Racine Charter One, Inc. D/B/A 21st Century Preparatory School, Christine Hauck, and Sherry James v. Racine Unified School District ( 2005 )

WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge.

Plaintiff Racine Charter One (Charter One), an independent public charter school located in Racine County, Wisconsin, sued defendant Racine Unified School District (RUSD), alleging that the district’s refusal to bus the charter school’s students constitutes a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United Stated Constitution and 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The district court granted summary judgment in RUSD’s favor, finding that Charter One students are not similarly situated to those students who do receive the busing benefit, and that the additional cost of transporting Charter One students constituted a rational basis for RUSD’s decision to deny the school’s request for transportation. Because we find that the plaintiffs students are not similarly situated to those who receive the busing benefit, and that the additional cost of extending the busing benefit to Charter One students provides a rational basis for RUSD’s decision not to transport the plaintiffs students, we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

Wisconsin law provides for two kinds of charter schools: those sponsored by local school districts, Wis. Stat. § 118.40, and those sponsored by other entities explicitly authorized by the state legislature, Wis. Stat. § 118.40(2r) (hereinafter, “(2r) charter schools”). Charter One falls within the latter category, established by the University of Wisconsin-Parkside pursuant to authority granted on a pilot basis by Wisconsin Statute § 118.40(2r)(b)(l)(c). The plaintiff school is located in Racine County, Wisconsin, and falls within the geographical boundaries of the RUSD.

The charter school, which is open and free to all who seek to enroll, is the only (2r) charter school located within the RUSD. The school operates independently from the defendant, as the district does not govern or exert any control whatsoever over the (2r) charter school. Charter One currently teaches grades K-6, and enrolls approximately 305 students. Its school year is longer than the ordinary RUSD public school year, and even includes a mandatory three-week summer session. Its students reside throughout Racine County.

In addition to providing for the establishment of charter schools, Wisconsin law also obliges local school districts to provide transportation to certain students residing within their districts. Wisconsin Statute § 121.54 requires each local school district to transport public, private, and parochial school students who (1) reside within the district; (2) .attend a school within the geographical boundaries of that district; (3) attend a school within their designated attendance area; and (4)(a) reside two miles or more from that school or (b) would otherwise encounter unusual hazards in walking to and from that school. Wis. Stat. §§ 121.54(2)(a), 121.54(2)(b), & 121.54(9). RUSD’s written transportation policy closely tracks the requirements of Section 121.54, with one exception. In contrast to the state-required minimum radius of two miles, the RUSD policy provides transportation for all otherwise qualifying K-5 students who live only one and one-half miles or more from their respective schools.¹ Thus, at least in this one respect, RUSD has extended the busing benefit to more students than Wisconsin state law would require.

Before opening in September 2002, Charter One requested that RUSD bus its students. In response to this request, RUSD sought legal advice from various sources — including its own counsel and Chief Legal Counsel to the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction (DPI) — as to whether the district was legally obliged to provide transportation to Charter One. All agreed that Wisconsin Stathte § 121.54 did not require public school districts to transport students of independent charter schools established pursuant to Wisconsin Statute § 118.40(2r). The DPI further concluded that such an interpretation of the statute did not violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Based on this understanding of Wisconsin law, the RUSD school board, by a vote of 5-4, denied Charter One’s request for transportation service in February 2003.

In May 2003, Charter One brought this action against RUSD, asserting that its refusal to bus Charter One students violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The district court granted RUSD’s motion for summary judgment, finding that Charter One students were not “similarly situated” to those students who did receive the RUSD busing benefit, and that RUSD had a rational basis for its decision not to bus Charter One students — namely, avoiding the “unique and additional costs” that such busing would present. Charter One appeals.

II. ANALYSIS

We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, construing all facts in favor of the non-moving party. Wyninger v. New Venture Gear, Inc., 361 F.3d 965, 974 (7th Cir.2004).

To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff must allege that he or she was (1) deprived of a federal right, privilege, or immunity (2) by any person acting under color of state law. Gomez v. Toledo, 446 U.S. 635, 638, 100 S.Ct. 1920, 64 L.Ed.2d 572 (1980) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1983). The federal right in question here is derived from the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Equal, Protection Clause provides that “no State shall ... deny to any persons within its jurisdiction the equal protection of laws.” U.S. Const, amend. XIV, § 1. In so providing, “the Equal Protection Clause gives rise to a cause of action on behalf of a ‘class of one’ where the plaintiff did not allege membership in a class or group.” Vill. of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562, 564, 120 S.Ct. 1073, 145 L.Ed.2d 1060 (2000). “[Successful equal protection claims brought by a ‘class of one’ ” have been recognized “where the plaintiff alleges that she has been intentionally treated differently from others similarly situated and that there is no rational basis for the difference in treatment.” Olech, 528 U.S. at 564, 120 S.Ct. 1073.

