Laura Toms and Ira Chaiffetz v. Bob Taft Reginald J. Wilkinson Anthony J. Brigano Lawrence Belskis Mark Clark , 338 F.3d 519 ( 2003 )

GIBBONS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which POLSTER, D. J., joined. GILMAN, J. (pp. 530-534), delivered a separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part.

OPINION

GIBBONS, Circuit Judge.

Plaintiffs-appellants Laura Toms and Ira Chaiffetz, a prisoner, sought to marry, but were unable to obtain a marriage license because Chaiffetz’s incarceration made it impossible for him to comply with an Ohio statute requiring both applicants for a marriage license to appear personally before the probate court. Toms and Chaiffetz sued various state officials under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging a violation of their constitutional right to marry and seeking injunctive relief, monetary damages, and attorney’s fees. With the district court’s supervision, the parties reached a settlement with respect to the claims for injunctive relief, and Toms and Chaiffetz married. After the settlement was obtained, the district court entered an order stating that plaintiffs’ request for an injunction was moot. The district court also granted summary judgment in favor of defendants on the ground- that they were protected by qualified immunity and refused to award attorney’s fees because plaintiffs were not prevailing parties within the meaning of 42 U.S.C. § 1988. Plaintiffs appeal on four grounds, arguing that the district court erred by (1) granting summary judgment before discovery had commenced; (2) finding that the defendants were entitled to qualified immunity; (3) refusing to award monetary damages without considering evidence on the issue; and (4) refusing to award attorney’s fees. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the judgment of the district court on all four issues.

I.

Ira Chaiffetz and Laura Toms (now Laura Chaiffetz) became engaged while Chaiffetz was incarcerated at the Warren Correctional Institution (WCI) in Warren County, Ohio. Like most states, Ohio requires prospective spouses to obtain marriage licenses. In order to do so, “[e]ach of the persons seeking a marriage license shall personally appear in the probate court within the county where either resides” to apply for a license. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 3101.05(A). The statute provides for a waiver of the personal appearance requirement in cases involving “illness or other physical disability,” but there is no provision for a waiver due to incarceration.

Plaintiffs asked the probate courts of both Warren County and Franklin County, where Toms resides and where Chaiffetz resided before his incarceration, to waive the personal appearance requirement, but both courts declined.¹ Judge Lawrence Belskis of the Franklin County Probate Court, however, indicated that he was willing to assist plaintiffs by appointing either an employee of WCI designated by the warden, or an employee of the Warren County Probate Court, to serve as a deputy clerk of the Franklin County Probate Court for the purpose of issuing the marriage license. Belskis later memorialized these possibilities in an order issued December 30,1999.

Toms wrote to Anthony Brigano, warden of WCI, on July 12, 1999, asking him to provide assistance in appointing someone to act as a deputy clerk and suggesting that Chaiffetz’s attorney could serve in that capacity if Brigano preferred not to designate a WCI employee. Brigano declined this request in a letter, stating, “I do not see myself or the institution being involved in this process,” other than allowing a brief marriage ceremony during normal visiting hours if the couple obtained a marriage license.

Toms and Chaiffetz obtained counsel, who wrote to Brigano on September 20, 1999, again requesting that he designate an employee of WCI to serve as a deputy clerk to issue the marriage license. Briga-no denied this request, citing a policy of the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (ODRC) that specifies that “all preparatory obligations, such as securing a marriage license, are the sole responsibility of the couple to wed.” Plaintiffs received a similar response from Reginald Wilkinson, the director of the ODRC, who wrote, “It is not the responsibility of ODRC to obtain marriage licenses for the inmates in its custody.... The issuance of a marriage license is a function assigned by statute to the probate courts in Ohio.” Wilkinson also quoted and attached the policy stating that securing a marriage license is the couple’s responsibility.

