State v. Soto , 343 Wis. 2d 43 ( 2012 )

PATIENCE DRAKE ROGGENSACK, J.

¶ 1. This case is before us on certification from the court of appeals, pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 809.61 (2009-10).¹ The court of appeals certified questions of statutory-interpretation from the appeal of the decision of the circuit court for Trempealeau County² that denied Jon Anthony Soto's postsentencing motion to withdraw his guilty plea. Soto contends that his right under Wis. Stat. § 971.04(l)(g) to be present in the same courtroom as the presiding judge at his plea hearing was violated when the court conducted the hearing via videoconferencing technology.³ The State contends that if Soto had a right to be present in the same courtroom as the presiding judge, he waived it prior to pleading.

¶ 2. We conclude that Wis. Stat. § 971.04(l)(g) provides a criminal defendant the statutory right to be in the same courtroom as the presiding judge when a plea hearing is held, if the court accepts the plea and pronounces judgment. However, we also conclude that this statutory right may be waived and that Soto waived it prior to pleading and the court's pronouncement of judgment. We so conclude because Soto appeared in a courtroom in the Trempealeau County courthouse; both his attorney and the prosecuting attorney also appeared in the same courtroom; through videoconferencing, the judge was able to see, speak to and hear Soto and Soto was able to see, speak to and hear the circuit court judge; the judge explained that videoconferencing would be used for the plea hearing if Soto chose to enter a plea that day; and Soto expressly consented to the use of videoconferencing for the plea hearing. Accordingly, we affirm the circuit court's order denying Soto's motion to withdraw his guilty plea.

I. BACKGROUND

¶ 3. The facts relevant to Soto's appeal are limited primarily to the circumstances surrounding the hearing at which he pled guilty to second-degree reckless endangerment with the use of a dangerous weapon through the use of videoconferencing. We, therefore, summarize the underlying charges and proceedings only briefly.

¶ 4. On April 14, 2009, a criminal complaint was filed in Trempealeau County against defendant Soto for numerous harms Soto allegedly perpetrated upon a former girlfriend. The complaint included one count of stalking resulting in bodily harm, one count of false imprisonment, two counts of aggravated battery and one count of second-degree reckless endangerment. All of these counts included sentence enhancements for the use of a dangerous weapon, domestic abuse and commission by a repeater. These charges were subsequently incorporated into the information filed against Soto on May 4, 2009. The information also included charges for first-degree sexual assault and attempted first-degree sexual assault, both of which included repeater enhancements.

¶ 5. On July 7, 2009, Soto, with the advice of counsel, entered into a plea agreement with the Trempealeau County District Attorney. That same day, Soto completed the plea questionnaire and waiver of rights form, expressly waiving those constitutional rights relating to a defendant's right to a trial in a criminal proceeding. According to the agreement, Soto would plead guilty to second-degree recklessly endangering safety, under Wis. Stat. § 941.30(2), with the repeater enhancement removed, but with the dangerous weapon and domestic abuse enhancements included. In exchange, the State agreed to dismiss and read-in the false imprisonment and aggravated battery charges with their enhancements. Additionally, the State agreed to dismiss the stalking, first-degree sexual assault and attempted sexual assault charges.

¶ 6. The following day, July 8, 2009, the parties appeared in a courtroom at the Trempealeau County courthouse for a scheduled plea hearing. Soto appeared with his attorney, James Kroner, and the State appeared by Trempealeau County District Attorney, Jeri Marsolek. The Honorable Thomas E. Lister presided from the Jackson County courthouse in Black River Falls, and the individuals in the two courtrooms communicated via videoconferencing.

¶ 7. At the beginning of the plea hearing, Judge Lister acknowledged the use of videoconferencing and asked a series of questions relating to the acceptability of its use for the hearing. Judge Lister asked those in the Trempealeau County courtroom whether they could see and hear him to their satisfaction, to which Attorneys Kroner and Marsolek both answered "Yes." Additionally, the judge asked Soto and his attorney whether the use of videoconferencing was acceptable for the proceeding, and both answered affirmatively. After the defendant and his attorney agreed to the use of videoconferencing for the hearing, Kroner asked whether there was a court reporter present with Judge Lister, to which the judge replied affirmatively.

¶ 8. Judge Lister then engaged in a detailed colloquy with Soto to ensure that Soto's guilty plea and the corresponding waiver of his constitutional rights were knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily made. The judge also asked Kroner whether he believed that Soto entered into the plea agreement knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily; whether Kroner believed that Soto understood the possible penalties he could face; and whether Kroner believed that the plea agreement was in Soto's best interest. Kroner responded to each of these inquiries affirmatively.

