg. 13,246, 13,247 (Dep't Commerce Mar. 21, 2007) (request for comment) (stating the Department's policy of presuming control for companies operating within NME countries). To determine whether a respondent has rebutted the presumption of de facto government control Commerce considers, inter alia, "whether the respondent has [pointed to record evidence showing] autonomy from the central, provincial and local governments in making decisions regarding the selection of its management[.]"⁷ Policy Bulletin 05.1 at 2; see also Silicon Carbide from the People's Republic of China [ ("PRC") ], 59 Fed. Reg. 22,585, 22,587 (Dep't Commerce May 2, 1994) (showing Commerce relying on the same factors to determine whether respondent was de facto independent). If an NME respondent demonstrates both de jure and de facto independence from governmental control in its export activities, Commerce's practice is to consider that respondent eligible for a rate that is separate from the NME-wide rate.⁸ See Policy Bulletin 05.1 at 1.

According to Commerce's past practice, in a factual situation where the government *1357owns, either directly or indirectly, a majority share of the respondent company, the government "has the potential to exercise [ ] control over the company's operations generally[.]" See Decision Memorandum for the Preliminary Determination of the [ADD] Investigation of Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod from the [PRC] at 7, A-570-012, (Aug. 29, 2014), available at http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/prc/2014-21335-1.pdf (last visited Jan. 16, 2018) ("Steel Wire Rod Decision Memo"). Commerce explains the reasoning behind its practice in Steel Wire Rod Decision Memo, see id. at 6-7, and replicates the reasoning in the later Tetrafluorethane determination. See 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane from the [PRC]: Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value [ADD] Investigation at 8, A-570-998, (Oct. 14, 2014), available at http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/prc/2014-24903-1.pdf (last visited Jan. 16, 2018) ("Tetra Decision Memo"). Specifically, in Tetra Decision Memo, Commerce explains that, following the Diamond Sawblades proceedings,⁹ the agency "concluded that where a government entity holds a majority ownership share, either directly or indirectly, in the respondent exporter, the majority ownership holding in and of itself means that the government exercises, or has the potential to exercise, control over the company's operations generally." Tetra Decision Memo at 8 (citing Steel Wire Rod Decision Memo at 6-7) ). In both Steel Wire Rod Decision Memo and Tetra Decision Memo, Commerce explained that a majority government shareholder will not be able to rebut the presumption of government control because it is reasonable to assume that, notwithstanding a lack of evidence of actual control, the majority shareholder is constantly in possession of the ability to exercise actual control.¹⁰ See Steel Wire Rod Decision Memo at 6-7; Tetra Decision Memo at 8. *1358On remand, Commerce explains that despite the Defendant's prior statement at oral argument that Plaintiff has to rebut the presumption of actual control to obtain a separate rate, see Oral Argument at 01:14:26-01:14:28, Dec. 8, 2016, ECF No. 120,¹¹ the separate rate test is only satisfied upon a respondent rebutting the potential of control by the minority government shareholder.¹² Remand Results at 6-7. Commerce now argues that the court in An Giang erroneously interpreted Commerce's practice as to the separate rate test when the court stated that Commerce's " 'practice does not require a respondent to rebut the potential for government control, but rather actual control by the government entity.' " Remand Results at 6 (quoting An Giang, 41 CIT at ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1289-90 ).

Commerce's past practice with respect to majority government shareholders reveals that Commerce views the potential for actual control as actual control, regardless of whether such control is exercised.¹³

*1359See Steel Wire Rod Decision Memo at 7; Tetra Decision Memo at 8. Therefore, to the extent that potential control means the ability to exercise actual control (even without exercising it), Commerce is correct that the standard in a situation of majority government ownership is potential control. See Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Remand Order for Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof from the [PRC] at 8-9, (May 6, 2013), available at https://enforcement.trade.gov/remands/12-147.pdf (last visited Jan. 16, 2018) ("Diamond Sawblades Remand"); see also Advanced Technology & Materials Co. v. United States, 37 CIT ----, 938 F.Supp.2d 1342 (2013) (sustaining Diamond Sawblades Remand ), aff'd, 551 Fed.Appx. 900 (Fed. Cir. 2014).