Here, the district court properly construed Charter One’s complaint as alleging a class of one equal protection claim. See Olech, 528 U.S. at 564 n. *, 120 S.Ct. 1073 (“Whether the complaint alleges a class of one or of [more] is of no consequence because we conclude that the number of individuals in a class is immaterial for equal protection analysis.”). Charter One argues that local government officials within the RUSD denied the school and its students the benefit of busing otherwise provided to all others similarly situated without a rational basis for distinction. Accordingly, we review the merits of Charter One’s claim .under the Olech standard, examining first whether the plaintiffs students are indeed similarly situated to those students within the RUSD who do receive busing.

A. Charter One Students Are Not Similarly Situated

To be considered “similarly situated,” comparators must be “prima facie identical in all relevant respects,” Purze v. Vill. of Winthrop Harbor, 286 F.3d 452, 455-56 (7th Cir.2004), or “directly comparable to [plaintiff] in all material respects,” Ajayi v. Aramark Bus. Servs., Inc., 336 F.3d 520, 532 (7th Cir.2003). Indeed, “[i]t is clear that similarly situated individuals must be very similar indeed.” McDonald, 371 F.3d at 1002. Here, the pertinent comparison must be made between those students within the RUSD who receive busing, and those Charter One students who do not. More accurately, the comparison pits RUSD public and private school students who reside within the RUSD, who live one and one-half miles or more from their school or encounter hazardous conditions along the school route, and who do receive busing, against Charter One students who reside within the RUSD, who live one and one-half miles or more from their school or encounter hazardous conditions along the school route, and who do not receive busing.

But there is some controversy as to whether the comparison should end there. Charter One thinks so, contending that we should look only to — and see patent similarities in — both class’ residence and attendance within the district, and their distance from school or their proximity to hazardous conditions along the way. Indeed, if this were all to our comparison, the students of both classes would clearly be similarly situated, as the James family illustrates. Two of the James children attend Charter One, and one attends an RUSD public school. All live in the same house and face the same hazardous condition in getting to school (there is no sidewalk on their road). But while the RUSD student gets free busing, the Charter One students do not.

RUSD, on the other hand, insists that our analysis cannot end with the students themselves, but rather must also account for the differences in the schools that the students of each class attend. Indeed, a student’s situation is, at least in part, a product of the school that he or she attends. Various factual traits, circumstantial nuances, and peculiarities can set entities apart, rendering them, by virtue of their differences, amenable to disparate treatment. See, e.g., Bell v. Duperrault, 367 F.3d 703, 708-09 (7th Cir.2004) (finding equal protection class of one plaintiff not similarly situated where the purportedly comparable individuals submitted applications for pier extensions at different times than the plaintiff, requested different kinds of extensions, or requested mere renovations as opposed to wholly new structures); Purze, 286 F.3d at 455 (finding equal protection class of one plaintiffs not similarly situated where “the allegedly similarly-situated individuals ... requested different variances than the [plaintiffs] requested; submitted their plats [for a subdivision] during different time periods; and had their plat requests granted by different and previous Boards”); cf. Ciechon v. City of Chicago, 686 F.2d 511, 522 (7th Cir.1982) (finding two paramedics similarly situated where both “experienced the same set of circumstances and were equally responsible for patient assessment and treatment” on ambulance runs, yet one “was charged with failure to perform her duties and discharged” while the other “was never charged or disciplined in any fashion”). Toward that end, the defendant directs our attention to the unique character of Charter One.

We begin by noting that the Wisconsin laws defining public schools and public school districts were passed well before the legal conception of charter schools. For that reason, much of the operative law on which our analysis must focus fails to account for these charter schools, or, more importantly, the Unified School Districts’ obligations with respect to them. Thus, as we broach this uncertain area of Wisconsin law, we must make clear that our opinion extends only to the narrow issue before us: whether RUSD’s decision not to bus (2r) charter school students violates equal protection.

