The Good News Club, Andrea Fournier and Darleen Fournier v. Milford Central School , 202 F.3d 502 ( 2000 )

Judge JACOBS dissents in a separate opinion.

MINER, Circuit Judge:

Plaintiffs-appellants The Good News Club (the “Club”), Darleen Fournier, and her seven-year-old daughter Andrea,¹ appeal from a summary judgment entered in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York (McAvoy, C.J.) in favor of defendant-appellee Milford Central School (“Milford” or “the school”). The action was brought to secure access to school premises for the purpose of conducting Club meetings, and the complaint contains demands for monetary as well as injunctive relief. The Club’s claims are bottomed, inter alia, on the right to free speech under the First and Fourteenth Amendments. The district court found that the Club’s activities were properly characterized as religious instruction and prayer and not the teaching of values or morals from a religious viewpoint. Accordingly, the court concluded that the school could properly exclude the Club because it had not opened its facilities for religious instruction or prayer.

For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

BACKGROUND

In August of 1992, the Milford Central School District adopted a policy (the “Community Use Policy” or the “Policy”) pursuant to § 414 of the New York State Education Law that governs the conditions under which outside organizations may utilize school facilities. The Community Use Policy provides that district residents may use school facilities for “holding social, civic and recreational meetings and entertainment events and other uses pertaining to the welfare of the community, provided that such uses shall be nonexclusive and shall be open to the general public,” and otherwise consistent with state law. The Policy expressly forecloses use for religious purposes and requires that applicants certify that their proposed use complies with the Policy:

School premises shall not be used by any individual or organization for religious purposes. Those individuals and/or organizations wishing to use school facilities and/or grounds under this policy shall indicate on a Certificate Regarding Use of School Premises form provided by the District that any intended use of school premises is in accordance with this policy.

Under the Community Use Policy, the school has allowed a number of organizations to use its facilities, including the Boy Scouts, the Girl Scouts, and the 4-H Club.

The Good News Club is a community-based Christian youth organization open to children between the ages of six and twelve. The Club takes its name from the “good news” of Christ’s gospel and the “good news” that salvation is available through belief in Christ. The purported purpose of the Club is to instruct children in moral values from a Christian perspective. It is affiliated with an organization known as Child Evangelism Fellowship (“CEF”), a Christian missionary organization that oversees and provides support to chapters of The Good News Club throughout the country. Among other things, the CEF provides teaching materials, prayer booklets for distribution called the “Daily Bread” and training to Club leaders.

A typical Club meeting begins when the participating children, who range from kindergarten-age to sixth graders, arrive at the meeting site. If a child remembers the “memory verse” from the previous week’s meeting, she may recite it and is rewarded with a prize. The meeting officially opens with a prayer led by Reverend Stephen Douglas Fournier² that gives thanks and entreats God for His blessing on the meeting. The group then sings the Good News Club theme song, the lyrics of which refer to Jesus Christ and are generally “about ... good news.”

The next segment of a Club meeting involves a “moral or value” lesson centered around a verse from either the Old or the New Testament and its teaching. To learn the “memory verse”- for the lesson, the Club members play games that focus on repetition of the verse. Next, the children are told a Bible story that emphasizes the same moral value that is represented in the day’s memory verse. The story concludes with a “challenge and invitation” segment, which challenges the children to live by the value taught in the day’s lesson through trust in God and Jesus Christ. Depending on the elapsed time, when the story is concluded, the group leader may ask the children questions about the story or play a game that emphasizes the teaching in the story. The group may also sing a song that relates to the story.

The record includes a number of specific lesson plans provided by CEF for conducting Club meetings.³ One such lesson, taught by Darleen Fournier according to the lesson plan, is entitled “Israel Demands a King” from the series “David: A Man after God’s Heart.” The teaching of the lesson is centered around a verse from Ephesians 5:17, “[wjherefore be ye not unwise, but understanding what the will of the Lord is.” According to the materials, the “teaching objective” is that “[tjhe saved child will desire God’s best, allowing God to have first place in his life” and the “main teaching” is to “[gjive God first place in your life.”

