Chapter 7 Trustee v. Gate Gourmet, Inc. , 683 F.3d 1249 ( 2012 )


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  •                                                                                   [PUBLISH]
    IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT           FILED
    ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
    ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
    No. 11-11819                   JUNE 11, 2012
    ________________________              JOHN LEY
    CLERK
    D.C. Docket No. 1:09-cv-01557-MHS
    CHAPTER 7 TRUSTEE,
    llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                           Plaintiff - Appellant,
    versus
    GATE GOURMET, INC.,
    llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                           Defendant - Appellee.
    ________________________
    Appeal from the United States District Court
    for the Northern District of Georgia
    ________________________
    (June 11, 2012)
    Before CARNES, PRYOR and RIPPLE,* Circuit Judges.
    CARNES, Circuit Judge:
    *
    Honorable Kenneth F. Ripple, United States Circuit Judge for the Seventh Circuit,
    sitting by designation.
    The Chapter 7 trustee for the bankruptcy estate of Stacey Williams appeals
    the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Gate Gourmet, Inc. on Williams’
    claims of pregnancy discrimination, race discrimination, retaliation, and state law
    negligence.
    I.
    In March 2008 Stacey Williams, a white female, became pregnant.1 About a
    month later, she began working for Gate Gourmet at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta
    International Airport as a customer service representative in “Unit 300.” Gate
    Gourmet describes itself as “the world’s largest independent provider of catering
    and provisioning services for airlines and railroads”2 and its clients include
    various airlines that operate flights out of Hartsfield-Jackson. Williams’ job as a
    customer service representative for Gate Gourmet involved driving a truck from
    the company’s warehouse to the gate where an airplane was docked, using a lift
    system to raise the truck’s storage container to the airplane’s height, and then
    pushing about 30 carts of food, drinks, and ovens across a ramp from the truck to
    1
    “At summary judgment we view the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
    party. We therefore do so here, drawing those facts from the pleadings, depositions, and other
    evidentiary materials on file. Nevertheless, we observe that what are stated as ‘facts’ herein for
    purposes of summary judgment review may not be the actual facts nor are all of the facts.”
    Crawford v. Carroll, 
    529 F.3d 961
    , 963 n.1 (11th Cir. 2008) (citations omitted).
    2
    Gate Gourmet, http://www.gategourmet.com (last visited May 22, 2012).
    2
    the airplane.
    In early August 2008, Williams told her union steward, Pam Walker, that
    getting up on the catering truck was giving her a “little problem[],” but said that
    she could still do her job. During that conversation, Williams also told Walker
    that she was pregnant. Walker responded that “eventually, at some point in time,
    you’re going to get too big to where you can’t get up there.” Walker then told Guy
    Baxter, who was Williams’ supervisor, that Williams was having trouble being on
    a truck because she was pregnant. Baxter met with Tommy Alberts, the assistant
    general manager of Unit 300, and told him that Williams was having trouble
    catering her flights because she was pregnant. Alberts told Baxter “to make sure
    that she gets paperwork for whatever her issues are.”
    On August 11, 2008, Williams met with Walker and Baxter. During that
    meeting, Baxter told Williams that he knew she was pregnant and that Walker had
    told him she was “having issues on the truck.” Williams replied that she was not
    having any issues and could do her job. Baxter then told Williams that “at some
    point in time you’re not going to be able to work, you know.” He also told her
    that if she could not carry out the duties of her current position, she would not be
    able to work at all because there were no light-duty positions available. Walker
    then told Williams to go to the doctor and get a note saying that she could still
    3
    work.
    The next day, Williams went to see Nadia Noel, the human resources
    representative for Unit 300, and discussed her meeting with Baxter and Walker.
    Noel said that Williams had “signed a binding contract” stating that she was able
    to do the customer service representative job. Noel also told Williams that if she
    could no longer do the job, she could turn in her badge and could be rehired when
    she was able to work again. Williams told Noel that she wanted to keep her badge
    and continue working because she did not have any limitations.
    Two days later, on August 14, 2008, Williams gave a note from her doctor
    to Walker, who in turn gave it to Baxter. That note stated, in relevant part, that
    Williams had the following medical restrictions:
    (1) No shifts greater than 8 hours;
    (2) No lifting, pushing, or pulling greater than 20 pounds;
    (3) No prolonged standing greater than 3 hours without 5–10 minute
    breaks;
    (4) No climbing, crawling, or working at heights that increase the
    chance of falling; (i.e., 3 or more step ladders or stepping stools).
    At a meeting Williams, Baxter, and Walker had later that day, Baxter told
    Williams that he did not have any jobs available that could accommodate her
    restrictions and told her that she was terminated (or words to that effect).
    Williams said that she needed the job and could do it, and she asked Baxter to
    4
    ignore the note and forget that she had ever given it to him. According to her,
    Baxter refused to do that and stated, “no, it’s a liability for this company to let you
    get out there on the truck, so you’re fired.”
    Before telling Williams she was fired, Baxter did not check with his