¶ 9. The court then confirmed Soto's understanding of his waiver of any potential intoxication and insanity defenses, as well as his loss of other civil rights implicated by pleading guilty to a felony. Finally, Judge Lister once more asked Soto whether there was anything about the proceedings that Soto did not understand or that he wished to discuss with either the court or his attorney. Soto replied, "No."

¶ 10. The court then found that Soto understood the proceedings and that he knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived his constitutional rights while properly advised by counsel. On those findings, the court accepted Soto's plea, found him guilty, and convicted him of second-degree recklessly endangering safety with a deadly weapon. At a later date, Soto was sentenced to 15 years imprisonment, consisting of ten years of confinement and five years of extended supervision.

¶ 11. Soto moved for postconviction relief wherein he sought to withdraw his guilty plea and to vacate the judgment. Soto asserted that the proceeding at which he pled guilty via videoconferencing violated due process, as well as his statutory right to be present as provided in Wis. Stat. § 971.04(l)(g). Soto argued that he could not have effectively waived his right to challenge the use of videoconferencing because he was not aware that such right existed and that, therefore, any waiver was not an intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.

¶ 12. On July 1, 2010, the court heard Soto's motion for postconviction relief and denied the motion. Judge Lister reasoned that it was inconceivable that his sharing the same courtroom with Soto would have altered the proceeding in any relevant way. Distinguishing State v. Peters, 2000 WI App 154, 237 Wis. 2d 741, 615 N.W.2d 655, rev'd on other grounds, 2001 WI 74, 244 Wis. 2d 470, 628 N.W.2d 797, and State v. Vennemann, 180 Wis. 2d 81, 508 N.W.2d 404 (1993), Judge Lister noted the clarity of communications between the two courtrooms, the thorough colloquy between Soto and him, that both Soto and his attorney affirmatively agreed to proceed via videoconferencing and the multiple opportunities the court afforded Soto to seek clarification or to reconsider his decision to plead at that time.

¶ 13. Soto appealed. The court of appeals certified the appeal, which certification we accepted.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

¶ 14. This certification asks us to determine whether Soto's guilty plea must be set aside to correct a manifest injustice. State v. McCallum, 208 Wis. 2d 463, 473, 561 N.W.2d 707 (1997). Soto bases his assertion of manifest injustice on a claimed statutory right to be present in the same courtroom as the judge pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 971.04(l)(g), which he says was violated when videoconferencing was used at his plea hearing. Accordingly, we must construe and apply § 971.04(l)(g). The interpretation of a statute and its application to a particular set of facts present questions of law that we review independently of the circuit court's decision, but benefitting from its analysis. Rasmussen v. Gen. Motors Corp., 2011 WI 52, ¶ 14, 335 Wis. 2d 1, 803 N.W.2d 623. Additionally, whether a defendant's undisputed statements and actions in a criminal proceeding constitute waiver of a statutory right is a question of law for our independent review. State v. Ward, 2009 WI 60, ¶ 17, 318 Wis. 2d 301, 767 N.W.2d 236.

B. Wisconsin Statutes § 971.04(l)(g)

¶ 15. The primary issue presented is whether a criminal defendant has a statutory right under Wis. Stat. § 971.04(l)(g) to be "present" in the same courtroom as the presiding judge when a guilty plea is made and judgment is pronounced. This issue requires us to determine whether pleas may come within § 971.04(l)(g). If they do in this case, then we must interpret "present" specifically in regard to where the defendant must be located and whether the judge must be at the same location as the defendant. Our discussion, therefore, begins with the plain language of the statute.⁴ Richards v. Badger Mut. Ins. Co., 2008 WI 52, ¶ 20, 309 Wis. 2d 541, 749 N.W.2d 581.

¶ 16. Wisconsin Stat. § 971.04 provides, in relevant part:

(1) Except as provided in subs. (2) and (3), the defendant shall be present:

(a) At the arraignment;

(b) At trial;

(c) During voir dire of the trial jury;

(d) At any evidentiary hearing;

(e) At any view by the jury;

(f) When the jury returns its verdict;

(g) At the pronouncement of judgment and the imposition of sentence;

(h) At any other proceeding when ordered by the court.

¶ 17. Plea hearings are not mentioned in Wis. Stat. § 971.04(1). However, the State and Soto focus on para. (l)(g), which provides that a defendant must be present at a proceeding where there is a "pronouncement of judgment." In that regard, we note that at the plea hearing Judge Lister said:

I accept his plea of guilty, and I find him guilty, and upon this finding, it is adjudged that he is convicted of the crime of second degree recklessly endangering safety in violation of 941.30(2) of the Wisconsin Statutes, and that he is convicted of using or possessing a dangerous weapon in the course of committing that crime in violation of 939.63 of the Wisconsin Statutes as charged in Count 5 of the Amended Information, and I adjudge him convicted on this date, and I order a Judgment of Conviction entered in the record.

