United States v. Ramsdale , 179 F.3d 1320 ( 1999 )

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
John Dale RAMSDALE, Charles Christoferson, Defendants-Appellants.
No. 95-3640.
United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
July 6, 1999.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida. (No. 92-03094/LAC), Lacey
A. Collier, Judge.
Before EDMONDSON and CARNES, Circuit Judge, and WATSON*, Senior Judge.
PER CURIAM:
For the second time, two defendants appeal their sentencing. We see no reversible errors and affirm.
Background
John Ramsdale and Charles Christoferson were convicted of conspiracy to manufacture
methamphetamine. They appealed their sentences and convictions. We affirmed their convictions; but
remanded the case for a determination of the kind of methamphetamine involved in the conspiracy. See
United States v. Ramsdale, 61 F.3d 825, 827 (11th Cir.1995). We also asked for specific findings on the
amount of methamphetamine used to sentence Christoferson. See id. at 832 n. 18.
On the morning of the first day's resentencing hearing, Leo Thomas, Christoferson's lawyer,
explained he was required to be at a trial in about 30 minutes. After a discussion among the district court and
the lawyers for Christoferson and Ramsdale—the significance of which underlies this appeal—it was decided
that Thomas would leave that day's resentencing hearing to attend the trial.
A DEA chemist, a DEA agent, and the defense's expert chemist testified at the resentencing hearing.
Their testimony was on the type of methamphetamine produced by the conspiracy using Phenylacetic Acid
*
Honorable James L. Watson, Senior Judge, U.S. Court of International Trade, sitting by designation.
(PA) and on the amount of methamphetamine that could have been produced by Christoferson and Ramsdale
from the PA.
Thomas left the hearing about halfway through the cross-examination of the DEA chemist by
Ramsdale's attorney. He was absent during the testimony of the DEA Agent and of the defense's expert
witness. Ramsdale's attorney cross-examined the government witnesses.
Thomas made arguments to the court on the second day of the resentencing hearing. At the end of
the resentencing hearing, Christoferson—who personally was given no chance to address the district
court—and Ramsdale received sentences of 360 months each: sentences no greater than they had received
initially.
Discussion
Christoferson argues that he was denied his right to address the district court at sentencing and his
Sixth Amendment right to counsel. Ramsdale and Christoferson both challenge the kind of methamphetamine
used for their resentencing and the amount of methamphetamine.
Christoferson says he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to counsel because of his lawyer's
absence at part of the resentencing hearing. Several events, however, prove to us that Christoferson, in fact,
had a lawyer representing him at all times.
Before the hearing began, when the parties and the court first discussed Thomas's conflict, Ramsdale's
lawyer said:
I don't know if it would help at all, I believe that the testimony that's going to be solicited will affect
both the cases and perhaps that may be of some help to know that that would be the case, regardless
of whether Mr. Thomas stays or not. I don't know if that's going to help his client, unless they waive
a conflict of interest concern.
Later, Thomas said:
I'm proposing that the hearing take place in my absence, after which I can review the
transcript and talk to my client and make a determination if there's anything else that needs to be
done, if we need to bring any other witnesses. Maybe not. Probably not, but I don't know. The
expert testimony is going to apply to both of us. I would think that would suffice.
2
Thomas added that his client was "agreeable" to the proposal.1 If those statements were the only
evidence of what the pertinent people understood about the arrangements for Thomas's absence, we might
be unsure if Christoferson was represented. A later hearing, held at our direction,2 however, clarified
Christoferson's representation.
At the later hearing, the district court said to Thomas:
I think I can state with accuracy from my memory that at that particular [resentencing] hearing when
you were not here, that Mr. Christoferson himself agreed and waived your appearance and relied
upon [Ramsdale's attorney].
More important, Christoferson admitted under oath to having Ramsdale's attorney represent him at
the resentencing hearing:
The Court: And you don't recall agreeing to have [Ramsdale's attorney] represent you at that
hearing?
Christoferson: Yes, sir, I remember that.
The Court: Well, then you obviously had an attorney representing you, did you not?
Christoferson: Yes.
The Court: By your own agreement?
Christoferson: Right.
Thomas also added, under oath, that he did not see a difference between Christoferson's and Ramsdale's
interests at the sentencing hearing.
Based on all this testimony, we think Ramsdale's attorney, the district court, Thomas, and
Christoferson all believed that Ramsdale's attorney was acting as substitute counsel for Thomas.
1
Thomas specifically said: "Your honor, I talked to my client and that's agreeable to him to do it that
way." Christoferson was present at the resentencing hearing.
2
We ordered the district court to hold an evidentiary hearing on Christoferson's eligibility for
appointed counsel after the resentencing: Thomas sought to withdraw. The Sixth Amendment issue was
raised because Thomas informed the district court that Christoferson was planning an ineffective
assistance of counsel claim based on Thomas's absence at resentencing.
3
For joint representation to deprive Christoferson of his Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance
of counsel, an actual—not merely speculative—conflict of interest must exist. See United States v. Risi, 603
F.2d 1193, 1195 (5th Cir.1979). Christoferson does not suggest a conflict of interest existed between
Ramsdale and him.
Our review of the record confirms that Ramsdale and Christoferson had no conflict of interest at the
resentencing. The purpose of the hearing was to determine what kind of methamphetamine and how much
methamphetamine to attribute to Christoferson and Ramsdale for sentencing. Christoferson's and Ramsdale's
interests did not conflict: as coconspirators, they each were responsible for the kind and amount of drugs
produced by the other. See United States v. Ismond, 993 F.2d 1498, 1499 (11th Cir.1993).
Because Christoferson had Ramsdale's attorney as substitute counsel and because no conflict of
interest existed between Ramsdale and Christoferson, we think Christoferson had real representation at the
resentencing hearing. So, we reject Christoferson's Sixth Amendment claim.