    supervisors or the supervisors in other departments to determine if there was a
    light-duty job available for her. At his deposition, he said that he did not check
    because he knew Gate Gourmet was laying off employees at that time. But
    according to William Restituto, the general manager of Unit 300 (who testified as
    Gate Gourmet’s corporate designee under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
    30(b)(6)), there were available light-duty jobs that Williams could have performed
    with her medical restrictions. And it was Gate Gourmet’s policy to offer those
    jobs, when they were available, to employees with medical conditions, including
    pregnancy.
    Later that day, August 14, 2008, Williams filed a union grievance in which
    she alleged that she was fired without just cause due to her pregnancy. A local
    union official faxed that grievance to Restituto the same day. The next day,
    Williams filed a charge with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
    alleging discrimination based on pregnancy and race. In that charge, she alleged
    that, after she provided Baxter with the note from her doctor, Baxter fired her
    5
    because she was pregnant and because Gate Gourmet had no light-duty positions
    available. Williams, who is white, also alleged that her firing was in “stark
    contrast” to how Gate Gourmet treated similarly situated non-white employees.
    Restituto testified at his deposition that he received Williams’ union
    grievance sometime between August 15 and August 18, 2008, and that he met with
    Noel about it on August 18. They discussed whether there was a light-duty
    position available for Williams and determined that there was one, a
    silverware wrapper position. It is undisputed that a silverware wrapper job was
    available on August 18, 2008, and that Williams could have done it while
    complying with her medical restrictions. Restituto told Noel to schedule a
    meeting with Williams as soon as possible to discuss that position because they
    had decided to offer it to her. Restituto thought that Noel would contact Williams
    that day, but apparently she did not.
    That same day, Restituto, Noel, Baxter, and Walker met with Richard Jones,
    the regional human resources manager, to discuss Williams’ union grievance. At
    that meeting, Jones told the others that he wanted “to make sure that she
    understands that she’s not terminated[;] . . . I want to make crystal clear that she
    needs to know that she’s not [terminated].” He also told them that Williams
    needed to be brought back in so they could discuss any light-duty job that was
    6
    available for her. Jones directed Noel and Walker to contact Williams as soon as
    possible and “get her back in here to talk to Mr. Restituto and [Noel].” Because
    Williams had filed a union grievance, Walker, the union steward, was told to
    schedule a meeting with her, Restituto, and Noel.
    The next day, the EEOC mailed Williams’ charge to Gate Gourmet. After
    Gate Gourmet received it, Noel referred that charge to the legal department. On
    August 21, which was two days after the EEOC mailed the charge, Williams
    returned to Gate Gourmet to pick up her paycheck and spoke with Walker. She
    had not been at work since Baxter told her on August 14 that she was fired, but on
    August 21 Walker told Williams that she had not been fired but was instead being
    placed on Family and Medical Leave Act leave. Walker asked Williams to go
    with her to fill out the paperwork, but Williams refused, saying she was still able
    to work and could not afford to be on unpaid leave.
    Four days later, on August 25, 2008, Restituto gave Baxter a reprimand
    letter about his treatment of Williams. The letter stated, in part:
    [Y]ou had [a] conversation with [Williams] that since she could not
    perform her work, she would be terminated.
    ....
    . . . . [Y]ou admitted telling [Williams] that she was terminated
    due to her medical restrictions. This not only violates Company
    7
    Policy and Procedures but it violates discrimination [sic] based on
    Title VII.
    ....
    In addition, you did not obtain the permission of the General
    Manager to release [Williams]. In fact, [Williams] was not
    terminated and we have reached out so . . . she can apply for a leave
    of absence. The decision that you made in reference to [Williams] is
    totally unacceptable and will not be condoned in the future. In
    addition, your action[] has placed Gate Gourmet in a possible
    litigation situation.
    Noel, who was involved with the investigation of Williams’ discrimination claim,
    agreed with Restituto. Noel testified in her deposition that “pregnancy was a
    substantial or motivating factor in Baxter’s decision to deny [Williams] a position
    which would accommodate her restrictions.”
    On August 28, 2008, two weeks after Baxter had told her she was fired,
    Williams had a telephone conversation with EEOC investigator Don Marcus. In
    that conversation he conveyed to her an offer from Gate Gourmet to pay her back
    pay and let her return to work if she would dismiss the EEOC charge. Williams
    asked what would happen if she refused to sign the release, and Marcus told her
    that getting the job was contingent on signing it. That same day, Williams also
    spoke with union steward Walker. Walker told Williams that they needed to meet
    the next day and said, “I’ll get you to work in the silverware department.” They
    8
    scheduled a meeting for the next afternoon.
    Williams, however, missed that meeting because she was “held up in court”;
    she left a message for Walker informing her of that. Williams then called Noel
    and told her that she had missed the meeting due to an emergency. Noel told
    Williams that Gate Gourmet’s legal department was working with the EEOC and
    said that she would contact Williams once that department and the EEOC had
    reached an agreement. Williams informed Noel that Walker had told her there was
    a job available for her. Noel replied that she did not know what the terms of the