Wisconsin Statute § 121.54(2) requires school districts like RUSD to transport “public” school students. That Charter One is a public school, no one contests. But while Charter One contends that its public status entitles it to Section 121.54 busing at RUSD’s expense, RUSD insists that the statute’s reach does not extend so far. While it is true that Section 121.54 does require RUSD to transport public school students, it does not mandate the transportation of all such students. Rather, it obliges the district to transport only those public school students who reside within its geographical boundaries. Certainly, no party would argue that Section 121.54 requires the RUSD to bus the residents of other school districts to public schools located in other districts. Wis. Stat. § 121.54(10) (“[A] school board may not provide transportation under this subsection for a nonresident pupil to or from a location within the boundaries of the school district in which the pupil resides.”). Nor, with irrelevant exceptions, would the district be required to bus the residents of other school districts who attend RUSD public schools. Furthermore, and again with exceptions not pertinent here, the RUSD would not be required to bus its own residents to schools located in other school districts.

With these limitations in mind, RUSD contends that Charter One is the functional equivalent of an independent school district, and as such responsible for its own busing. By RUSD’s measure, while Charter One is a public school, its students would be no more entitled to RUSD-fund-ed busing than students attending adjacent school districts such as Kenosha Unified School District, Oak Creek School District, or Raymond School District. While Charter One would at first blush appear to fall within the geographical boundaries of the RUSD, it is, according to the defendant, in fact its own administrative island — an independent school district surrounded on all sides, though not subsumed, by the RUSD.

Charter One is a unique statutory creation. Unlike other public schools within the RUSD (or private and parochial schools for that matter), Charter One came to being through a charter granted by the University of Wisconsin-Parkside. The University was specifically vested with the authority to do so by the Wisconsin state legislature pursuant to Wisconsin Statute § 118.40(2r)(b). Charter One has its own board, its own faculty, and its own staff. As an administrative matter, the school operates wholly independent of RUSD. RUSD governs neither the charter school nor its board. Indeed, the district may not exert any control whatsoever over Charter One, and Charter One cannot exert any control over the district. The two entities simply enjoy no legal relationship.

This autonomy in administration goes a long way to suggest that Charter One is not just an independent public school, but also an independent public school district. Wisconsin law defines “school district” as “the territorial unit for school administration.” Wis. Stat. § 115.01(3). And while this provision does not explicitly include the word “charter,” it does not exclude the term from its definition either. To the contrary, Charter One’s independence and sole responsibility for its own administration would suggest that the otherwise unmentioned entity falls squarely within Section 115.01(3)’s definition.

Charter One’s administrative autonomy — particularly with reference to busing obligations — is further demonstrated by its own charter. Section 4.8 of the Charter School Contract Between the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System and Charter One, entitled “Transportation Contracts,” vests Charter One with the authority to “enter into contracts with other school districts or persons, including municipal and county governments, for the transportation of Charter School students to and from school and for field trips.” (emphasis added). This language, along with signaling the charter school’s administrative autonomy, also suggests that contracting for- — as opposed to stark entitlement to — busing from school districts was contemplated from the outset. Charter One, however, insists that its ability to contract for transportation services does not set it apart from other schools within the RUSD. First, it notes that RUSD itself possesses such authority. But such a comparison is self-defeating, as Charter One’s effort here to liken itself to an independent school district only reinforces the view that the school is an autonomous district as well.

The charter school’s second argument, which suggests that its authority to contract for transportation free from RUSD interference is no different than that of private schools whose students nonetheless receive the busing benefit, is more compelling, yet ultimately unavailing as well. As a threshold matter, Charter One has adduced no evidence to support its claim regarding the contracting authority of private schools. But even were we to assume the veracity of such an unsupported claim — an eminently reasonable assumption — the proffered comparison does nothing to advance the school’s “similarly situated” argument. Charter One concedes— indeed insists — that it is a public school. Under no construction would it or any other party argue that it was a private school. Thus, its charter-prescribed ability to contract for transportation, while akin to the powers of those private schools which receive the RUSD busing benefit, does nothing to liken this unique public school to RUSD public schools that receive busing. It is upon this comparison that Charter One’s similarly situated argument depends. While there may be some arguable uncertainty over exactly what kind of public school a(2r) charter school is, one thing is clear: they most certainly are not private or parochial schools.