Nonetheless, the difficulty in labeling Commerce's standard in this case stems from the term "potential" as it is used in prior proceedings and how it is used here. Where a majority shareholder has potential control that control is, for all intents and purposes, actual control. In such a situation actual control is inherent in the fact that the majority shareholder can typically control the operations of a company without actually removing directors or management since it is clear that directors or management could be removed. See Advanced Technology & Materials Co. v. United States, 37 CIT ----, ----, 938 F.Supp.2d 1342, 1348 (2013), aff'd, 551 Fed.Appx. 900 (Fed. Cir. 2014) ; see also Jiasheng Photovoltaic Tech. Co. v. United States, 39 CIT ----, ----, 121 F.Supp.3d 1263, 1266 (2015). However, the phrase "potential control" suggests something less than actual control and, when used in a case such as here where the government is only a minority shareholder, the phrase "potential control" could be taken to mean something less than the ability to actually direct management. Commerce's practice has been to find that government minority ownership alone does not preclude the ability to rebut the presumption of control, whether that control be termed "actual" or "potential." See, e.g., 53-Foot Domestic Dry Containers from the [PRC]: Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value at 48-53, A-570-014, (Apr. 10, 2015), available at https://enforcement.trade.gov/frn/summary/prc/2015-08903-1.pdf (last visited Jan. 16, 2018) ("Containers Decision Memo"); Truck and Bus Tires from the [PRC]: Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Affirmative Determinations of Sales at Less Than Fair Value and Critical Circumstances at 10, A-570-040, (Jan. 19, 2017), available at https://enforcement.trade.gov/frn/summary/prc/2017-01861-1.pdf (last visited Jan. 16, 2018) ("Truck & Bus Tires Decision Memo"). Here, Commerce cites to Containers Decision Memo and Truck & Bus Tires Decision Memo as examples of prior determinations where the separate rate test was applied to a government shareholder with minority ownership. Remand Results at 5 (citing Containers Decision Memo at 43-53; Truck & Bus Tires Decision Memo at 8-10). However, in both determinations, Commerce relies on more than the presence of government-owned minority shareholders, and cites to record evidence demonstrating how the minority shareholders may exert actual control over the respondent company. See Containers Decision Memo at 49-50; Truck & Bus Tires Decision Memo at 10.

Indeed, Commerce has required additional indicia of control prior to concluding that a respondent company could not rebut the presumption of de facto government control where the government owns, either directly or indirectly, only a minority of shares in the respondent company. In Containers *1360Decision Memo, Commerce determined that China Merchants Group ("CMG") and COSCO, shareholders in the respondent company, were able to exercise de facto control despite being minority shareholders with 48.26 percent of the capital shares. Containers Decision Memo at 48-53. Commerce found that the two minority shareholders were each wholly-owned by the government and that the total number of shares between the two shareholders made the government a "controlling shareholder," per the respondent company's Articles of Association.¹⁴ Id. at 48.

In Truck & Bus Tires Decision Memo, Commerce likewise found de facto control by the government-owned minority shareholders. Truck & Bus Tires Decision Memo at 9-10. Commerce determined that four of the respondent company's shareholders were owned by a State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission ("SASAC"), and together held 49.06 percent of the respondent company's total shares. Id. at 9. In reaching that determination, Commerce found it relevant that "there [was] additional information on the record which is business proprietary that further supports our determination that [the respondent company] is under the PRC government control through its [state-owned enterprise] owners." Truck & Bus Tires Decision Memo at 10. Commerce did not refer to the potential for control, and in fact, only addressed potential control in the context of a majority government shareholder. See id. at 11-13, 20-24.¹⁵ Therefore, because of this prior practice of requiring more indicia of control in minority situations, Commerce cannot focus solely on potentiality here, without more. Without more, "potential control" suggests the potential to influence management rather than the potential to actually control management.

In An Giang, the court remanded for further explanation or reconsideration Commerce's determination that CASEAMEX failed to demonstrate autonomy in its selection of management. Specifically, the court stated that it was

unclear whether Commerce relied upon the potential for the government to nominate an individual to CASEAMEX's board or to management based on its ownership in the company alone, or whether Commerce found that the government indirectly nominated all of its board members and managers by nominating a representative who appointed [ [ ] ] board members and managers.