    agreement were, that she could not “communicate anything” because she did not
    know, and that “[e]verything is at the legal level right now.” She promised that
    “Once they finalize everything, it will be communicated to me and then I will get
    in contact with you.” Noel never did. Other than the offer conveyed to Williams
    by the EEOC investigator, which was contingent on her dropping the EEOC
    charge, Gate Gourmet never offered Williams the silverware wrapper position or
    any other position.
    The EEOC issued a right-to-sue letter to Williams, and she timely filed a
    complaint in Georgia Superior Court asserting violations of Title VII of the Civil
    Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1)–(2), and 
    42 U.S.C. § 1981
    , and
    also asserting state law negligence claims. Specifically, she claimed pregnancy
    9
    discrimination, race discrimination, retaliation, negligent hiring, negligent
    retention, negligent supervision, gross negligence, and negligence per se. Gate
    Gourmet removed the case to federal district court.
    Williams filed a motion for summary judgment on her federal pregnancy
    discrimination, race discrimination, and retaliation claims, but not on her state law
    claims. Gate Gourmet then filed a cross-motion for summary judgment on all of
    Williams’ claims. A magistrate judge issued a report recommending that the
    district court grant summary judgment to Williams on her retaliation claims and
    grant summary judgment to Gate Gourmet on Williams’ pregnancy and race
    discrimination claims. The report also recommended that the court deny Gate
    Gourmet’s motion for summary judgment on Williams’ state law claims. Both
    parties filed objections to the magistrate judge’s report and recommendations.
    The district court granted Gate Gourmet’s motion for summary judgment on
    all of Williams’ claims. It concluded that Williams had failed to show direct
    evidence of discrimination based on pregnancy or race, and that she could not
    make an indirect case using circumstantial evidence because she had not identified
    a similarly situated employee outside the protected class who was treated
    differently. Further, the court reasoned that Williams had not rebutted Gate
    Gourmet’s articulated nondiscriminatory reasons for firing her: Baxter believed
    10
    she could no longer do her job and believed there were no available light-duty
    positions. The court also concluded that, because Gate Gourmet had offered back
    pay and reinstatement in exchange for Williams dismissing her EEOC charge,
    Gate Gourmet had not retaliated against Williams. Finally, the court ruled that
    Williams’ state law claims were derivative of her discrimination and retaliation
    claims. Williams filed a motion to reconsider, which the district court denied in
    all parts relevant to this appeal. Williams then filed this appeal.
    II.
    This Court reviews de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment,
    viewing all evidence and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the
    nonmoving party. Dixon v. Hallmark Cos., 
    627 F.3d 849
    , 854 (11th Cir. 2010).
    Summary judgment is proper only when “there is no genuine dispute as to any
    material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R.
    Civ. P. 56(a). A genuine issue of material fact exists when “‘a reasonable jury
    could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.’” Dixon, 
    627 F.3d at 854
     (quoting
    Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 
    477 U.S. 242
    , 248, 
    106 S.Ct. 2505
    , 2510 (1986)).
    III.
    Williams alleges that Gate Gourmet terminated her and denied her a light-
    duty position because she was pregnant and because she is white. Her pregnancy
    11
    discrimination claim is based on Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1), and her race
    discrimination claims are based on that provision and on 
    42 U.S.C. § 1981
    .
    A.
    As amended by the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, Title VII prohibits
    employers from discriminating against employees because of pregnancy. 42
    U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1)–(2) (prohibiting discrimination “because of . . . sex”); id. §
    2000e(k) (“The terms ‘because of sex’ or ‘on the basis of sex’ include, but are not
    limited to, because of or on the basis of pregnancy . . . .”). We use the same
    analysis for claims of discrimination based on pregnancy that we use for claims of
    discrimination based on sex. Armstrong v. Flowers Hosp., Inc., 
    33 F.3d 1308
    ,
    1312–13 (11th Cir. 1996).
    A plaintiff may use either direct or indirect evidence to show that her
    employer discriminated against her because of her pregnancy. See 
    id. at 1313
    .
    “Direct evidence is evidence, that, if believed, proves the existence of a fact
    without inference or presumption.” Wilson v. B/E Aerospace, Inc., 
    376 F.3d 1079
    , 1086 (11th Cir. 2004) (alterations and quotation marks omitted). “Indirect
    evidence is circumstantial evidence.” Hamilton v. Southland Christian Sch., Inc.,
    __ F.3d __, __, No. 11-13696, 
    2012 WL 1694589
    , at *3 (11th Cir. May 16, 2012).
    Williams argues that she has shown Baxter’s discriminatory intent by both direct
    12
    and indirect evidence.
    B.
    We do not have to decide whether Williams has presented direct evidence
    because she has presented enough indirect or circumstantial evidence to survive
    summary judgment. A plaintiff typically makes a case of discrimination through
    indirect evidence using the burden-shifting framework set out in McDonnell
    Douglas Corp. v. Green, 
    411 U.S. 792
    , 
    93 S.Ct. 1817
     (1973), and Texas
    Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 
    450 U.S. 248
    , 
    101 S.Ct. 1089
    (1981). Armstrong, 33 F.3d at 1314. Under that framework, the plaintiff must
    make a prima facie case by showing that: (1) she is a member of a protected