Plaintiffs also sought to avail themselves of Judge Belskis’ second option, a deputy clerk from the Warren County Probate Court who would travel to the correctional institution. They wrote to Judge Mark Clark of that court.² Clark declined to designate a clerk for that purpose, stating that “due to the numerous requests this Court receives and the hardship it places on our clerks, it is our policy that we do not send employees to the correctional facilities located in our County.” Finally, plaintiffs sought assistance from Ohio Governor Bob Taft, in a letter dated October 29, 1999. Governor Taft forwarded the request to the ODRC, and administrative assistant Stacha Doty responded that ‘Warden Brigano is correct in not deputizing an employee to serve the marriage license on the inmate. That is not a part of the mission [of the ODRC].” Doty also wrote that:

No one is denying you the right to get married. You are responsible to obtain a marriage license. I am aware that Franklin County will not issue a marriage license without both parties present. It is the policy of the [ODRC] not to transport inmates for the purpose of gaining a marriage license.

On February 18, 2000, Toms and Chaif-fetz filed suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Taft, Brigano, Wilkinson, Belskis, and Clark, claiming violations of their right to marry and right to access to the courts and seeking injunctive and monetary relief.

The district court scheduled a settlement conference for March 31, 2000. At the conference, defendants agreed that the Franklin County Probate Court would deputize an employee of the “central office” of the ODRC (specifically, an Assistant Attorney General) as a clerk to issue the marriage license to Chaiffetz at WCI.

The district court then recited this arrangement into the record to make sure the parties had reached “a meeting of the minds.” Plaintiffs accepted the outcome and asked that their request for injunctive relief be withdrawn as moot. The same day, March 31, 2000, the district court responded to this request by entering an order stating that “[t]he parties to this matter have resolved their differences. The pending Motion for Preliminary and Permanent Injunction is therefore moot.” Approximately two weeks later, plaintiffs were married.

The issues of damages and attorney’s fees were not resolved at the conference. After the conference, all defendants moved for summary judgment. Plaintiffs opposed summary judgment and sought discovery. In an order dated January 4, 2001, the district court denied plaintiffs’ motion for discovery because the defendants’ arguments “were based on matters of law, namely whether the individual defendants are entitled to immunity.” In the same order, the court granted the defendants’ motions for summary judgment, finding that they were entitled to qualified immunity because, even if the plaintiffs’ rights to marry and to access to the courts were violated, neither right was “so clearly established that a reasonable official would understand that his actions violate[d] that right.”

The district court’s January 4, 2001, order did not address the issue of attorney’s fees. The parties therefore briefed the issue. The district court denied plaintiffs’ request for attorney’s fees, finding that plaintiffs were not prevailing parties under 42 U.S.C. § 1988 (as explained by the Supreme Court in Buckhannon Board and Care Home, Inc. v. West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, 532 U.S. 598, 121 S.Ct. 1835, 149 L.Ed.2d 855 (2001)). Plaintiffs timely appealed, contending that the district court erred by (1) granting summary judgment before discovery had begun, (2) finding that defendants were protected by qualified immunity, (3) denying monetary damages without considering evidence on the issue, and (4) denying plaintiffs’ request for attorney’s fees.

II.

A. Grant of summaiy judgment before discovery

First, the Chaiffetzes contend that the district court erred by granting summary judgment before they had conducted discovery. We review for abuse of discretion. See Emmons v. McLaughlin, 874 F.2d 351, 356 (6th Cir.1989).

In this case, the district court did not abuse its discretion by granting summary judgment before discovery had commenced. The basis for the district court’s decision was its finding that defendants were protected by qualified immunity, a purely legal question. Bell v. Johnson, 308 F.3d 594, 601 (6th Cir.2002) (“qualified immunity is a question of law”). To resolve that issue, the only question was whether plaintiffs’ rights were “clearly established,” thus putting defendants on notice that they may have been violating those rights. Although the Chaiffetzes cite various areas they would have investigated through discovery, such as the state’s treatment of other prisoners who wished to marry, this information does not bear on the dispositive question of whether the prisoner’s right to marry was “clearly established.” Moreover, it is proper to decide the qualified immunity issue at the threshold of each case, before burdening potentially immune defendants with discovery. Where the defendant seeks qualified immunity and the defense is disposi-tive, a ruling on that issue should be made early in the proceedings so that the costs and expenses of trial are avoided. Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 200, 121 S.Ct. 2151, 150 L.Ed.2d 272 (2001); Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224, 227, 112 S.Ct. 534, 116 L.Ed.2d 589 (1991) (per curiam) (“[W]e repeatedly have stressed the importance of resolving immunity questions at the earliest possible stage in litigation.”); Criss v. City of Kent, 867 F.2d 259, 261 (6th Cir. 1988) (“[D]iscovery in litigation against government officials should be halted until the threshold question of immunity is resolved.”). Thus, the district court did not abuse its discretion in granting summary judgment on the basis of qualified immunity before allowing discovery.