An Giang, 41 CIT at ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1291 (footnote omitted). The court indicated that, if Commerce rendered a determination *1361solely on the basis for potential for control by a minority shareholder, Commerce should explain the reasonableness of such a deviation from its past practice of looking for actual control. Id., 41 CIT at ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1292 (citing Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass'n of U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 42, 103 S.Ct. 2856, 77 L.Ed.2d 443 (1983) ); see also id., 41 CIT at ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1289-90 (providing the An Giang court's discussion of Commerce's practice). The court also indicated that, if Commerce found that the minority government shareholder indirectly appointed board members, and stifled other shareholders' opportunity to put up competing nominations through Mr. X, Commerce must either reconsider or further explain what record evidence supports such a finding. Id., 41 CIT at ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1292-94.

On remand, Commerce explains that its denial of separate rate status to CASEAMEX was not based on a finding of "actual influence over the selection of managers" by the minority government shareholder during the POR.¹⁶ Remand Results at 13. Instead, Commerce determined that "the ability to exert control existed," id. (emphasis in original), due to its finding that Mr. X, who was appointed to the Board of Directors and as General Director of CASEAMEX in 2006, remains beholden to the minority government shareholder, and "exercises control over his employees ... [who are beholden to him] because Mr. [X] controls the pay of company employees and has the power to hire and fire them[.]" See id. at 13-14. Commerce's beholden theory has two components: one retrospective (i.e., the government hired Mr. X), see id. at 7-12, and the other prospective (i.e., the government could fire Mr. X). See id. at 12-16. The court does not find Commerce's reliance on retrospective evidence of actions taken by the minority government shareholder at the formation of CASEAMEX persuasive.

Commerce's retrospective argument is based on the minority government shareholder's actions when it divested Can Tho Agriculture and Animal Products Import-Export Company, a state-owned enterprise, to create CASEAMEX. Remand Results at 8-11. Commerce argues that at the time of divestment, the minority government shareholder put in place the board of directors that continued to exist throughout the POR, and chose Mr. X as the person through whom it would exert indirect control. Id. For the period of time where CASEAMEX is able to point to record evidence of restrictions placed upon the minority government shareholder, Commerce does not explain how these appointments nonetheless support the potential to actually control during the POR. In fact, Commerce affirmatively states that it is not relying on the fact that the minority government shareholder picked board members. Id. at 13. Commerce's beholden theory, as far as it relates to events surrounding the inception of CASEAMEX, is not reasonable. These events occurred prior to the POR and do not demonstrate how the minority government shareholder was able to influence Mr. X's decision-making as to the day-to-day operations of CASEAMEX or the selection of CASEAMEX's management during the POR. Simply put, even assuming that the minority government shareholder selected all of CASEAMEX's board members, as well as Mr. X, *1362prior to the POR, the relevant question is whether for the period of time where CASEAMEX is able to point to record evidence of restrictions placed upon the minority government shareholder, did the minority government shareholder nonetheless retain control over management.¹⁷

The prospective component of Commerce's beholden theory in this review is reasonable. Commerce claims that Mr. X was beholden to the government minority shareholder for his employment during the POR and therefore it is reasonable to infer that the government minority shareholder "exerted influence over the appointment of the Board of Directors and managers of the company." Remand Results at 11-12, 42. As explained above, respondent companies within NME countries are presumed to be under government control. Policy Bulletin 05.1 at 1. A respondent may rebut this presumption, unless record evidence demonstrates that the majority shareholder is controlled by the government. Jiasheng, 39 CIT at ----, 121 F.Supp.3d at 1266 (reiterating Commerce's revised practice as to precluding companies that have majority government shareholders from rebutting the presumption of de facto control); see also Tetra Decision Memo at 8; Steel Wire Rod Decision Memo at 6-7 (explaining Commerce's practice). The burden of rebutting the presumption of control is on the respondent company; here, that is CASEAMEX. To rebut the presumption of control, CASEAMEX relies upon the restrictions placed upon the minority government shareholder in CASEAMEX's 2012 Articles of Association. See CASEAMEX Comments on Final Remand Redetermination at 18-20, Aug. 30, 2017, ECF No. 140 ("CASEAMEX Resp. Comments"); see also CASEAMEX SRA at Ex. 10 at Art. 21 ¶ 1 (reproducing the provision of CASEAMEX's Articles of Association requiring that a member of the Board of Directors is approved by a 65 percent shareholder approval vote).¹⁸