We also reject Christoferson's allocution claim. Under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure
32(c)(3)(C), a defendant must be given the chance to address the sentencing court, before a sentence is
imposed. When that opportunity is not given, but the defendant fails to object, we will remand only if we
see "manifest injustice" as a result of the omission. See United States v. Rodriguez-Velasquez, 132 F.3d 698,
700 (11th Cir.1998).
We see no manifest injustice as a result of the district court's failure to afford Christoferson a chance
to allocute at his resentencing. See United States v. Tamayo, 80 F.3d 1514, 1522 (11th Cir.1996) (seeing no
manifest injustice in district court's failure to allow defendant to speak at resentencing hearing). Christoferson
does not suggest a manifest injustice.3 So, another remand is not required.
3
He does argue, however, that his failure to object was the result of the district court's failure properly
to elicit objections. We disagree. The district court asked if there was "anything else ... necessary in this
resentencing" after announcing the sentence. Thomas then stated an objection on Christoferson's behalf
to the sentence. Thomas, therefore, understood the district court to be eliciting objections. Thomas's
articulation of an objection distinguishes this case from United States v. Snyder, 941 F.2d 1427, 1428
(11th Cir.1991) (in a case where no objections were made, inquiring if parties had "anything further" is
4
Christoferson's allocution arguments based on United States v. Taylor, 11 F.3d 149 (11th Cir.1994)
are not compelling. In Taylor, we remanded a case because the district court failed to allow the defendant
to address the court at resentencing. Taylor is distinguishable because Taylor claimed that, at his original
sentencing, he had no opportunity to allocute and because the district court, in Taylor, "set aside [the original
sentencing package] in its entirety." Id. at 152. This case is more like Tamayo, in which we said not allowing
the defendant to address the court was no reversible error: we relied mainly on the limited nature of the
remand instructions. See Tamayo, 80 F.3d at 1518-20. As in Tamayo, our remand instructions were limited
here. Furthermore, the district court and the parties understood the remand was a limited one: not every issue
applicable to sentencing would be revisited. Christoferson, therefore, is not entitled to a remand based on
his inability to address the district court at resentencing.
We do not need to spend much time writing about Ramsdale's and Christoferson's remaining claims.
We think the original trial testimony (on the value of the methamphetamine sold in this case) combined with
the testimony of the DEA Agent at the resentencing (that the value of the drugs in this case and the continuing
nature of Ramsdale and Christoferson's drug business meant the drug was D-methamphetamine) is sufficient
to support the district court's finding on the kind of methamphetamine.4 Cf. Reece v. United States, 119 F.3d
1462, 1470 (11th Cir.1997) (no ineffective assistance for lawyer's failure to object to use of
D-methamphetamine sentencing guidelines because drugs sold by petitioner had street value and, therefore,
was D-methamphetamine).
not sufficient effort at drawing objections).
4
Despite Ramsdale's and Christoferson's suggestions to the contrary, the district court partly relied
upon this testimony to reach its conclusion. After discussing the chemical process used to create
D-methamphetamine, the district court said:
And I further find that the evidence suggests that that was done in this case, based upon
the testimony as to the price that they were selling the mixture for, over a continuing
period of time.
5
We also think the district court committed no reversible error by attributing 42 kilograms of
D-methamphetamine to Ramsdale and Christoferson. Ramsdale and Christoferson argue that attributing 42
kilograms of PA to them was a mistake and that finding 42 kilograms of PA converted to an equal amount
of methamphetamine—a conversion ratio of 100% or 1:1—was also mistaken.
We cannot say that attributing 42 kilograms of PA to Ramsdale and Christoferson was a reversible
error. The district court said there was "direct evidence and testimony about immediate plans" to have 21
kilograms of PA shipped "in the very near future" (in addition to the 21 kilograms ordered earlier). We see
no evidence in the record to support the district court's finding that Ramsdale and Christoferson were
expecting to make another 21 kilogram purchase soon.
The statement of Matt Reed, an accomplice, is that they would "probably make a 15 kilo buy [of PA]
every three weeks." We accept that the record shows that a 15 kilogram shipment "in the very near future"
is concrete enough to attribute to Ramsdale and Christoferson. See United States v. Taffe, 36 F.3d 1047, 1050
(11th Cir.1994) (conspirator defendants can be sentenced based on drugs that defendants planned to steal in
the future). And if we attribute 36 kilograms (21 kilograms plus 15 kilograms) of PA to Ramsdale and
Christoferson, their sentences are unchanged.5 So, the 6-kilogram error of the district court does not require
us to reverse or remand this case.
We also accept, as not clearly erroneous, the district court's decision on the credibility of the expert
chemists. The district court accepted the testimony of the chemist who testified at trial to a 100% conversion
ratio between PA and methamphetamine. Although the two chemists testifying at the resentencing hearing
provided different conversion ratios than the trial expert had provided, we will allow the district court's
finding that their testimony "was unable to specifically say and to counter the opinion of [the trial] expert,
5
Under the pertinent edition of the sentencing guidelines, Ramsdale's and Christoferson's base offense
levels would be unchanged from those in the PSI: they were sentenced using a base offense level of 38.
A base offense level of 38 applies if the defendant is involved with at least 30 kilograms of
methamphetamine. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c) (1992).
6
because their range went from zero to 110%." See generally Amadeo v. Zant, 486 U.S. 214, 226-27, 108
S. Ct. 1771, 100 L. Ed. 2d 249 (1988) (accepting district court credibility determinations).
In summary, we see no reversible error on Christoferson's claims about right to counsel or allocution;
and we see no reversible error on the kind or amount of methamphetamine attributed to Christoferson and
Ramsdale.
AFFIRMED.
7