B. Qualified immunity

The Chaiffetzes’ second argument is that the district court erred in finding that the defendants were protected by qualified immunity. Because this is a question of law, it is reviewed de novo. Bell, 308 F.3d at 601. Moreover, this court examines de novo all appeals arguing that summary judgment was improperly granted. Summar v. Bennett, 157 F.3d 1054, 1057 (6th Cir.1998).

Generally, government officials performing discretionary functions are shielded from liability for civil damages unless their conduct violates clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known. Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). In order for a right to be “clearly established,” it must be established in a particularized, relevant sense: the “contours of the right must be sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right.” Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640, 107 S.Ct. 3034, 97 L.Ed.2d 523 (1987). “[I]n the light of pre-existing law the unlawfulness must be apparent.” Id. Government officials are shielded from civil damages liability “as long as their actions could reasonably have been thought consistent with the rights they are alleged to have violated.” Id. at 638, 107 S.Ct. 3034. Thus, officials are “entitled to qualified immunity [when] their decision was reasonable, even if mistaken.” Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224, 229, 112 S.Ct. 534, 116 L.Ed.2d 589 (1991). Qualified immunity “provides ample protection to all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.” Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341, 106 S.Ct. 1092, 89 L.Ed.2d 271 (1986).

This court evaluates qualified immunity claims using a three-part inquiry. First, we determine whether the facts viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs show that a constitutional violation has occurred. Feathers v. Aey, 319 F.3d 843, 848 (6th Cir.2003). Second, we determine whether the right that was violated was a clearly established right of which a reasonable person would have known. Id. Finally, we determine whether the plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts, and supported the allegations by sufficient evidence, to indicate that what the official allegedly did was objectively unreasonable in light of the clearly established constitutional rights. Id.; Williams v. Mehra, 186 F.3d 685, 691 (6th Cir.1999).

It is undisputed that the right to marry is protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Zablocki v. Redhail, 434 U.S. 374, 383, 98 S.Ct. 673, 54 L.Ed.2d 618 (1978). “The freedom to marry has long been recognized as one of the vital personal rights essential to the orderly pursuit of happiness by free men.” Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1, 12, 87 S.Ct. 1817, 18 L.Ed.2d 1010 (1967) (quoting Skinner v. Oklahoma ex rel. Williamson, 316 U.S. 535, 541, 62 S.Ct. 1110, 86 L.Ed. 1655 (1942)). It is also undisputed that the right to marry extends to prisoners. Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 95, 107 S.Ct. 2254, 96 L.Ed.2d 64 (1987). However, the right is not unfettered. Turner holds that a prisoner’s right to marry may be restricted where the restriction is reasonably related to a legitimate penological interest. Id. at 96-97, 107 S.Ct. 2254. Applying that test, the Turner Court held unconstitutional a Missouri regulation that prohibited prisoners from marrying unless the superintendent found compelling reasons for allowing the marriage. Id. at 97-98, 107 S.Ct. 2254. The Court noted that “legitimate security concerns” may require placing restrictions on an inmate’s right to marry, id. at 97, 107 S.Ct. 2254, and that the right “is subject to substantial restrictions as a result of incarceration,” id. at 95, 107 S.Ct. 2254. Therefore, Turner recognizes a prisoner’s right to marry, but also recognizes that the right can be curtailed for penological reasons. In short, “when a prison regulation impinges on inmates’ constitutional rights, the regulation is valid if it is reasonably related to legitimate penological interests.” Id. at 89, 107 S.Ct. 2254.