On remand, Commerce relies on the fact that, prior to the adoption of the 2012 Articles of Association, the minority government shareholder could exercise its rights to control Mr. X. See Remand Results at 11-12. CASEAMEX asserts that *1363the 2012 Articles of Association restrict the control of the minority government shareholder. See CASEAMEX Resp. Comments at 22 (asserting that CASEAMEX's Articles of Association were in effect throughout the entirety of the POR); id. at 21-23 (asserting that CASEAMEX demonstrated that the selection of managers and directors were restrained by the provisions in CASEAMEX's Articles of Association). However, the Articles of Association placed on the record are dated October 2012, were issued under the signature and seal of Mr. X, and "supersede[d] the previous Articles of Association issued in 2006." See CASEAMEX SRA at Ex. 10 at Preface. Therefore, the 2012 Articles of Association only relate to a portion of the POR. For a period of approximately 61 days at the beginning of the POR, the 2006 Articles of Association were in effect. The parties do not direct the court to where on the record a copy of CASEAMEX's 2006 Articles of Association has been reproduced. The parties do not agree whether the 2006 and 2012 Articles of Association are substantively the same.¹⁹ Compare Remand Results at 12-13 with CASEAMEX Resp. Comments at 17, 22. Therefore, the court cannot presume that the 2006 Articles of Association restrict the minority government shareholder in any way.

As a result, Commerce's view that CASEAMEX has failed to rebut the presumption of de facto government control because during the POR Mr. X was beholden to the minority government shareholder, and the employees of CASEAMEX were beholden to Mr. X for their employment, Remand Results at 13-14, is reasonable.²⁰ Without knowing the contents of CASEAMEX's 2006 Articles of Association, the court cannot say that it is unreasonable for Commerce to presume that the minority government shareholder would have been able to direct and control Mr. X²¹ and, *1364through him, control the CASEAMEX employees. It may be that the 2006 Articles of Association are similar to the 2012 Articles of Association. However, it may also be that the 2006 Articles of Association had provisions similar to those in Containers. See Containers Decision Memo at 46-47 (reproducing, in relevant part, the Articles of Association of the respondent company in Containers Decision Memo, which include a provision allowing for a minority shareholder, acting alone or with others, to be a "controlling shareholder," while holding a minority of shares). The 2006 Articles of Association are not on the record and it is not unreasonable for Commerce to have assumed that they were not identical to the 2012 Articles. Therefore, for this review, it is not clear that CASEAMEX sufficiently showed that the minority government shareholder was restrained by CASEAMEX's 2012 Articles of Association. It is CASEAMEX's burden to populate the record with evidence rebutting the existence of de facto government control. See Sigma Corp v. United States, 117 F.3d 1401, 1405-06 (Fed. Cir. 1997). Here, CASEAMEX has not demonstrated how the protective rights available in the 2012 Articles of Association could have been exerted during the first 61 days of the POR, when the 2006 Articles of Association remained in effect. As a result, Commerce's determination that there existed the potential for actual control by the minority government shareholder during the POR was reasonable.

CONCLUSION

In accordance with the foregoing, the Remand Results comply with the court's order in An Giang, 41 CIT at ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1294-95, and are therefore sustained. Judgment will enter accordingly.

1 On April 6, 2015, Defendant submitted indices to the public and confidential administrative records which identify the record documents for Commerce's final determination in the tenth ADD administrative review. These indices are located on the docket at ECF No. 20. All further references to administrative record documents are identified by the numbers assigned by Commerce in these indices.

2 Specifically, in An Giang, the court sustained Commerce's selection of Indonesia as the primary surrogate country for the tenth administrative review. See An Giang, 41 CIT at ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1262-72. Further, An Giang also sustained Commerce's surrogate value selections for 1) medicines and antibiotics; 2) nutrition; 3) fingerlings; 4) packing tape; 5) packing strap; 6) various fish waste byproducts; 7) brokerage and handling; and 8) truck freight. Id., 41 CIT at ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1273-84.

3 Further citations to the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, are to the relevant provisions of Title 19 of the U.S. Code, 2012 edition.