In addition, we think it worthy to note, though not dispositive to our analysis of the current state of Wisconsin law, that the Wisconsin legislature has twice attempted — and failed pursuant to gubernatorial veto — to pass legislation that would provide charter schools like Charter One the busing to which the plaintiff here claims a present entitlement. A.B. 261, Assem., 2008 Reg. Sess. (Wis.2003); S.B. 44, Senate, 2003 Reg. Sess. (Wis.2003). These attempts suggest that even the body entrusted with providing the busing benefit does not believe that it has yet been conferred to charter schools.

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s finding that Charter One has failed to show that its students are similarly situated to those students who do receive the busing benefit.

B. RUSD Has A Rational Basis for its Decision to Deny the Busing Benefit

But even assuming that Charter One’s students are similarly situated to other students within the RUSD, the school’s challenge fails nonetheless in light of the plaintiffs’ failure to meet the class of one claim’s second prong.

The exact contours of the second prong of the class of one equal protection claim are not quite clear. As we noted above, the Supreme Court in Olech held that it has “recognized successful equal protection claims brought by a ‘class of one,’ where the plaintiff alleges that she has been intentionally treated differently from others similarly situated and that there is no rational basis for the difference in treatment” 528 U.S. at 564, 120 S.Ct. 1073 (emphasis added). However, since Olech was decided, the standard for such class of one claims has been muddled in this circuit by two divergent lines of cases. Tuffend-sam v. Dearborn County Bd. of Health, 385 F.3d 1124, 1127 (7th Cir.2004) (recognizing divergent lines); Indiana Land Co. v. City of Greenwood, 378 F.3d 705, 713 (7th Cir.2001) (same). In one line of cases, panels of this court have held that a class of one equal protection claim is established where the defendant has intentionally treated the plaintiff differently than others similarly situated either without any rational basis for doing so or out of some “totally illegitimate animus.” See Lunini v. Grayeb, 395 F.3d 761, 768 (7th Cir.2005); Levenstein v. Salafsky, 414 F.3d 767, 775-76 (7th Cir.2005); McDonald v. Vill. of Winnetka, 371 F.3d 992, 1001 (7th Cir. 2004) (citing, inter alia, Olech, 528 U.S. at 564, 120 S.Ct. 1073); Nevel v. Vill. of Schaumburg, 297 F.3d 673, 681 (7th Cir.2002); Albiero v. City of Kankakee, 246 F.3d 927, 932 (7th Cir.2001). In another line, however, we have held that the mere absence of a rational basis is not enough to sustain the class of one claim, and that instead the plaintiff must prove illegitimate animus in order to succeed. See Hilton v. City of Wheeling, 209 F.3d 1005, 1008 (7th Cir.2000); see also Crowley v. McKinney, 400 F.3d 965, 972 (7th Cir. 2005); Purze v. Vill. of Winthrop Harbor, 286 F.3d 452, 455 (7th Cir.2002); Cruz v. Towm of Cicero, 275 F.3d 579, 587 (7th Cir.2001); Bartell v. Aurora Public Schools, 263 F.3d 1143, 1149 (10th Cir.2001); Bell v. Duperrault, 367 F.3d 703, 709-13 (7th Cir.2004) (Posner, J., concurring).

Cases like “Nevel and Albiero track explicitly the Supreme Court’s holding and are wholly consistent with its rationale.” Indiana Land Co., 378 F.3d at 713 (Ripple, J., concurring). In contrast, the Supreme Court explicitly declined to reach the animus approach upon which Hilton and its progeny insist, concluding that “allegations [of intentional action with no rational basis], quite apart from the Village’s subjective motivation, are sufficient to state a claim for relief under traditional equal protection analysis. We therefore affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals, but do not reach the alternative theory of ‘subjective ill will’ relied on by that court.” Olech, 528 U.S. at 565, 120 S.Ct. 1073; see also Bell, 367 F.3d at 711 (Posner, J., concurring) (conceding that insisting on a free-standing animus test for class of one claims may be akin to “fighting a doomed rearguard action”).