    group; (2) she was qualified for her position; (3) she suffered an adverse
    employment action; and (4) employment or disciplinary policies were differently
    applied to her. See id. If a plaintiff can present a prima facie case through
    circumstantial evidence, the burden shifts to the defendant to articulate a
    legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for its actions. See Schaaf v. Smithkline
    Beecham Corp., 
    602 F.3d 1236
    , 1243 (11th Cir. 2010). If the defendant satisfies
    this burden of production, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff, who must show
    that the articulated reason is merely a pretext for discrimination. 
    Id. at 1244
    .
    13
    Gate Gourmet argues that Williams has not made out a prima facie case
    under the McDonnell Douglas framework because she has failed to show that
    employment or disciplinary policies were discriminatorily applied to her—she has
    not identified a nonpregnant comparator who was treated differently. The
    McDonnell Douglas framework is not, however, the only way to use
    circumstantial evidence to survive a motion for summary judgment, and a
    “plaintiff’s failure to produce a comparator does not necessarily doom [her] case.”
    Smith v.Lockheed-Martin, 
    644 F.3d 1321
    , 1328 (11th Cir. 2011); see also
    Hamilton, 
    2012 WL 1694589
    , at *3.
    If a plaintiff “presents circumstantial evidence that creates a triable issue
    concerning the employer’s discriminatory intent,” she “will always survive
    summary judgment.” Lockheed-Martin, 
    644 F.3d at 1328
    . And a plaintiff may
    use “non-comparison circumstantial evidence to raise a reasonable inference of
    intentional discrimination” and thereby create a triable issue. Hamilton, 
    2012 WL 1694589
    , at *4; see also Lockheed Martin, 
    644 F.3d at 1328
    ; Rioux v. City of
    Atlanta, 
    520 F.3d 1269
    , 1277 (11th Cir. 2008) (holding that circumstantial
    evidence was sufficient to establish a prima facie case of race discrimination even
    though the plaintiff did not present evidence of a comparator); cf. Alvarez v.
    Royal Atl. Developers, Inc., 
    610 F.3d 1253
    , 1264 (11th Cir. 2010) (“The methods
    14
    of presenting a prima facie case are flexible and depend on the particular
    situation.”). Whatever form it takes, if the circumstantial evidence is sufficient to
    raise “a reasonable inference that the employer discriminated against the plaintiff,
    summary judgment is improper.” Lockheed-Martin, 
    644 F.3d at 1328
    ; accord
    Hamilton, 
    2012 WL 1694589
    , at *4–5.
    Williams does not have to use the McDonnell Douglas framework to
    survive summary judgment because the record contains enough non-comparator
    evidence for a jury to reasonably infer that Baxter discriminated against Williams
    because she was pregnant. Baxter stated on August 11, 2008, that he knew
    Williams was pregnant, that eventually she would be unable to handle her job
    duties because of her pregnancy, and that Gate Gourmet had no light-duty job
    available for her if she could not do her job as a customer service representative.
    That same day, Walker told Williams to go to the doctor and bring back a note
    saying that she was able to work. Then on August 14, 2008, after Baxter read the
    note listing Williams’ medical restrictions, he told Williams she was fired even
    though she insisted she was still able to do her job. Baxter did that without
    contacting his supervisors or those in other departments to determine if there was a
    job that Williams could do with her medical restrictions. He did it even though it
    was Gate Gourmet’s policy to provide workers like Williams with light-duty jobs
    15
    when they were available.
    Noel, the human resources director for Williams’ unit, admitted in her
    deposition that Williams’ pregnancy was a “substantial or motivating factor” in
    Baxter’s decision to tell Williams she was fired instead of offering her a light-duty
    job.3 Gate Gourmet admits that what Baxter did was not based on any problem
    with Williams’ work.4 And in its letter reprimanding Baxter, Gate Gourmet stated
    that by telling Williams she was fired because of her pregnancy-related medical
    restrictions Baxter had not only violated company policy but he had also acted in a
    way that was “totally unacceptable” and that constituted discrimination in
    violation of Title VII.
    Viewing the record in the light most favorable to Williams, we are satisfied
    that she has presented enough circumstantial evidence to allow a jury to
    reasonably infer that Baxter’s action in terminating her because of her pregnancy
    and his inaction in not attempting to find her a light-duty job were, as the letter
    reprimanding him stated, a violation of Title VII. The district court’s grant of
    3
    Noel agreed in her deposition that it was accurate to state: “Ms. Williams’ pregnancy
    was a substantial or motivating factor in Baxter’s decision to deny her a position which would
    accommodate her restrictions.”
    4
    Gate Gourmet admitted that it “has taken no actions in this matter that were taken as a
    result of misconduct and/or poor, deficient, substandard, and/or unsatisfactory work performance
    by [Williams].”
    16
    summary judgment to Gate Gourmet on Williams’ Title VII claim for pregnancy
    discrimination was improper.
    C.
    Title VII also prohibits discrimination in employment “because of . . . race
    [or] color,” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1), (2), as does 
    42 U.S.C. § 1981
    , see Sanders
    v. Dobbs Houses, Inc., 
    431 F.2d 1097
    , 1099–100 (5th Cir. 1970).5 Title VII and §
    1981 “have the same requirements of proof and use the same analytical
    framework.” Standard v. A.B.E.L. Servs., Inc., 
    161 F.3d 1318
    , 1330 (11th Cir.
    1998). Just as with discrimination based on pregnancy, a plaintiff may prove race
    discrimination through either direct or indirect evidence. See Crawford v. Carroll,
    