The lesson plan distinguishes in the application of the memory verse between those children who are “saved” and those who are “unsaved.” The lesson applies to the saved in that “[i]f you have believed on the Lord Jesus as your Savior, one of the wisest decisions you can make is to give God first place in your life. Do and say those things that will please Him.” As for the unsaved, “[i]f you have never believed on Jesus to save you from sin, you can be sure this is the wisest and most important decision you will ever make. You will be given an opportunity later in class today to believe on Jesus.”⁴

The story in “Israel Demands a King” centers around events recounted in I Samuel 8-10, wherein the elders of Israel requested that Samuel appoint a king over them, contrary to God’s will. Notwithstanding Samuel’s warning of dire consequences, the people insisted that a king be appointed, and Samuel was directed by God to anoint Saul as the new king. Though Saul accepted the role as king, Samuel “felt sad for his people who had rejected God as their King. He knew this was not the best way. It could only lead to sorrow and trouble for them.”

“Israel Demands a King” includes the following “Challenge and Invitation” segment:

CHALLENGE

If you have believed on the Lord Jesus, trusting Him to save you, will you remember this week that God’s best for you is to give Him first place in your life? When you are tempted to allow other things to take over that special place, will you stop and think about all God has done for you? Remember what our memory verse says. (Say Ephesians 5:17 together.) Don’t be foolish like the people of Israel, but understand that God’s will for you is that you be a person after His own heart, giving Him first place in your life. If you have been allowing other things to have first place, confess that sin to God. Ask Him to help you keep Him first.

I have a slip of paper with a number one printed on it that says, “Keep God first this week!” You could put this paper on your mirror, by your bed or on your locker door at school. Let it be a reminder to you all week long to give God first place in your life.

INVITATION

God cannot be first in your life until you believe on Him as your Savior from sin. If you are willing to admit to God that you have sinned, and you believe that the Lord Jesus suffered and died to take the punishment for your sin and came alive again, you can be saved today. The Bible says, “Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved” (Acts 16:31). Will you believe on Him, trusting Him to save you? You can talk to the Lord right now. Say something like this: “Dear Lord Jesus, I do believe You died for me. I’m sorry for the wrong things I’ve done. Please take away my sin and help me obey You. Thank You for saving me today.” (Ask those who prayed this prayer to meet you in a designated place after class so you can answer any questions they may have. Remind the children that if they did not pray now, they can talk to the Lord even after they leave.)

After the story, if time permits, the group leader shares a “missionary story” with the children, which is described by Reverend Fournier as a “fictitious stor[y] that deal[s] with some part of the world where missionary activity is going on.”⁵ After the missionary segment, the group leader may play another game with the children and may award prizes based on recitation of the memory verse and on their performance in the games. If time allows, the group may sing another song. At various times throughout the meeting, the group may pray for “CEF missionaries” and to “receive Jesus as [a child’s] personal Savior.” The meetings adjourn after approximately one hour. In the course of the meeting, children are invited to meet with Darleen Fournier privately after the meeting for individual discussion and prayer.

During the 1995-96 school year and into the fall of 1996, the Good News Club held its meetings at the Milford Center Community Church. During that time, the school provided bus transportation for some of the children and parents provided transportation for other children. In September of 1996, however, the school ceased providing bus service from the school to the church, which meant that some children were unable to attend Club meetings.

Consequently, in September of 1996, Darleen Fournier, on behalf of the Good News Club, submitted a standard District Use of Facilities Request Form (the “Form”) to Dr. Robert C. McGruder, Interim Superintendent of Schools in the Milford School District. The Form stated that the proposed use of the school’s facilities was to have “a fun time of singing songs, hearing [a] Bible lesson and memorizing scripture.” A few days after the request, Superintendent McGruder received a second request on behalf of the Good News Club from Reverend Fournier. On October 3, 1996, McGruder denied the requests in a letter, articulating that he understood. the Good News Club’s proposed use of the facilities to be “the equivalent of religious worship ... rather than the expression of religious views or values on a secular subject matter.”