4 In An Giang, the court took judicial notice of Commerce's determination in the ninth administrative review, as allowed pursuant to section 2641 of the Customs Court Act of 1980, as amended 28 U.S.C. § 2641(a), and Rule 201 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. An Giang, 41 CIT at ----, 203 F.Supp.3d at 1285 ; see also 28 U.S.C. § 2641(a) (2012) ; Fed. R. Evid. 201.

5 Specifically, CASEAMEX pointed to the 2012 Articles of Association which provided that neither Mr. X, the General Director and Chairman of the Board of Directors of CASEAMEX, nor the minority government shareholder, working together or alone, could push through the selection of management or election of a board member without 65 percent approval vote of the shareholders.

6 In an administrative review of an ADD order, Commerce is generally required to determine individual ADD rates for each known exporter or producer of subject merchandise covered by the review. 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(c)(1). However, Commerce may limit its examination to exporters and producers accounting for the largest volume of subject merchandise from the exporting country that can be reasonably examined, if the number of exporters or producers involved in the proceeding makes it impracticable to calculate individual rates. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(c)(2)(B). Non-individually investigated respondents are assigned an "all-others" rate (usually an average of the individually-examined respondents' rates). See 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(5). In a NME antidumping investigation, all exporters are presumed to be subject to government control and should be assigned a government rate, unless, they are able to rebut the presumption of control. Import Admin., U.S. Dep't Commerce, Separate-Rates Practice and Application of Combination Rates in Antidumping Investigations involving Non-Market Economy Countries, Policy Bulletin 05.1 at 1 (Apr. 5, 2005), available at http://enforcement.trade.gov/policy/bull05-1.pdf (last visited Jan 16, 2018). Respondents seeking to rebut the presumption of government control submit a separate rate application. Id. at 3-4.

7 Commerce's Policy Bulletin 05.1 identifies four factors that Commerce will consider in determining whether a respondent is in fact not under de facto government control: 1) export prices are not set by, or subject to the approval of, a governmental authority; 2) the respondent has authority to negotiate and sign contracts and other agreements; 3) the respondent has autonomy from the central, provincial and local governments in making decisions regarding the selection of its management; and 4) the respondent retains the proceeds of its export sales and makes independent decisions regarding disposition of profits or financing of losses. Policy Bulletin 05.1 at 2; see also Silicon Carbide from the [PRC], 59 Fed. Reg. 22,585, 22,587 (Dep't Commerce May 2, 1994) (showing Commerce relying on the same factors to determine whether respondent was de facto independent). Only factor three is implicated here.

8 Separate rate respondents are generally assigned an ADD rate based on a weighted-average of the rates calculated for the individually examined respondents, rather than the NME country-wide rate, excluding zero or de minimis rates and rates based entirely on the application of facts otherwise available. See 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(5)(A).

9 "The Diamond Sawblades proceedings" refer to decisions discussing the metamorphosis of the separate rate test as applied in situations where the government is a majority shareholder. See Advanced Technology & Materials Co. v. United States, 36 CIT ----, 885 F.Supp.2d 1343 (2012) (remanding for further consideration or explanation Commerce's determination in the first remand); Advanced Technology & Materials Co. v. United States, 37 CIT ----, 938 F.Supp.2d 1342 (2013) (sustaining Commerce's redetermination on remand), aff'd, 551 Fed.Appx. 900 (Fed. Cir. 2014). Following the Diamond Sawblades proceedings, Commerce, in Steel Wire Rod Decision Memo, clarified its practice as to respondent companies operating in an NME that have, as a majority shareholder either a government-owned entity or the government itself. Steel Wire Rod Decision Memo at 6-7. In Steel Wire Rod Decision Memo, Commerce explained that, "where a government entity holds a majority ownership share, either directly or indirectly, in the respondent exporter, the majority ownership holding in and of itself means that the government exercises or has the potential to exercise control over the company's operations generally [.]" Steel Wire Rod Decision Memo at 7. This court in Jiasheng recognized Commerce's "revised practice" as precluding "a finding of de facto autonomy," when the government is a majority shareholder. Jiasheng Photovoltaic Tech. Co. v. United States, 39 CIT ----, ----, 121 F.Supp.3d 1263, 1266 (2015) ("This revised practice, which was sustained by this Court and subsequently affirmed by the Court of Appeals, holds that 'where a government entity holds a majority ownership share, either directly or indirectly, in the respondent exporter [or producer],' such majority ownership holding 'in and of itself' precludes a finding of de facto autonomy." (footnotes omitted) ).