We hold that refusal to aid a prisoner in exercising his right to marry, where such refusal completely frustrates the right, can amount to a “prison regulation” under Turner. Therefore, such refusals must be reasonably related to legitimate penological interests. In this case, summary judgment was granted before state defendants were required to articulate a legitimate penological interest to justify their policy regarding inmate marriage licenses.³ Thus, we cannot determine whether the ODRC policy violated plaintiffs’ rights. Rather, we note that the ODRC policy, although it does not affirmatively prohibit the exercise of the right to marry, is a regulation that must be justified under Turner’s test.

The second part of the qualified immunity inquiry asks whether the constitutional right was clearly established such that reasonable officials would know that their conduct violated the right. Plaintiffs have the burden of showing that a right is clearly established. Pray v. City of Sandusky, 49 F.3d 1154, 1158 (6th Cir.1995). The right must be clearly established in a particularized sense, as discussed above. However, as the Supreme Court has explained, “officials can still be on notice that their conduct violates established law even in novel factual circumstances.” Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 741, 122 S.Ct. 2508, 153 L.Ed.2d 666 (2002). “Although earlier cases involving ‘fundamentally similar’ facts can provide especially strong support for a conclusion that the law is clearly established, they are not necessary to such a finding.” Id. In determining whether a right is clearly established, “we look first to the decisions of the Supreme Court, then to the decisions of this court and other courts within our circuit, and finally to decisions of other circuits.” Bell v. Johnson, 308 F.3d 594, 602 (6th Cir.2002). The district court, analyzing relevant law, determined that a prisoner’s “right to marry in this context was not so clearly defined that a reasonable person would have known that it was being violated by the defendant^’] actions.”

The Chaiffetzes argue that, in light of Turner, a prisoner’s right to marry was sufficiently well-established that defendants should have known they were required to take affirmative steps to assist the plaintiffs in obtaining a marriage license. They also cite Carter v. Dutton, 16 F.3d 1218, No. 93-5703, 1994 U.S.App. LEXIS 1268 (6th Cir. Jan. 21, 1994) (unpublished). In Carter, the Sixth Circuit held that a Tennessee regulation imposing a one-year waiting period on inmates who wished to marry was unconstitutional, but also found that the defendants were entitled to qualified immunity because Turner had not clearly defined the boundaries óf the right to marry such that they knowingly violated it. In Carter, this court stated that “[t]he underlying, issue is to what extent an inmate’s marriage may be controlled by the state; and upon that issue there is no binding precedent.” Id. 16 F.3d 1218, 1994 U.S.App. LEXIS 1268 at *2. Therefore, Turner had not “clearly established” the law such that state officials would know a one-year waiting period violated an inmate’s right to marry. The Chaiffetzes cite no authority other than Turner and Carter to demonstrate that a prisoner’s right to assistance in obtaining a marriage license was clearly established. Although both cases recognize that the constitutional right to marry extends to prisoners, neither defines the contours of the right. Specifically, neither ease discusses whether prison officials and judges must affirmatively aid prisoners in their efforts to marry.

The lack of prior authority imposing a duty upon officials to act affirmatively to aid an inmate in exercising his right to marry indicates that qualified immunity is appropriate here. In Gibson v. Matthews, 926 F.2d 532 (6th Cir. 1991), an inmate brought suit alleging that prison officials violated her constitutional rights by not enabling her to have an abortion. The Sixth Circuit stated that “[t]he actions that Gibson thinks the prison officials should have performed fall, in our opinion, closer to a failure to act than a prohibition [of her exercise of the right].” Gibson, 926 F.2d at 536. While there may have been a right to abortion, there was no clearly established right of a prisoner “to require the aid of prison officials in procuring an abortion.” Id. Similarly, in this case, although Chaiffetz had the constitutional right to marry, there was no clearly established right to enlist the affirmative assistance of prison and judicial officials in attempting to exercise that right. When a prisoner is incarcerated, a “large number of rights are significantly curtailed because of the fact that the prisoner is not at physical liberty to make arrangements that would be possible were the prisoner able to travel in the community.” Id.