On January 7, 1997, counsel for the Good News Club wrote to McGruder, asserting that McGruder’s denial of access was in violation of the Club’s “right to free speech, its right to equal protection of the law, and its rights under the Restoration of Religious Freedom Act,” and noting that the school had previously allowed “other groups such as the Girl Scouts to use school facilities.” The Club’s attorney promised to bring suit if the school did not reverse its position and allow the Good News Club to use school facilities. Three days later, Milford’s counsel requested materials to further clarify the nature of the instruction and activities that would take place at a Club meeting. The Club’s counsel responded in a letter dated January 17, 1997, which contained the following description:

The Club opens its session with Ms. Fournier taking attendance. As she calls a child’s name, if the child recites a Bible verse the child receives a treat. After attendance, the Club sings songs. Next[,] Club members engage in games that involve, inter alia, learning Bible verses. Ms. Fournier then relates a Bible story and explains how it applies to Club members’ lives. The Club closes with prayer. Finally, Ms. Fournier distributes treats and the Bible verses for memorization.

The following week, the Good News Club’s counsel forwarded a set of materials used or distributed by the Club. Among the materials submitted were a Good News Club invitation printed on an index card, a parental permission slip, a sample puzzle, and a copy of the “Daily Bread.” This issue of the Daily Bread contained stories that refer to the second coming of Christ, accepting the Lord Jesus as the Savior, and believing in the Resurrection and in the descent of the Lord Jesus from Heaven.

After a review of the materials, Superintendent McGruder and counsel determined that “the kinds of activities proposed to be engaged in by the Good News Club [a]re not a discussion of secular subjects such as child rearing, development of character and development of morals from a religious perspective, but were in fact the equivalent of religious instruction itself.” On February 26, 1997, the Milford Board of Education adopted a resolution denying the Good News Club’s request to use its facilities during the pendency of Bronx Household of Faith v. Community School District No. 10, 127 F.3d 207 (2d Cir.1997). The substance of this resolution was transmitted to the Good News Club by letters dated February 28, 1997 and March 3, 1997. The Good News Club filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York on March 7, 1997, alleging claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for deprivation of its rights to free speech under the First and Fourteenth Amendments, its right to equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment, and its right to religious freedom secured by the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 (“RFRA”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb et seq. The Good News Club sought injunc-tive relief, damages and attorneys’ fees.

On April 14, 1997, the district court preliminarily enjoined the school from enforcing its ban on the Club’s use of school facilities. The court reasoned that there were sufficiently serious questions regarding the parties’ understanding of the content of the Club’s meetings to justify the injunction. On August 3, 1998, the parties cross-moved for summary judgment and, on September 25, 1998, stipulated to the facts of the case. In a Memorandum-Decision and Order dated October 23, 1998, the district court addressed the parties’ cross-motions. The court began its analysis by noting that the First Amendment does not guarantee unbridled access to public property but that access to such property depends on the character of the property at issue and the nature of the proposed use. Given the dictates of New York Education Law § 414 and our previous decisions on the subject, the court concluded that the Milford school was a limited public forum. The court next considered whether the restrictions in the limited public forum passed constitutional muster, i.e., whether they were reasonable and viewpoint neutral.

After an extensive review of the purposes of and activities associated with the Good News Club, the court concluded that the Club’s activities constituted religious instruction and prayer. The court determined that the school had not previously allowed a group to use its facilities for religious instruction or prayer and that the Club’s attempted comparisons to the Boy Scouts, the Girl Scouts, and the 4-H Club were unpersuasive. In this regard, the court noted that, although the Boy Scouts “teach reverence and a duty to God,” this was “only a part of its overall purpose!,] which is ... personal growth and development of leadership skills.” Because the court found that the Club is a religious youth organization that proposed religious instruction and prayer and not an organization seeking to teach morals from a religious perspective, it dismissed the Club’s free speech claim. The court thereafter dismissed the Club’s equal protection claim under the authority of Bronx Household of Faith, 127 F.3d at 217 and entered judgment on October 23, 1998.⁶ This appeal followed.

DISCUSSION

We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. See Johnson v. Wing, 178 F.3d 611, 614 (2d Cir.1999).

On appeal, the Good News Club presses as its sole contention that the First Amendment dictates that the Club cannot constitutionally be excluded from use of the Milford Central School facilities.⁷ It argues that it seeks to use the facilities to teach morals and values, just as other organizations have done in school facilities. Thus, it asserts, to exclude the Club because it teaches morals and values from a Christian perspective constitutes unconstitutional viewpoint discrimination.

