Zillyette v. Capital One Financial , 179 F.3d 1337 ( 1999 )


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  •                                                                        [PUBLISH]
    IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT                  FILED
    U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
    ________________________           ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
    07/07/99
    THOMAS K. KAHN
    No. 98-3404                       CLERK
    ________________________
    D. C. Docket No. 96-2555-CIV-T-17
    TERRY G. ZILLYETTE,
    Plaintiff-Appellant,
    versus
    CAPITAL ONE FINANCIAL CORPORATION,
    Defendant-Appellee.
    ________________________
    Appeal from the United States District Court
    for the Middle District of Florida
    _________________________
    (July 7, 1999)
    Before BLACK and BARKETT, Circuit Judges, and GOLD*, District Judge.
    ____________________
    * Honorable Alan S. Gold, U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of Florida,
    sitting by designation.
    BARKETT, Circuit Judge:
    Appellant Terry Zillyette appeals the district court’s grant of summary
    judgment to Capital One Financial Corp. (“Capital One”) on Zillyette’s claim that
    Capital One discriminated against him on the basis of disability in violation of the
    Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 12111-12117. He first claims that
    the district court erred in holding that his cause of action was time-barred. He also
    asserts that he presented sufficient evidence to show that Capital One denied him
    reasonable accommodations and discharged him because of disability, thereby
    precluding summary judgment. We affirm the district court’s conclusion that
    Zillyette’s complaint was time-barred, thus making it unnecessary to address any
    other issue in this case.
    BACKGROUND
    Zillyette began working as a Customer Service Associate for Capital One in
    Tampa, Florida in July 1995. During the eight months in which he was employed
    by Capital One, Zillyette missed twenty-five days of work and on five other
    occasions left work early, in part due to an illness misdiagnosed as diabetes. On
    January 26, 1996, Zillyette was told that he was HIV+ and given a letter stating
    that he was suffering from an “immunologic disease” and “needs to be on a regular
    8 hour work program as stress is detrimental to him.” After considering both the
    2
    letter and Zillyette’s previous absentee record, his employers decided to terminate
    him.
    On May 10, 1996, Zillyette filed a charge of discrimination with the EEOC,
    alleging disability discrimination by Capital One. On September 4, 1996, the
    EEOC sent a certified letter to Zillyette informing him of his right to sue within 90
    days. The U.S. Postal Service first attempted to deliver the EEOC’s letter on
    September 5, 1996, but was unsuccessful in this attempt because Zillyette was not
    at home. The Postal Service agent instead left a standard notice that the letter
    would be redelivered or could be picked up at the post office. The manager of
    Customer Service for the Tampa, Florida branch of the United States Postal
    Service provided in an affidavit that the delivery notice is to be filled out by the
    carrier and includes, among other things, the sender’s name. On September 10, the
    Postal Service again unsuccessfully attempted to deliver the EEOC letter. The
    Postal Service agent left a second notice indicating that if Zillyette did not pick up
    the letter by September 20, it would be returned to sender. Sometime between
    September 10 and September 20, Zillyette picked up the letter, although it is not
    clear when during this time he did so.
    On December 12, Zillyette filed a pro se complaint. The district court
    granted summary judgment to the defendant, concluding that Zillyette had not filed
    3
    suit within 90 days of receipt of the EEOC letter because the 90-day period began
    to run when the Postal Service first tried to deliver the letter on September 5.1 This
    appeal followed.
    DISCUSSION
    It is settled law that, under the ADA, plaintiffs must comply with the same
    procedural requirements to sue as exist under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of
    1964. See 42 U.S.C. § 12117(a). Under Title VII, in cases where the EEOC does
    not file suit or obtain a conciliation agreement, the EEOC “shall so notify the
    person aggrieved and within 90 days after the giving of such notice a civil action
    may be brought against the respondent named in the charge . . . by the person
    claiming to be aggrieved . . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(1). Zillyette argues that
    the 90-day period did not begin to run until he picked up the EEOC letter at the
    post office.
    We first had occasion to consider the meaning of this provision of Title VII
    in Franks v. Bowman Transportation Co., 
    495 F.2d 398
    (5th Cir. 1974), rev’d on
    other grounds, 
    424 U.S. 747
    (1976). In Franks, we explained that “[t]he key word
    in the statute is ‘notify’; the limitations period begins to run upon notification of
    1
    The district court also found that Zillyette had failed to show that he was a qualified
    individual with a disability under the ADA and that he was discharged because of his disability.
    4
    the aggrieved party. This Court has held that such notification takes place only
    when ‘notice of the failure to obtain voluntary compliance has been sent and
    received.’” 
    Id. at 404
    (quoting Miller v. International Paper Co., 
    408 F.2d 283
    , 287
    (5th Cir. 1969)). We found that “statutory notification is complete only upon
    actual receipt of the suit letter,” observing that “Congress did not intend to
    condition a claimant’s right to sue under Title VII on fortuitous circumstances or
    events beyond his control which are not spelled out in the statute.” 
    Id. Applying this
    principle, we reversed the district court’s dismissal of plaintiff’s suit based on
    the fact that the EEOC’s notification letter was lost by plaintiff’s nine-year old
    nephew. 
    Id. at 405
    (“Where . . . it is shown that the claimant through no fault of
    his own has failed to receive the suit letter . . ., as in this case, the delivery of the
    letter to the mailing address cannot be considered to constitute statutory
    notification.”).
    In Franks, although the letter was delivered, it was lost by the plaintiff’s
    nephew “through no fault” of the plaintiff. We found these circumstances to
    constitute an “event[] beyond [the plaintiff’s] control,” and therefore concluded
    that the plaintiff could not be considered to have had statutory notice of his right to
    sue. In Lewis v. Conners Steel Co., 
    673 F.2d 1240
    (11th Cir. 1982), the plaintiff,
    like that in Franks, also did not receive his right to sue letter. But in Lewis, the
    5
    plaintiff’s own actions may have explained his failure to receive the EEOC’s letter,
    which went to a different address than the one in which the plaintiff resided. We
    found that plaintiff’s suit would be barred if he had failed to “advis[e] the EEOC of
    address changes or to take reasonable steps to ensure delivery of the notice to his
    current address, 
    id. at 1243,
    because “[i]f [the plaintiff] did not contribute that
    minimum assistance to the process, he should not be heard to complain that he did
    not receive the letter delivered to the last address known to the EEOC, unless he
    can show, in the words of Franks, that other ‘fortuitous circumstances’ or ‘events
    beyond his control’ intervened, and that he ‘through no fault of his own’ failed to
    receive the suit letter.” 
    Id. (quoting Franks,
    495 F.2d at 404-05). We remanded for
    the district court to make factual findings on these questions.
    Our disposition of the notice issue in Lewis suggests that the “beyond [the
    plaintiff’s] control” language of Franks implies a minimal responsibility on the part
    of the plaintiff in the resolution of his or her claims. Specifically, we stated that
    [w]e need not embrace the doctrine of constructive receipt, nor close
    our eyes to the liberal construction the act is entitled to in order to
    fashion a fair and reasonable rule for the circumstances of this case.
    There is no reason why a plaintiff should enjoy a manipulable open-
    ended time extension which could render the statutory minimum
    meaningless. Plaintiff should be required to assume some minimum
    responsibility himself for an orderly and expeditious resolution of his
    dispute.
    6
    