Because the case law fails to show that an inmate’s right to marry was so clearly established that an official reasonably would believe that declining to assist an inmate in obtaining a marriage license is unconstitutional, the Chaiffetzes have failed to meet their burden. We affirm the finding of qualified immunity.⁴ However, in order to provide more guidance to officials in the future, we note that Turner’s test extends to situations in which an inmate’s right to marry will be completely frustrated without prison officials’ affirmative assistance. Although it was not previously clearly established, we now hold that the distinction between actively prohibiting an inmate’s exercise of his right to marry and failing to assist is untenable in a case in which the inmate’s right will be completely frustrated without officials’ involvement. Therefore, where an inmate will be unable to marry without prison officials’ affirmative assistance, Turner’s strictures apply. The inmate’s right to marry may be curtailed only where the officials’ refusal to assist the inmate is reasonably related to legitimate penological interests.

The dissent asserts that the action/inaction dichotomy is “a distinction without a difference in this context.” (Diss. Op. at 532) We agree that the action/inaction distinction should not ultimately reheve officials from liability where they knowingly violated the prisoner’s constitutional right through inaction rather than through affirmatively prohibiting the exercise of the right. We have set forth this principle in order to establish it more clearly for government officials in the future. We do not, however, believe that this principle was sufficiently clearly established in a particularized, relevant sense during the time period in which Brigano acted (or failed to act). See Anderson, 483 U.S. at 640, 107 S.Ct. 3034. In Gibson, this court held that the law had not clearly established that prison officials were required to facilitate prisoners in their requests for abortions, although prior cases had held that prisoners had the right not to be prevented from having an abortion. Gibson, 926 F.2d at 535. Thus, if Brigano considered Gibson, he could reasonably have believed that Chaiffetz had no constitutional right to require officials’ affirmative assistance in marrying simply because one case, Turner, had held unconstitutional a policy prohibiting marriages.

The dissent argues that one can view Turner as clearly establishing the right at issue, if one characterizes the regulation in Turner as “a failure by prison officials to ‘affirmatively aid’ inmates in marrying.” (Diss. Op. at 532.) The Supreme Court, however, characterized the rule as a “prohibition.” Turner, 482 U.S. at 97, 107 S.Ct. 2254. The dissent’s reading of the Turner regulation as “a failure by the prison’s superintendent to provide a chaplain to perform marriages ... ”, Diss. Op. at 532, does not find support in the Supreme Court’s opinion. It included no discussion of the logistics of prison marriage ceremonies, other than to affirm that prison officials may regulate the time and circumstances under which the ceremonies take place. Turner, 482 U.S. at 99, 107 S.Ct. 2254. The regulation at issue did not amount to a mere “failure to provide ... a chaplain”; rather it banned all inmate weddings absent the superintendent’s express permission, given only for compelling reasons. A reasonable government official would not read Turner to eradicate the action/inaction distinction. Indeed, this court did not consider Turner to have done so, as its opinion in Gibson reveals. Nor would a reasonable warden necessarily believe that ODRC’s policies for handling inmate weddings, under which more than one hundred Ohio inmates were able to marry in 1998 and 1999, were unconstitutional.⁵ The dissent cites no additional cases in support of its argument that the right at issue was clearly established. The reasoning of an applicable precedent, even if its facts are not fundamentally similar, can make obvious a government official’s legal obligations, as the dissent notes and as Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 741, 122 S.Ct. 2508, 153 L.Ed.2d 666 (2002), explains. But Turner did not make clear that Brigano was required to affirmatively assist Chaiffetz in his attempts to obtain a marriage license.

C. Monetary Damages

The Chaiffetzes’ third contention is that the district court “erred in its summary judgment order by denying appellants without a hearing their right to show that they were entitled to money damages.” However, an award of monetary damages is unavailable, given that the defendants are entitled to qualified immunity. The effect of qualified immunity is to protect government defendants from liability, including monetary liability. Harlow, 457 U.S. at 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727 (qualified immunity shields eligible officials from liability for civil damages). Therefore, it was not error for the district court to decline to hold a hearing.