The nature of permissible limitations on speech is based on “the nature of the forum in which the speech is delivered.” Bronx Household of Faith, 127 F.3d at 211. There are three general types of forums in this regard: (1) traditional public forums, (2) designated or limited public forums, and (3) non-public forums. See Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund, Inc., 473 U.S. 788, 802, 105 S.Ct. 3439, 87 L.Ed.2d 567 (1985). Limited public forums are those that the government has designated as a “place ... of communication for use by the public at large for assembly and speech, for use by certain speakers, or for the discussion of certain subjects.” Bronx Household of Faith, 127 F.3d at 211 (quotation omitted). We have previously held on a number of occasions that N.Y. Education Law § 414 and policies promulgated thereunder create limited public forums. See, e.g., Full Gospel Tabernacle v. Community Sch. Dist. 27, 164 F.3d 829, 829 (2d Cir.1999) (per curiam), aff'g 979 F.Supp. 214, 220 (S.D.N.Y.1997); Bronx Household of Faith, 127 F.3d at 215; Deeper Life Christian Fellowship, Inc. v. Board of Educ., (“Deeper Life I ”) 852 F.2d 676, 680 (2d Cir.1988). Milford’s Community Use Policy specifies who may use school facilities, when, and for what purposes. The parties agree, as they did in the court below, that the Milford school has created a limited public forum. In light of our precedent, the district court’s conclusion, and the parties’ agreement, we think it clear that the Community Use Policy has created a limited public forum in the Milford school facilities.

Restrictions on speech in a limited public forum will withstand First Amendment challenge if they are reasonable and viewpoint neutral.⁸ See Rosenberger v. Rector & Visitors of Univ. of Virginia, 515 U.S. 819, 829-30, 115 S.Ct. 2510, 132 L.Ed.2d 700 (1995); Bronx Household of Faith, 127 F.3d at 214. On appeal, the Good News Club challenges the application of both of these criteria. Taking first the reasonableness criterion, the Club argues that the restriction is unreasonable because Milford’s articulated purpose for the restriction — “ensuring that students in its charge are not left with the impression that [it] endorses religious instruction in its school, or that it advances the beliefs of a particular religion or group thereof’ — is unpersuasive. It argues that there is little risk that children would confuse the Club’s use of school facilities with the school’s endorsement of the religious teachings.

This argument is foreclosed by precedent. In Bronx Household of Faith, we stated that “it is a proper state function to decide the extent to which church and school should be separated in the context of the use of school premises.” 127 F.3d at 214. Furthermore, “it is reasonable for state legislators and school authorities to avoid the identification of a ... school with a particular church.” Id. Although we made this pronouncement in the context of an organization requesting to conduct church services in a school, we believe it is equally applicable to the case now before us. The Club argues that it is not a “particular church,” but rather a nondenominational Christian organization. This difference, however, is immaterial. The activities of the Club clearly and intentionally communicate Christian beliefs by teaching and by prayer, and we think it eminently reasonable that the Milford school would not want to communicate to students of other faiths that they were, less welcome than students who adhere to the Club’s teachings. This is especially so in view of the fact that those who attend the school are young and impressionable.

The crux of the Good News Club’s argument is that the Milford school’s application of the Community Use Policy to exclude the Club from its facilities is not viewpoint neutral. In this regard, the Club posits that it is teaching moral values, just as the Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, and the 4-H Club do. The Club contends that, unlike those organizations, it has been excluded because it seeks to teach these moral values from a Christian viewpoint. Though such teachings may involve secular values such as obedience or resisting jealousy, the Christian viewpoint, as espoused by Reverend Fournier, contains an additional layer:

[T]hese morals or these values are senseless without Christ, that’s to the children who know Christ as Savior, we would say, you know you cannot be jealous because you know you have the strength of God. To the children who do

not know Christ, we would say, you need Christ as your Lord and Savior so that you might overcome these, you know, feelings of jealousy.⁹

We conclude, as did the district court, that the Good News Club is doing something other than simply teaching moral values. As we stated in Bronx Household of Faith, it “is not difficult for school authorities to make” the distinction between the discussion of secular subjects from a religious viewpoint and the discussion of religious material through religious instruction and prayer. 127 F.3d at 215. Although other cases may present difficult questions of line-drawing, we believe that the school authorities, after thorough inquiry and deliberation, correctly determined that the activities of the Club fall clearly on the side of religious instruction and prayer.