    Id. at 1242
    (emphasis added). In Lewis, we concluded that it was reasonable to
    require the plaintiff to shoulder the “de minimus” burden of notifying the EEOC of
    his change of address. Since Lewis, we have continued to approach these issues on
    a case-by-case basis to fashion a fair and reasonable rule for the circumstances of
    each case, one that would require plaintiffs to assume some minimum
    responsibility in resolving their claims without “conditioning a claimant’s right to
    sue under Title VII on fortuitous circumstances or events beyond his control which
    are not spelled out in the statute.” 
    Franks, 495 F.2d at 404
    .
    For example, in Law v. Hercules, Inc., 
    713 F.2d 691
    (11th Cir. 1983), and
    Bell v. Eagle Motor Lines, Inc., 
    693 F.2d 1086
    (11th Cir. 1982), we affirmed the
    dismissal of suits for failure to meet the 90-day filing deadline where the EEOC
    notification letter was delivered to plaintiff’s home and was received by a
    responsible family member who resided in the home. See 
    Law, 713 F.2d at 692-93
    (dismissing suit on timeliness grounds where plaintiff’s seventeen-year-old son
    picked up the EEOC letter at the post office at the directive of plaintiff’s wife and
    left it on the kitchen table); 
    Bell, 693 F.2d at 1087
    (finding 90-day period for filing
    suit began to run when plaintiff’s wife received the letter at their shared place of
    residence). These cases, in other words, required plaintiffs to assume the minimal
    7
    burden of informing family members of suitable age and discretion2 that plaintiffs
    were expecting an important letter related to their pending claim, and that they
    needed to be alerted immediately following its delivery. In this way, we have
    attempted to insure against the possibility of manipulation when the time of receipt
    is uniquely within the plaintiff’s control. At the same time, we have recognized
    that when a plaintiff has not known of the receipt of the letter through no fault of
    his or her own or because of circumstances beyond his or her control, as in Franks,
    the time must begin to run from the time of actual receipt.3
    2
    Cf. Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(e) (providing in part that process may be served upon individuals
    within a judicial district of the United States “by delivering a copy of the summons and of the
    complaint to the individual personally or by leaving copies thereof at the individual's dwelling
    house or usual place of abode with some person of suitable age and discretion then residing
    therein”).
    3
    Other circuits, faced with this issue, have reached similar results on the basis of similar
    principles. In Sousa v. NLRB, 
    817 F.2d 10
    (2d Cir. 1987), for example, the plaintiff received
    notice of the certified letter from his post office box five days after it was delivered, and
    immediately retrieved the letter. The court found “[t]he receipt by [plaintiff] of the notice . . . [to
    be] the effective date for measuring the [limitations] period [because a] 5-day delay, which
    included a weekend, is not an unreasonable time for [plaintiff] to have failed to visit the box.”
    