    529 F.3d 961
    , 975–76 (11th Cir. 2008). Williams does not argue that she has any
    direct evidence of race discrimination; instead she argues that, using the
    McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework, she has indirect or circumstantial
    evidence of race discrimination. See Bryant v. Jones, 
    575 F.3d 1281
    , 1307–08
    (11th Cir. 2009).
    Williams contends that she has established a prima facie case by using
    Natasha Prevo as a comparator. Prevo is an African–American woman who held
    5
    In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 
    661 F.2d 1206
    , 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), we
    adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down before
    October 1, 1981.
    17
    the same position as Williams, worked in the same unit, and was given a light-duty
    job based on her pregnancy. It is unclear from the record, however, whether the
    decision to give Prevo a light-duty job was made by Baxter or by Restituto (both
    of whom are white). If Baxter did not make the decision to give Prevo the
    light-duty job, Williams and Prevo are probably not similarly situated. See Silvera
    v. Orange Cnty. Sch. Bd., 
    244 F.3d 1253
    , 1261 n.5 (11th Cir. 2001)
    (“[D]ifferences in treatment by different supervisors or decision makers can
    seldom be the basis for a viable claim of discrimination.”).
    Because it does not matter to the result, we will assume, as the district court
    did, that Williams has established a prima facie case of race discrimination.
    Williams must still show that the reasons Gate Gourmet proffered for her
    termination—Baxter believed she was unable to do her job and believed there
    were no available light-duty jobs—were a pretext for discrimination based on race.
    That Gate Gourmet’s proffered reasons might be untrue does not necessarily mean
    Williams can survive summary judgment. See Alvarez, 
    610 F.3d at
    1264 (citing
    Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 
    530 U.S. 133
    , 148, 
    120 S.Ct. 2097
    ,
    2109 (2000)). It does not because even if the proffered reasons were false,
    Williams must still show that the actual reason she was terminated was race
    discrimination. See 
    id.
     at 1265 (citing Burdine, 
    450 U.S. at 256
    , 
    101 S.Ct. at
    18
    1095); see also Reeves, 
    530 U.S. at 143
    , 
    120 S.Ct. at 2106
     (“[T]he ultimate burden
    of persuading the trier of fact that the defendant intentionally discriminated
    against the plaintiff remains at all times with the plaintiff. And in attempting to
    satisfy this burden, the plaintiff—once the employer produces sufficient evidence
    to support a nondiscriminatory explanation for its decision—must be afforded the
    opportunity to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the legitimate
    reasons offered by the defendant were not its true reasons, but were a pretext for
    discrimination.” (citations and quotation marks omitted)).
    The inference that Williams’ evidence of pretext supports is that the reason
    she was fired instead of being given a light-duty job was her pregnancy, not the
    fact that she (like the decisionmaker) is white. It follows that under the
    McDonnell Douglas framework Williams has not shown a genuine issue of
    material fact about whether Gate Gourmet intentionally discriminated against her
    based on her race. See Reeves, 
    530 U.S. at 143
    , 
    120 S.Ct. at 2106
    . Nor has she
    done so outside the McDonnell Douglas framework. The district court properly
    granted summary judgment to Gate Gourmet on Williams’ Title VII and 
    42 U.S.C. § 1981
     race discrimination claims.
    IV.
    Retaliation against an employee who engages in statutorily protected
    19
    activity is barred under both Title VII and § 1981. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a);
    CBOCS W., Inc. v. Humphries, 
    553 U.S. 442
    , 457, 
    128 S.Ct. 1951
    , 1961 (2008)
    (concluding that § 1981 encompasses retaliation claims); Bryant v. Jones, 
    575 F.3d 1281
    , 1301 (11th Cir. 2009) (discussing the right of action for retaliation
    under § 1981 both pre- and post-Humphries). A plaintiff establishes a prima facie
    case of retaliation by showing that: (1) she “engaged in statutorily protected
    activity”; (2) she “suffered a materially adverse action”; and (3) “there was a
    causal connection between the protected activity and the adverse action.” Howard
    v. Walgreen Co., 
    605 F.3d 1239
    , 1244 (11th Cir. 2010); accord Davis v.
    Coca-Cola Bottling Co. Consol., 
    516 F.3d 955
    , 978 n.52 (11th Cir. 2008).
    Gate Gourmet admits, that its company policy was to offer available light-
    duty positions to employees with medical conditions. (Appellee Br. 19–20).
    Williams alleges that after Baxter told her she was terminated, Restituto (the unit’s
    general manager) and Jones (the regional human resources manager) instructed
    Noel (the unit’s human resources representative) to offer Williams a light-duty
    position as a silverware wrapper. Once Gate Gourmet learned she had filed an
    EEOC charge, however, it offered her that position only on the condition that she
    drop her EEOC charge. Gate Gourmet does not dispute that Williams engaged in
    a statutorily protected activity when she filed the charge. It argues instead that
    20
    Williams did not suffer a materially adverse action that can be causally connected
    to the filing of the charge.
    We first determine whether refusing to give Williams the light-duty position
    was a materially adverse action. It was. Gate Gourmet argues that, because