10 In the present remand redetermination, Commerce explains that, in light of the Diamond Sawblades proceedings, "the Department has continued to evaluate its practice" regarding the separate rate test. Remand Results at 28.

11 See also Oral Argument at 01:07:26-01:07:37 (Court: "So what's the standard? Is it the potential for control or actual control? And if it is actual control, you really need to connect the dots a little bit more, right?" Defendant: "It's actual control.")

12 The minority government shareholder is the [ [ ] ]. CASEAMEX SRA at Ex. 11 (providing a list of CASEAMEX's top ten shareholders at the end of the POR, and identifying the [ [ ] ] as one of those shareholders with [ [ ] ] ).

13 Tetra Decision Memo and Steel Wire Rod Decision Memo involve government majority shareholders, not government minority shareholders. See Tetra Decision Memo at 9-10; Steel Wire Rod Decision Memo at 8-9. In Steel Wire Rod Decision Memo, Commerce determined that four separate rate applicant companies failed to demonstrate de facto independence from the government. Id. at 8-9. Three of the companies either had a majority shareholder who was a government entity, or were themselves wholly-owned by a shareholder who was owned by a government entity. Steel Wire Rod Decision Memo at 8-9. The fourth company was denied separate rate status based on proprietary information, unavailable to the court. Steel Wire Rod Decision Memo at 9. In denying separate rate status, Commerce explained that the sheer level of government ownership meant that the government shareholder was expected to "exercise[ ] its right inherent in majority ownership [.]" Id. Commerce then provided examples of control, such as the appointment of board members and the existence of shared management between the government-owned shareholder company and the respondent company. Id.

In Tetra Decision Memo, Commerce denied separate rate status to six companies after having "considered the level of government ownership and the role [the majority shareholder(s) played in the selection] of management[.]" Tetra Decision Memo at 8-9. The majority shareholder in each of those six companies was a government-owned entity. Id. at 9-11. Further, and in comparison to Steel Wire Rod Decision Memo, Commerce in Tetra Decision Memo engaged in a more substantial discussion of how the government shareholder's ability to select management manifested in actual participation in the day-to-day operations of the respondent companies. See Tetra Decision Memo at 9-11.

Here, Commerce also relies on its analysis in Stainless Steel Sheet and Strip ("SSSS Decision Memo"), another determination involving a government shareholder who was a majority shareholder. See Remand Results at 6-7, 13; Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Determination in the [ADD] Investigation of Stainless Steel Sheet and Strip from the [PRC], A-570-042 (Feb. 1, 2017), available at http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/prc/2017-02576-1.pdf (last visited Jan. 16, 2018). In SSSS Decision Memo, Commerce specifically states that, "[f]ollowing the CIT's reasoning in [Advanced Technology & Materials Co. v. United States, 938 F.Supp.2d 1342 (2013) ], it is the Department's practice that majority government ownership means that a government 'exercises, or has the potential to exercise, control over the company's operations generally.' " SSSS Decision Memo at 10 (citations omitted). Once again, Commerce in SSSS Decision Memo denied separate rate status to a company whose majority shareholder was a government entity, where the record evidence demonstrated a lack of independence in selection of management. Id. at 27-31.

14 In Containers Decision Memo, Commerce provided its rationale for combining the shares of two minority shareholders, despite the companies operating as two separate legal entities. Containers Decision Memo at 51. Commerce supported its decision to view the two minority shareholders as a block by citing to record evidence. Id. Specifically, evidence demonstrating that the two government-owned minority shareholders shared board members, and that their voting records exhibited "a unified approach to governance of [the respondent company]." Id. (citation omitted).

15 In Truck & Bus Tires Decision Memo, Commerce also reviewed whether Double Coin, another separate rate applicant, was de facto independent from the government of the PRC. Truck & Bus Tires Decision Memo at 11-13; 20-24. One of Double Coin's shareholders owned 72.15 percent of Double Coin's total shares. Id. at 12. This majority shareholder, in turn, was 100 percent controlled by a SASAC. Id. Commerce uses potential for control to explain that, in the case of a majority owner, Commerce "presume[s] that Double Coin's managers are 'beholden to the board that controls their pay, in particular to the chairman of the board as the de facto company head under the PRC model,' until proven otherwise." Id. at 24 (citation omitted).