Indeed, it appears our court may have created a “tension” with Olech and established national law where previously none existed. Indiana Land Co., 378 F.3d at 714 (Ripple, J., concurring). True, sound reasons have been advanced for grafting the animus requirement onto the class of one claim — without such a requirement, “breathtaking vistas of liability” might be opened, Tuffendsam, 385 F.3d at 1127, and ordinary state law disputes might become the subject of constitutional challenge, Bell, 367 F.3d at 712 (Posner, J., concurring). That said, the appearance of the animus requirement on the class of one stage is no less jarring. However, we need not decide under which standard the class of one plaintiff must proceed, as here Charter One fails under both. Because the plaintiff has failed to allege, let alone show, any subjective ill will on the part of the RUSD in denying the busing benefit, Charter One’s class of one claim would clearly fail under the animus standard.²

Under the rational basis test, the court “will uphold the legislative enactment (or classification) so long as it bears a rational relation to some legitimate end.” Eby-Brown Co., LLC v. Wis. Dep’t of Agric., Trade & Consumer Prot., 295 F.3d 749, 754 (7th Cir.2002). A court will not strike down a state policy merely because it “may be unwise, improvident, or out of harmony with a particular school of thought.” Id. Rather, this inquiry requires the court to “consider only whether any state of facts reasonably may be conceived to justify the classification,” Rabbi Abraham Grossbaum and Lubavitch of Indiana, Inc.v. Indianapolis-Marion County Bldg. Auth., 100 F.3d 1287, 1292 (7th Cir.1996), and it is enough that “a purpose may conceivably or may reasonably have been the purpose and policy of the relevant governmental decisionmaker,” even if the decisionmaker never articulated that rationale, Nordlinger v. Hahn, 505 U.S. 1, 15, 112 S.Ct. 2326, 120 L.Ed.2d 1 (1992). Here, the unique and independent nature of Charter One not only suggests that the school’s students are not similarly situated to those who do receive RUSD busing, but also provides a rational basis for denying the benefit to those students.

Again, the unique and autonomous nature of Charter One — a seeming functional equivalent of an independent school district — provides one such rational basis for RUSD’s decision not to bus the charter school’s students. According to RUSD, its goal is to provide busing only to those students whom it is required to transport by law — namely, students of its own schools and resident students of private and parochial schools located within the district. Were we to view Charter One as its own school district, RUSD would be no more required to transport the charter school’s students than it would be required to transport resident students who attend adjacent school districts. Indeed, as Charter One concedes, RUSD’s policy is consistent with that of school districts throughout Wisconsin, which uniformly exclude independent charter schools from their busing schemes. And the mere fact that Charter One is the only independent charter school within the geographic boundaries of the RUSD does not render its exclusion discriminatory. Based on the administrative autonomy afforded (2r) charter schools under Wisconsin law, it seems that they do exist beyond the pale of local school district transport obligations — an independence that would serve as a rational basis to deny such schools Section 121.54 busing.

But we need not find that Wisconsin charter schools established under Wisconsin Statute § 118.40(2r) in general, or Charter One in particular, constitute independent schools districts of their own right in order to reveal the deficiency in the plaintiffs class of one equal protection claim here. Rather, we need only recognize the unique and additional costs that RUSD would incur were it to provide such service to Charter One.

As RUSD expressed at oral argument, “Cost is the issue; cost is everything here.” This Court has already recognized cost as a rational basis for differential treatment. Irizarry v. Board of Educ. of City of Chicago, 251 F.3d 604, 610 (7th Cir.2001); see also Bankers Life & Casualty Co. v. Crenshaw, 486 U.S. 71, 83-84, 108 S.Ct. 1645, 100 L.Ed.2d 62. The record does not provide a hard number on exactly how much more it would cost RUSD to bus Charter One students. It does afford an estimate of how much it would cost to implement from scratch an independent busing scheme devoted solely to Charter One students — $124,000 per year for 257 students — a quote Charter One obtained from a bus company as a result of its own research into potential transportation costs. But this figure is in all likelihood over-inflated. For one, the estimate assumed that nearly the entire Charter One student body at the time would require busing — an unlikely assumption (though we do note that the size of the student body has since expanded to over 300, and is designed to reach at least 400 in the future). Furthermore, the extension of the RUSD busing benefit to Charter One students would not require the wholesale implementation of new busing schedules and routes, but rather could be accomplished, at least in part, by taking advantage of the busing scheme already in place.

Indeed, Charter One makes much of the fact that there are already existing RUSD bus routes that pass by Charter One with empty seats — seats that the school contends could be filled by its students. But just because a bus has empty seats when it passes by Charter One does not necessarily mean that those seats are going unused. Rather, those seats may be reserved for students yet to be picked up, or perhaps only recently vacated by students dropped off mere moments before passing the school. Thus, there may not be as much room on those buses as the plaintiff suspects, and the less room there is, the more the need for additional buses to accommodate Charter One students — at a daily rate of $124.66 per bus, not including an additional $24.29 per run. Dep. of Karen Flynn at 84-85 (July 18, 2003).