    Williams was terminated on August 14, 2008, its decision not to give her the light-
    duty position cannot be a materially adverse action since it was not required to
    reinstate Williams to a different position after terminating her. Any offer to do so
    was, therefore, an attempt to settle her EEOC charge, and offers to settle EEOC
    charges are not retaliatory.
    Gate Gourmet’s argument suffers from the fact that Gate Gourmet itself has
    put evidence into the record from which a jury could reasonably find that Williams
    was not fired on August 14, 2008. In the Joint Preliminary Planning Report and
    Scheduling Order and in Defendant’s Initial Disclosures, Gate Gourmet stated:
    “Mr. Baxter did not have authority to terminate [Williams]. Therefore,
    [Williams’] employment was never terminated. In fact, [Gate Gourmet] never
    removed [Williams] from its employment database and still acknowledges
    [Williams] as an employee in its employment database.” (R5:5–6; R11:3). And
    when Restituto testified as Gate Gourmet’s corporate designee under Federal Rule
    of Civil Procedure 30(b)(6), he said: (1) “Williams is still in our system and is still
    21
    part of our facility”; (2) “[Williams] was never terminated”; (3) “[Williams is]
    active in our system”; (4) “Williams was not officially terminated from our payroll
    system, because Ms. Williams was never officially terminated to begin with”; and
    (5) “Williams wasn’t terminated because I did not officially terminate her.”
    (Restituto Dep. R168:256; R168-1:313–14). Both Noel and Jones also testified in
    their depositions that Williams was not terminated. (Noel Dep. R162:367; Jones
    Dep. R147-1:159–60). Because we must accept those statements as true for
    purposes of summary judgment on Williams’ retaliation claim, we have to assume
    here that she was not fired on August 14, 2008.6
    An action is materially adverse if it “might have dissuaded a reasonable
    worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination.” Burlington N. &
    Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 
    548 U.S. 53
    , 68, 
    126 S.Ct. 2405
    , 2415 (2006)
    (quotation marks omitted). Withholding a position that an employee would
    otherwise receive under company policy, particularly when it results in her no
    longer having a job, might well dissuade a reasonable worker from making or
    6
    Of course, we accepted as true just the opposite—that Williams was fired on August 14,
    2008—when we decided whether her pregnancy discrimination claim could survive summary
    judgment. But we did not find that she was fired on that date, only that there is sufficient
    evidence for a jury to find that she was. What we find here is not inconsistent with that. It is not
    inconsistent because the assertions that Gate Gourmet has made about Baxter not having
    authority to fire Williams is enough evidence for a jury to find that she was not fired on August
    14 despite Baxter telling her that she was. There is also enough evidence for a jury to find that
    she was fired on August 14.
    22
    supporting a charge of discrimination.
    Gate Gourmet concedes in its brief to this Court that “an employer may not
    withhold standard employee benefits because an employee has refused to waive
    [her] rights under the anti-discrimination statutes,” (Appellee Br. 18) (quotation
    marks omitted), and it recognizes that a light-duty job is a “benefit,” (Appellee Br.
    18–20). As we have mentioned, Gate Gourmet also concedes that it was company
    policy to give available light-duty jobs to employees who needed them because of
    a medical condition, (Appellee Br. 19–20), and it admitted through its Rule
    30(b)(6) representative’s testimony that a light-duty job was available on August
    18, 2008, (Restituto Dep. R168:157–58, 167–68). Gate Gourmet argues, however,
    that “this benefit was not . . . promised or owed ” to Williams because she had
    already been fired, and Gate Gourmet has no policy to provide reinstatement.
    (Appellee Br. 18) (quotation marks omitted). But as we have just discussed, the
    record contains assertions by Gate Gourmet that as of August 18, 2008, Williams
    had not been fired and was still an employee, and neither party disputes that
    Williams was not given a light-duty job.
    The materially adverse action must, however, be “causally connected” to
    Williams’ EEOC charge. Gate Gourmet asserts that the decision not to give her a
    light-duty job took place no later than August 18, 2008, and the EEOC did not
    23
    mail Gate Gourmet notice of the charge until August 19, 2008. The denial of a
    light-duty job cannot, therefore, be a materially adverse action causally connected
    to her EEOC charge because it happened before Gate Gourmet got notice of the
    charge and an effect cannot precede the cause. Cf. Drago v. Jenne, 
    453 F.3d 1301
    ,
    1308 (11th Cir. 2006) (holding that where an employer contemplated an adverse
    action before the employee engaged in protected activity, the temporal proximity
    between the protected activity and the adverse action did not show causation).
    That argument fails as well, not as a matter of logic but as a matter of fact.
    Viewed in the light most favorable to Williams, the evidence would allow a
    reasonable jury to find that the following sequence of events occurred:
    (1) August 14, 2008: Baxter tells Williams that she is terminated;
    (2) August 15, 2008: Williams files an EEOC charge;
    (3) August 18, 2008: Restituto and Noel meet, determine there is an
    available light-duty position as a silverware wrapper and decide to