D. Attorney’s fees

Finally, the Chaiffetzes contend that the district court erred in declining to award attorney’s fees pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1988. The statute, 42 U.S.C. § 1988, provides that a court may grant attorney’s fees to “the prevailing party.” The Supreme Court has limited the term “prevailing party” to a party who obtains either “a judgment on the merits” or a “court-ordered consent decree.” Buck-hannon Bd. and Care Home, Inc. v. W. Va. Dept. of Health and Human Resources, 532 U.S. 598, 600, 121 S.Ct. 1835, 149 L.Ed.2d 855 (2001). Because the Chaiffetzes obtained neither a “judgment on the merits” nor a “court-ordered consent decree,” they are not eligible for attorney’s fees.

In Buckhannon, the plaintiff obtained the result it was seeking when the West Virginia legislature, which was not a party to the lawsuit, changed a statute. The Court held that the plaintiff was not a prevailing party in that lawsuit, thus precluding it from obtaining attorney’s fees. The Court stated:

Numerous federal statutes allow courts to award attorney’s fees and costs to the “prevailing party.” The question presented here is whether this term includes a party that has failed to secure a judgment on the merits or a court-ordered consent decree, but has nonetheless achieved the desired result because the lawsuit brought about a voluntary change in the defendant’s conduct. We hold that it does not.

532 U.S. at 600, 121 S.Ct. 1835. In order to “prevail,” and thus to become eligible for attorney’s fees, a party must have obtained a “judicially sanctioned change in the legal relationship of the parties.” Id. at 605, 121 S.Ct. 1835. “A defendant’s voluntary change in conduct, although perhaps accomplishing what the plaintiff sought to achieve by the lawsuit, lacks the necessary judicial imprimatur on the change.” Id. Only “enforceable judgments on the merits and court-ordered consent decrees create the material alteration of the legal relationship of the parties necessary to permit an award of attorney’s fees.” Id. at 604, 121 S.Ct. 1835 (internal quotation marks omitted). Private settlement agreements do not confer prevailing party status. Id. at 604 n. 7, 121 S.Ct. 1835 (“Private settlements do not entail the judicial approval and oversight involved in consent decrees.”).

In this case, plaintiffs obtained defendants’ “voluntary change in conduct,” when the state defendants agreed to allow an employee of the ODRC to be deputized in order to issue the marriage license. However, plaintiffs did not obtain a “judgment on the merits.” The only judgment on their request for injunctive relief declared that the request was mooted by the parties’ voluntary actions. Nor did plaintiffs obtain a “court-ordered consent decree.” Although the settlement conference occurred at the district court, with the district judge’s involvement, the resulting settlement did not bear the necessary “judicial imprimatur.” For example, no judicial oversight was involved in enforcing the settlement, and the district court did not issue any order altering the defendants’ conduct. The district court itself did not consider its action to be a “consent decree” leading to prevailing party status under Buckhannon. The district court stated:

[Tjhere has not been a court ordered consent decree. Although the parties settled the Plaintiffs [sic] claim for in-junctive relief at a Court sponsored settlement conference, the record is clear that the agreement was purely a private one that resulted in no Court ruling or Order on the merits. Moreover ... the fact that the Court’s Opinion and Order on summary judgment indicates a potential violation of the Constitution is of no moment under Buckhannon because the Court has ordered no judicial relief in this case. As no judicial relief was granted in this case, nor was any consent decree issued, the court concludes that the Plaintiffs are not prevailing parties ....

In light of the Chaiffetzes’ failure to obtain a judgment on the merits or a court-ordered consent decree, they are not entitled to attorney’s fees under Buckhannon.

The Chaiffetzes contend that Buckhannon should not apply to this case because it was initiated before Buckhannon was decided.⁶ Buckhannon was decided on May 29, 2001. The district court, having been apprised of Buckhannon by the judicial defendants, issued its order denying attorney’s fees on September 7, 2001.