16 Commerce's declaration that it did not find that the government minority shareholder exerted actual influence is somewhat contradicted by other statements in the Remand Results where Commerce asserts that "it is reasonable to infer that the [ [ ] ] exerted influence over the appointment of the Board of Directors and managers of the company, whether it be directly or indirectly." Remand Results at 11-12.

17 Defendant argues that Commerce's retrospective view is necessary to take into account the totality of factual circumstances supporting the potential control the [ [ ] ] retains over CASEAMEX. Def.'s Resp. to Pls.' Comments on Remand Redetermination at 21-23, Nov. 24, 2017, ECF No. 158. Defendant argues that past factual circumstances, such as employment history and events surrounding the creation of CASEAMEX's first board of directors, inform the reasonable inferences Commerce is making. Id. The court notes that, in Containers Decision Memo, Commerce referenced the fact that a majority of the board of directors and supervisory committee members were employed by the government minority shareholders in the past. Containers Decision Memo at 50. Nevertheless, it is not clear to the court how past employment would support Commerce's beholden theory here. If Commerce is suggesting that past employees may feel grateful to their past employers, Commerce should explain why that gratitude translates into a lack of independence in a case where the past government employer no longer has the power to dismiss the employee.

18 CASEAMEX's Articles of Association refer to both a "Board of Management" and a "Board of Directors." See CASEAMEX SRA at Ex. 10. However, a review of the Articles of Association demonstrates that these two terms in fact refer to the same entity. For example, although the Table of Contents indicates that section VII of CASEAMEX's Articles of Association encompasses the articles related to the "Board of Directors," see id. at Ex. 10 at Table of Contents, section VII is in fact entitled "Board of Management" and its individual articles address the composition, rights, and responsibilities of the "Board of Management." See id. at Ex. 10 at Arts. 25-28. To avoid confusion, the court refers to this entity as the "Board of Directors" throughout this opinion.

19 Commerce identifies the 2012 Articles of Association as establishing minority shareholder rights and infers that prior to that time "[the [ [ ] ] ] exercised its right as the largest shareholder in selecting the Board of Directors and management of CASEAMEX." See Remand Results at 12-13. CASEAMEX, on the other hand, presumes that the 2012 Articles of Association were in effect throughout the entirety of the POR, see CASEAMEX Resp. Comments at 22, and that the Articles of Association operating in 2006 were substantively the same. Id. at 17 (arguing, without being specific as to the year of the operative version of the Articles of Association relied upon, that the board of directors in 2006 "could only be selected via the rules outlined in the company's Articles of Association").

20 Commerce also argues that Mr. X's dual role as General Director and Chairman of the Board of Directors allows him control over the CASEAMEX employees and the CASEAMEX managers. See Remand Results at 39-40; see also id. at 13-14. According to CASEAMEX's Articles of Association, by virtue of holding both positions, Mr. X holds significant power over the employees of CASEAMEX. See CASEAMEX SRA at Ex. 10 at Sec. VII-VIII. In light of Mr. X's rights and responsibilities, it is reasonably discernable that Commerce determined that Mr. X is able to exert control over CASEAMEX employees, who own a combined share of [ [ ] ] of CASEAMEX shares. Remand Results at 13-14; Can Tho Import-Export Joint Stock Company (CASEAMEX) Third Sep. Rate Supp. Questionnaire at Ex. S3-7, CD 149-CD 150, bar codes 3207617-01-02 (June 6, 2014).

21 Commerce also argues that at CASEAMEX's inception, the [ [ ] ] was able to play an "important role" in selection of managers and board members, because the Articles of Association were not in place to serve as a restraint. Remand Results at 10 (arguing that because at CASEAMEX's inception the [ [ ] ] was the largest shareholder and the Articles of Association were not adopted until 2012, the [ [ ] ] was able to play an "important role" in the selection of managers and members of CASEAMEX's first board of directors, of which [Mr. X] was a member); see id. at 11 (arguing that it is reasonable to infer that "because the Articles of Association granting minority shareholder rights had not yet been adopted ... [the [ [ ] ] ] exercised its right as the largest shareholder in selecting the Board of Directors and management of CASEAMEX.").