    offer that position to Williams;
    (4) August 18, 2008: Later that same day, Restituto, Noel, Baxter,
    Walker, and Jones meet, and Jones says that Williams needs to be
    brought back in to discuss any available light-duty job;
    (5) August 19, 2008: The EEOC mails notice of the charge to Gate
    Gourmet;
    (6) August 20–28, 2008: At some point during this period, Gate
    Gourmet receives notice of the EEOC charge and refers it to its legal
    24
    department;
    (7) August 28, 2008: Don Marcus of the EEOC relays a conditional
    offer from Gate Gourmet to Williams: drop the EEOC charge and
    Gate Gourmet will put her back to work and pay her back pay;
    Williams does not accept the offer;
    (8) August 28, 2008: Later that day, Walker schedules a meeting
    with Williams for the next day and tells her that she will be given a
    light-duty job in the silverware department;
    (9) August 29, 2008: Williams misses the scheduled meeting but has
    a conversation with Noel over the telephone in which Noel refuses to
    discuss the promised position in the silverware department because
    “[e]verything is at the legal level right now”;
    (10) Gate Gourmet never gives Williams the silverware wrapper
    position, another light-duty position, or any position at all.7
    “We construe the causal link element broadly so that ‘a plaintiff merely has
    to prove that the protected activity and the negative employment action are not
    completely unrelated.’” Goldsmith v. Bagby Elevator Co., 
    513 F.3d 1261
    , 1278
    (11th Cir. 2008) (quoting Olmsted v. Taco Bell Corp., 
    141 F.3d 1457
    , 1460 (11th
    Cir. 1998)). Particularly in light of that standard, a jury reasonably could find
    from the sequence of events that Gate Gourmet decided to unconditionally offer
    7
    Gate Gourmet disputes a number of these facts, but there is enough evidence to create a
    genuine issue for the jury as to each of them. See Morrison v. Amway Corp., 
    323 F.3d 920
    , 924
    (11th Cir. 2003) (“In ruling on a Rule 56 motion, the district court may not weigh the evidence or
    find facts. Instead, the court’s role is limited to deciding whether there is sufficient evidence
    upon which a reasonable juror could find for the non-moving party.”).
    25
    Williams the light-duty silverware wrapper position and would have done so but
    for the fact that she filed an EEOC charge. Once it learned that she had, Gate
    Gourmet changed what would have been an unconditional offer into a conditional
    offer in which she could have the position (with back pay) only if she dropped the
    charge. When Williams would not drop it, Gate Gourmet rescinded the offer.8
    This permissible interpretation of the evidence creates a reasonable inference that
    the statutorily protected filing of and refusal to settle the EEOC charge caused
    Gate Gourmet to deny Williams a light-duty position, which is a materially
    adverse action. Accordingly, summary judgment should not have been granted
    against Williams on her Title VII and 
    42 U.S.C. § 1981
     retaliation claims.
    8
    Gate Gourmet’s offer to give Williams a light-duty job in exchange for her dropping the
    EEOC charge also included the enticement of back pay. Gate Gourmet argues, and the district
    court concluded, that because the conditional offer included back pay, it was a settlement offer,
    and settlement offers cannot be retaliation. It is true that they ordinarily cannot be. But what
    Gate Gourmet did was withhold from Williams a light-duty position, which is a benefit that she
    undisputedly would otherwise have received under company policy, and it allegedly did that
    solely because of her EEOC charge. Cf. Goldsmith, 
    513 F.3d at 1279
     (concluding that it was
    retaliatory to terminate an employee for refusing to sign an arbitration agreement that would have
    covered his pending discrimination charge).
    26
    V.
    For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary
    judgment to Gate Gourmet on Williams’ claims for race discrimination, but we
    reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Gate Gourmet on
    Williams’ claims for pregnancy discrimination and retaliation.
    The district court granted Gate Gourmet’s motion for summary judgment on
    Williams’ state law claims because it concluded they were derivative of the federal
    discrimination and retaliation claims that the court granted summary judgment
    against.9 Therefore, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to
    Gate Gourmet on the state law claims to the extent they are based on Williams’
    claims for race discrimination, but we reverse the district court’s grant of summary
    judgment to Gate Gourmet on the state law claims to the extent they are based on
    Williams’ claims for pregnancy discrimination and retaliation, and we remand the
    case for further consideration of those claims.
    The district court also denied one of Williams’ discovery motions as moot
    because it granted summary judgment to Gate Gourmet. We vacate that order and
    9
    Williams’ state law claims are based on either a violation of a federal statute or Gate
    Gourmet permitting its employees to discriminate. It does not appear that Georgia courts have
    ever recognized a common law duty to prevent employment discrimination. But if such a duty
    exists, violation of it would necessarily require discrimination to have occurred.
    27
    remand it to the district court for reconsideration in light of this opinion.
    AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, VACATED IN PART,
    AND REMANDED.
    28
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 11-11819