The Chaiffetzes’ argument fails. There is no authority for the Chaiffetzes’ suggestion that Buckhannon should not apply to their case. The case they cite in support of their position, Chevron Oil v. Huson, 404 U.S. 97, 92 S.Ct. 349, 30 L.Ed.2d 296 (1971), has been overruled to the extent that it permits the selective prospective-only application of a new rule of law. See Reynoldsville Casket Co. v. Hyde, 514 U.S. 749, 752, 115 S.Ct. 1745, 131 L.Ed.2d 820 (1995). Instead, we apply the following principle announced by the Supreme Court:

When this Court applies a rule of federal law to the parties before it, that rule is the controlling interpretation of federal law and must be given full retroactive effect in all cases still open on direct review and as to all events, regardless of whether such events predate or postdate our announcement of the rule.

Harper v. Va. Dept. of Taxation, 509 U.S. 86, 97, 113 S.Ct. 2510, 125 L.Ed.2d 74 (1993). Under this rule, it was proper for the district court to consider Buckhannon in deciding whether to grant attorney’s fees. The Sixth Circuit and other courts have similarly applied the Buckhannon prevailing party rule to cases that were pending when Buckhannon was decided. See Chambers v. Ohio Dept. of Human Serv., 273 F.3d 690, 692-93 (6th Cir.2001); N.Y. State Fed’n of Taxi Drivers, Inc. v. Westchester County Taxi and Limousine Comm’n, 272 F.3d 154, 158-59 (2d Cir. 2001); Johnson v. Rodriguez, 260 F.3d 493, 495 (5th Cir.2001); Bennett v. Yoshina, 259 F.3d 1097, 1100-01 (9th Cir.2001).

Therefore, the district court was correct in applying Buckhannon to this case. Because the Chaiffetzes were not prevailing parties under Buckhannon, the district court was also correct in determining that the Chaiffetzes were not eligible for attorney’s fees.

III.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court in all respects.

1 . Probate courts in other Ohio counties apparently interpret the personal appearance requirement more liberally, and at least 129 inmates in the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction’s custody were married in 1998 and 1999.

2 . Judge Clark was retired at that time, but no other judge had been named to replace him.

3 . The dissent would fault Brigano for failing thus far to articulate a legitimate penological interest justifying the ODRC policy. Judge Gilman states, “Brigano has not asserted before the district court or on appeal that his refusal to allow anyone at WCI to be deputized for matrimonial purposes was related to a legitimate penological interest.” (Diss. Op. at 531.) It is premature at this point, however, to extract any meaning from defendants’ failure to assert a legitimate penological interest. The litigation simply has not proceeded to the stage at which defendants are required to do so.

4 . The dissent would affirm the grant of summary judgment on the basis of qualified immunity to all defendants except Brigano, who in Judge Gilman's view “should have known that his actions violated Ira Chaiffetz's clearly established constitutional rights.” (Diss. Op. ar. 530.) However, the dissent fails to explain why Brigano would be treated differently than Taft or Wilkinson, who both also received correspondence from plaintiffs and who both presumably had the authority to alter the policy at issue.

5 . Although courts engaging in qualified immunity analyses often consider only case law when determining whether the right at issue was clearly established, the Supreme Court in Hope also considered a Department of Justice report and an Alabama Department of Corrections regulation in deciding whether the officials were on notice that their conduct violated the plaintiffs rights. Hope, 536 U.S. at 744-45, 122 S.Ct. 2508. In this case, therefore, while not dispositive, it is appropriate to consider the ODRC’s policy, on which Brigano apparently relied, that “all preparatory obligations, such as securing a marriage license, are the sole responsibility of the couple to wed,” in determining whether he knowingly violated plaintiffs' rights.

6 . The Chaiffetzes instead ask that this court apply pre-Buckhannon law to their request for attorney’s fees. Before Buckhannon, courts applied the so-called "catalyst theory.” Under the "catalyst theory,” a plaintiff who obtained relief through a settlement was a prevailing party if the plaintiff could (1) demonstrate that his or her lawsuit was causally related to securing the relief obtained and (2) establish some minimum basis in law for the relief secured. Johnston v. Jago, 691 F.2d 283, 286 (6th Cir. 1982). Buckhannon struck down the catalyst theory.