    Id. at 11.
    The court, however, made clear “that unexplained failure to visit a post office box for
    a long period of time might result in a different conclusion.” 
    Id. See also
    Hornsby v. United
    States Postal Service, 
    787 F.2d 87
    , 91 (3d Cir. 1986) (rejecting the argument that a postal notice
    of unsuccessful delivery was sufficient to commence the running of the 90-day limit for filing
    suit because the form did “not disclose the name or address of the sender nor does it convey any
    other relevant information; it states simply that an unknown person has mailed a certified letter
    to the addressee”); Watts-Means v. Prince George’s Family Crisis Center, 
    7 F.3d 40
    , 42 (4th Cir.
    1993) (holding that “the limitations period is triggered when the Postal Service delivers notice to
    a plaintiff that the right-to-sue letter is available for pickup, and not when the letter is actually
    picked up” and applying the doctrine of equitable tolling to remedy resulting injustices). But see
    
    id. (finding equitable
    tolling to be inappropriate in the case at hand because the plaintiff
    “suspected that the letter about which she had received notice from the Postal Service was a
    letter from the EEOC”).
    8
    In this case, if the delivery notice left for Zillyette by the postal service had
    failed to contain the information that the EEOC was the sender, it would have
    simply advised him that a letter was waiting for him at the post office, a letter that
    could have been from anyone. Under these circumstances, the suit letter from the
    EEOC could not fairly or reasonably be deemed to have been received from the
    date of the notice, because Zillyette’s failure to retrieve the letter would have had
    no bearing at all on the diligence with which he was pursuing his claim. On the
    other hand, had the notice identified the EEOC as sender, Zillyette would have had
    the de minimus responsibility to obtain the letter in a timely manner or provide a
    reasonable explanation as to why this was not done. To hold otherwise would
    permit him simply to defer the retrieval of the letter and thus to manipulate the 90-
    day time limit.
    Capital One, in support of its motion for Summary Judgment, presented
    evidence that the Postal Service had made two attempts to deliver the letter and
    that the form left by the Postal Service included a space for the sender’s name, a
    space which, in the normal course of business, would have been filled in by the
    Postal Service. Zillyette did not refute this evidence, testifying only that he did not
    9
    remember if the notice left at his home contained the sender’s name or not.4 We
    are therefore required to credit the unrebutted evidence that the delivery notice
    Zillyette received contained the sender’s name, and to conclude that Zillyette bore
    the minimal burden of retrieving the letter in a timely manner following the Postal
    Service’s first attempt to deliver it. This he did not do. We therefore hold that,
    under the circumstances presented in this case, the district court did not err in
    ruling that the 90-day filing period had expired.
    Since Franks and Lewis, we have continued to approach these issues on a
    case-by-case basis to fashion a fair and reasonable rule for the circumstances of
    each case. In addition, we have continued to require plaintiffs to assume some
    minimum responsibility in resolving their claims. Taking these considerations into
    account, we agree with the Second Circuit in Sousa v. N.L.R.B., 
    817 F.2d 10
    , 11
    (2d Cir. 1987), that a plaintiff is entitled to a reasonable time to pick up the letter
    upon receipt of a notice of delivery and therefore conclude that a three-day period,
    analogous to the federal rule governing time for taking action after service by mail,
    see Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(e), provides an appropriate period for a plaintiff to act to
    receive an unsuccessfully delivered letter. Providing a three-day period also
    4
    Zillyette was also unable to testify as to the date when he ultimately retrieved the letter
    from the post office. Conceivably it could have been retrieved on September 11, the day after
    the second notice, which would have made his lawsuit untimely even from the date of receipt.
    10
    provides a clear rule that will enable parties to be aware of when they must act or
    forfeit their right to sue. Any other hardships to plaintiffs can be accomodated by
    the equitable tolling rules, which are generally applicable in Title VII actions
    against both private and government employers. See Irwin v. Department of
    Veterans Affairs, 
    498 U.S. 89
    , 95-96 (1990); Zipes v. Trans World Airlines, Inc.,
    
    455 U.S. 385
    , 393-94 (1982).5
    This three-day period is of no help to Zillyette, who filed suit 98 days after
    receipt of the first Postal Service notice. The judgment of the district court is
    therefore AFFIRMED.
    5
    Zillyette does not make any argument in this case that he is entitled to equitable
    estoppel. We thus need not consider the application of equitable estoppel in this case.
    11
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 19-14125

Citation Numbers: 179 F.3d 1337

Filed Date: 7/7/1999

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 3/3/2016

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