Citation Numbers: 683 F.3d 1249, 2012 WL 2072671, 2012 U.S. App. LEXIS 11793, 115 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 391

Judges: Carnes, Pryor, Ripple

Filed Date: 6/11/2012

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 10/19/2024

Authorities (22)

Goldsmith v. Bagby Elevator Co., Inc. , 513 F.3d 1261 ( 2008 )

Rioux v. City of Atlanta, Ga. , 520 F.3d 1269 ( 2008 )

CBOCS West, Inc. v. Humphries , 128 S. Ct. 1951 ( 2008 )

Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Products, Inc. , 120 S. Ct. 2097 ( 2000 )

Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine , 101 S. Ct. 1089 ( 1981 )

Robert Drago v. Ken Jenne , 453 F.3d 1301 ( 2006 )

Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White , 126 S. Ct. 2405 ( 2006 )

Davis v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. Consolidated , 516 F.3d 955 ( 2008 )

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. , 106 S. Ct. 2505 ( 1986 )

McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green , 93 S. Ct. 1817 ( 1973 )

2-fair-emplpraccas-1053-2-fair-emplpraccas-942-2-empl-prac-dec-p , 431 F.2d 1097 ( 1970 )

Richard S. Silvera, Plaintiff-Appellee-Cross-Appellant v. ... , 244 F.3d 1253 ( 2001 )

David L. Morrison v. Amway Corporation, N.K.A. Alticor, Inc.... , 323 F.3d 920 ( 2003 )

Smith v. Lockheed Martin Corp. , 644 F.3d 1321 ( 2011 )

Larry Bonner v. City of Prichard, Alabama , 661 F.2d 1206 ( 1981 )

Howard v. Walgreen Co. , 605 F.3d 1239 ( 2010 )

Bryant v. CEO DeKalb Co. , 575 F.3d 1281 ( 2009 )

Loretta Wilson v. B/E Aerospace, Inc. , 376 F.3d 1079 ( 2004 )

Dixon v. the Hallmark Companies, Inc. , 627 F.3d 849 ( 2010 )

Michael J. OLMSTED, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. TACO BELL ... , 141 F.3d 1457 ( 1998 )

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