Regardless of the current load and capacity of the existing buses and their designated routes, other peculiarities associated with adding Charter One students to the RUSD busing mix might work appreciable costs in both RUSD time and money. To avoid the cost of implementing a busing scheme devoted exclusively to Charter One, RUSD would almost certainly be forced to alter its current busing routes. Some buses service more than one school, requiring the accommodation of not only the various, specific addresses of each passenger (both current riders and each added Charter One student), but also the coordination of potentially different start and end times at each school serviced. Such alterations would come with appreciable costs, be they the creation of new routes, the addition of more buses, or the elongation of bus routes requiring earlier pickups and later drop-offs. And while the record does not allow us to quantify these additional costs to RUSD with any degree of certainty, we are confident that they are substantial enough to provide a rational basis for RUSD’s refusal to extend the busing benefit to Charter One students.

It requires no stretch of the imagination whatsoever to see that cost is indeed RUSD’s issue here. Compared to Charter One’s relatively small and manageable universe of students, faculty, and staff, RUSD must care for the needs and costs of over 20,000 students, as well as dealing with the monetary demands of various collective bargaining groups and legislative caps on its spending. True enough, both Charter One and the schools of the RUSD receive the same amount of operational funding from the DPI (about $6900 per pupil per year); but only the plaintiff can draw on generous financing from local benefactors such as the S.C. Johnson Fund in times of need. And if the money runs out, Charter One can go to that generous benefactor for assistance; school districts, such as RUSD, on the other hand, are forced to prostrate themselves before the taxpayer, at the mercy of referenda. RUSD tells us that it simply cannot take on any more costs without receiving more money. The defendant admitted at oral argument that if cost was not an issue — if it could be paid or reimbursed the costs of busing Charter One students by Charter One itself or one of its financial backers — then the district would have no objection to extending the benefit. Such contracting for services is precisely what these circumstances call for, as we again note Section 4.8 of the plaintiffs charter, which explicitly empowers the school to enter into such contracts for transportation.

But the defendant’s financial straits need not be dire for us to find its refusal to extend transportation services to Charter One rational. We need only recognize that extending the busing benefit will come at a significant enough expense to RUSD, and that is rational basis enough to justify its transportation policy decision. For now, it suffices to say that Charter One is not entitled to a free ride.

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, we Afpiem the district court’s grant of summary judgment in the defendant’s favor.

1 . Section 3541.3(c)(1) of the RUSD Transportation Policy, entitled "Transportation Service,” provides:

All public and non-public school students, grades K-5, living one and one half or more miles from their respective schools or being eligible for transportation under Wisconsin Statute 121.54(9) — hazardous conditions— shall be transported. All public and nonpublic school students, grades 6-12, living two or more miles from their respective schools or being eligible for transportation under Wisconsin Statute 121.54(9) — hazardous conditions — shall be transported.

2 . At oral argument, Charter One did as an afterthought float in rebuttal the idea that RUSD's decision not to bus its students might have been the product of improper animus— the animus being, according to Charter One, a form of jealousy harbored by the financially-strapped RUSD (which has struggled of late to win money from the public through refer-enda that would enable it to pay its bills and maintain its athletic programs, see. Alice L. Chang, Passage of Referendum Gives District a Breather: Unified gets $6.45 Million For Next Year, Milwaukee J. & Sentinel, June 25, 2005, at Al; Alice L. Chang, District Wrestles with Money Troubles: Racine Faces Job Cuts, Closing of Schools, Milwaukee J. & Sentinel, Apr. 26, 2005, at A5; Alice L. Chang, Budget Cuts Loom in Racine Unified School District: Staff, Athletics May Be Targeted After Defeat of Referendum, Milwaukee J. & Sentinel, Apr. 10, 2005, at Al) against the more-affluent Charter One (which counts among its various financial backers the S.C. Johnson Fund). This argument — whatever its merit — was not presented to the district court, and has accordingly been forfeited. See, e.g., United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 731-32, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993) ("No procedural principle is more familiar to this Court than that ... a right of any other sort, may be forfeited in criminal as well as civil cases by the failure to make timely assertion of the right before a tribunal having jurisdiction to determine it.”) (internal quotes omitted).