The activities of the Good News Club do not involve merely a religious perspective on the secular subject of morality. The Club meetings offer children the opportunity to pray with adults, to recite biblical verse, and to declare themselves “saved.” The Club argues that these practices are necessary because its viewpoint is that a relationship with God is necessary to make moral values meaningful. Even accepting that this precept is a viewpoint on morality and not a religious principle, it is clear from the conduct of the meetings that the Good News Club goes far beyond merely stating its viewpoint. The Club is focused on teaching children how to cultivate their relationship with God through Jesus Christ. Under even the most restrictive and archaic definitions of religion, such subject matter is quintessentially religious. See Davis v. Season, 133 U.S. 333, 342, 10 S.Ct. 299, 33 L.Ed. 637 (1890) (“The term ‘religion’ has reference to one’s views of his relations to his Creator, and to the obligations they impose of reverence for his being and character, and of obedience to his will.”)

Particularly illuminating in this regard is a comparison to the plaintiffs’ activities in Full Gospel Tabernacle, 164 F.3d at 829, aff'g 979 F.Supp. 214. Plaintiffs in Full Gospel Tabernacle were denied access to a school auditorium in which they wished to conduct “religious worship” services. See 979 F.Supp. at 217. The district court described the services in that case as follows:

“We would come in and have what’s called a group prayer, congregational prayer. Then we would go into praise and worship, sing different praise and worship songs accompanied by music. From there, [the Reverend] would get up and deliver the message, the service for that evening.” Following [the Reverend’s] sermon, the Reverends ... engage in an “altar call,” where they would “invite someone to receive the Lord as their Savior.” The service would then conclude with a closing prayer.

Id. (internal citations to record omitted). It is difficult to see how the Club’s activities differ materially from the “religious worship” described in Full Gospel Tabernacle: each has prayers and devotional songs; each has a central sermon or story with a message; each has a portion in which attendees are called upon to be “saved.” Applying a different label to the same activities does not change their nature or import.

In a limited public forum, “constitutional protection is afforded only to expressive activity of a genre similar to those that government has admitted to the limited forum.” Travis v. Owego-Apalachin Sch. Dist., 927 F.2d 688, 692 (2d Cir.1991). Stated differently, for those who seek to speak on a topic or in a manner not contemplated by the public entity in opening the limited public forum “there is no fundamental right of freedom of speech.” Bronx Household of Faith, 127 F.3d at 217. The Club attempts to liken its activities to “moral instruction” provided by groups such as the Boy Scouts, the Girl Scouts, and the 4-H Club. Thus, it argues, because the Milford school has permitted these organizations to use its facilities, the school may not exclude the Good News Club. We do not find this argument persuasive. While the Boy Scouts teach reverence and a duty to God generally,¹⁰ this teaching is incidental to the main purpose of the organization, which is personal growth and development of leadership skills. Moreover, there is nothing in the record to indicate that the Boy Scouts require any particular means of demonstrating reverence and duty to God. Similarly, the Girl Scouts vow to “try ... [t]o serve God and [their] country.” Even further afield is the attempted comparison to the 4-H Club, which seeks “to enable youth to develop knowledge, skills, abilities, attitudes, and behaviors to be competent, caring adults.” Each of these organizations focuses on the development of youth in various ways; however, the record includes nothing to indicate that any of these clubs’ activities remotely approach the type of religious instruction and prayer provided by the Club. Accordingly, the Milford school’s decision to exclude the Good News Club from its facilities was based on content, not viewpoint. See, e.g., Rosenberger, 515 U.S. at 829-30, 115 S.Ct. 2510; Bronx Household of Faith, 127 F.3d at 214-15 (distinguishing between permissible content-based distinctions and impermissible viewpoint-based distinctions in a limited public forum).

The Good News Club leans heavily on the Eighth Circuit’s holding in Good News/Good Sports Club v. School Dist., 28 F.3d 1501 (8th Cir.1994). In Good News/Good Sports, the Eighth Circuit, over a dissent by Senior Circuit Judge Bright, ruled that the school district’s exclusion of a Good News Club/Good Sports Club from its facilities constituted impermissible viewpoint discrimination. See id. at 1507. The policy at issue in Good News/Good Sports allowed use of school facilities outside of school hours only for “athletic activities” and Scout group meetings. See id. at 1503. The Eighth Circuit found that the policy’s inclusion of the Scouts opened the forum to the subject of “moral and character development,” the very same purpose for which the Good News/Good Sports Club sought access. Id. at 1506. Because it found that the only relevant difference between the Scouts and the Good News/ Good Sports Club was viewpoint, the Eighth Circuit ruled that the Good News/ Good Sports Club could not constitutionally be excluded from school facilities. See id. at 1507.

The Eighth Circuit apparently took for granted that the Good News/Good Sports Club’s activities amounted only to speaking on moral and character development. The opinion contains only a brief recitation of the types of activities that take place at a club meeting, but no examination of their import. See id. at 1502 (“The Club is a community-based, non-affiliated group that seeks to foster the moral development of junior high school students from the perspective of Christian religious values.... Club activities include skits, singing (including Christian songs), role playing, Bible reading, prayer, and speeches by community role models.”)

Based on the record before us and this Circuit’s precedent, we are constrained to find that the Club’s activities fall outside the bounds of pure “moral and character development.”

CONCLUSION

We have examined the Club’s other contentions and find them to be without merit. For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.

1 . For convenience, except where necessary for clarity, plaintiffs are collectively designated as "the Club” throughout this opinion.

2 . Reverend Fournier is the husband of plaintiff-appellant Darleen Fournier, the father of plaintiff-appellant Andrea Fournier, and the pastor of Milford Center Community Bible Church. He is not a party to this action but describes himself as a "teacher” for the Club.

3 .The materials from CEF contain, in their introduction, a list entitled "How to Lead a Child to Christ,” which includes the following directives:

1. Show him his NEED of salvation; that all persons are not going to Heaven; that no one in himself is good enough to go and the result of sin is forever separation from God (Romans 3:23; Revelation 21:27; John 8:21, 24).

2. Show him the WAY of salvation. Salvation is a free gift because the Lord Jesus took our place on the cross, was buried and rose again from the dead (John 3:16; Ephesians 2:8; 1 Corinthians 15:3-4).

3. Lead him to RECEIVE the gift of salvation,- even Jesus Christ, by trusting Him as his personal Savior (John 1:12; Revelation 3:20).

4. From the Word of God, help him find ASSURANCE of his salvation (John 3:36; Revelation 3:20; Hebrews 13:5).

5. .Lead him to CONFESS Christ (Matthew 10:32). This confession should he made to you, other workers, later to his friends and as circumstances permit, in a public church service.

4 .The emphasis for "unsaved” children is the same in each lesson plan: to accept Jesus Christ as their savior.

5 . The missionary stories “have to do with spreading the gospel.’’ Reverend Fournier described one such story as follows:

The missionary story for this quarter was of two young Haitian boys, one boy ... goes to a Bible study and he invites the other boy to that Bible study, and that boy ends up going and the conflict that it causes with his father ... in the end the father ends up going as well.

6 . The court dismissed the Club's RFRA claim as moot in light of City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507, 536, 117 S.Ct. 2157, 138 L.Ed.2d 624 (1997).

7 . The Club has abandoned its equal protection and RFRA claims on appeal.

8 . Milford argues that our inquiry should end with the observations that (1) the denial of permission to use school facilities was pursuant to the Community ‘Use Policy and N.Y. Education Law § 414, and (2) § 414 has always been upheld as constitutional. In this regard, Milford presumes what it needs to prove: by their terms, § 414 and the Community Use Policy do not allow use of school facilities for religious purposes. See, e.g., Deeper Life Christian Fellowship, Inc. v. Sobol, (“Deeper Life II") 948 F.2d 79, 84 (2d Cir.1991). If the Club’s use is not a “religious use” but merely the teaching of morals from a religious viewpoint, however, Milford's exclusion of the Club would not comply with § 414 and its Community Use Policy and would be unconstitutional viewpoint discrimination.

9 . Reverend Fournier also stated in deposition testimony that the values require a relalionship with Christ for them to be meaningful to God.

10 . The Scout Law requires that "[a] Scout is reverent toward God. He is faithful in his religious duties. He respects the beliefs of others.”