¶ 18. Based on this statement from the court, we agree that Wis. Stat. § 971.04(l)(g) is relevant to Soto's claim because judgment was pronounced at the hearing where he pled guilty.⁵ However, although § 971.04(l)(g) speaks to the defendant being "present," it says nothing about where the defendant or the judge are located. If the judge and the defendant are required to be in the same location when judgment is pronounced, the use of videoconferencing for pleas when judgment is pronounced may be problematic. This requires us to interpret § 971.04(l)(g).

¶ 19. Statutory interpretation is undertaken to determine the statute's meaning, which we assume is expressed in the language chosen by the legislature. Richards, 309 Wis. 2d 541, ¶ 20. If the meaning of the statute is clear from the plain language, we give effect to that language. State ex rel. Kalal v. Circuit Court for Dane Cnty., 2004 WI 58, ¶ 45, 271 Wis. 2d 633, 681 N.W.2d 110. We give statutory terms their "common, ordinary, and accepted meaning, except that technical or specially-defined words or phrases are given their technical or special definitional meaning." Id., ¶ 45.

¶ 20. Additionally, a plain meaning analysis may look to statutory context and structure. See id., ¶ 46. Indeed, the statutory context in which a term is used, including the language and structure of surrounding or closely related statutes, is often highly instructive in determining a term's meaning. State v. Jensen, 2010 WI 38, ¶ 15, 324 Wis. 2d 586, 782 N.W.2d 415. The purposes underlying a statute are also useful in ascertaining a statute's meaning. Sheboygan Cnty. Dep't of Health & Human Servs. v. Tanya M.B., 2010 WI 55, ¶ 28, 325 Wis. 2d 524, 785 N.W.2d 369. Finally, when engaging in statutory interpretation, we are assisted by prior decisions that have examined the relevant statutes. See DeHart v. Wis. Mut. Ins. Co., 2007 WI 91, ¶ 15, 302 Wis. 2d 564, 734 N.W.2d 394.

¶ 21. Therefore, when interpreting "present" in Wis. Stat. § 971.04(l)(g), we look to common understandings of that term, its apparent purpose and surrounding provisions governing criminal procedure, as well as the related statute governing the use of videoconferencing, Wis. Stat. § 885.60.

¶ 22. "Present" is not defined in the statutes. However, from a plain meaning interpretation, we conclude that "present" under Wis. Stat. § 971.04(1) means that a criminal defendant has a right to personally appear at the proceedings where judgment is pronounced, here, at the plea hearing. Therefore, in the context of § 971.04(l)(g), "present" means the defendant is in a courtroom when the plea is made and judgment is pronounced. However, the statute is silent in regard to whether the judge must also be present in the same courtroom as the defendant.

¶ 23. We have required that the defendant be in a courtroom because the statute clearly speaks to the defendant's presence at the location of the proceeding. Requiring that the defendant be present in the courtroom is guided also by the belief that a courtroom is a setting epitomizing and guaranteeing "calmness and solemnity," see Cox v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 536, 583 (1965) (Black, J., dissenting), so that a defendant may recognize that he has had access to the judicial process in a criminal proceeding. Finally, requiring the defendant to make his appearance in a courtroom avoids the potential or perceived problems that can occur when the defendant is located in another facility such as a jail, while the judge, prosecutor, and perhaps even defense counsel are in the courtroom. See generally Anne Bowen Poulin, Criminal Justice and Videoconferencing Technology: The Remote Defendant, 78 Tul. L. Rev. 1089 (2004).

¶ 24. The purposes served by the defendant being "present" during a plea hearing and the context in which "present" is used are instructive. See Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633, ¶ 48. For example, when a plea is taken on a felony, one statutory purpose served by the defendant's presence is to permit the circuit court to conduct a colloquy to determine whether there is a sufficient factual basis for the plea and that the defendant is pleading knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. Wis. Stat. § 971.08(1); see State v. Trochinski, 2002 WI 56, ¶¶ 16-17, 253 Wis. 2d 38, 644 N.W.2d 891.

¶ 25. When the videoconferencing is such that the judge can see, speak to and hear the defendant and his counsel, and the defendant and his counsel can see, speak to and hear the judge, the statutory purpose of ascertaining whether the plea is being made knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily can be fulfilled. Accordingly, it is not necessary to satisfying that purpose of "present" in Wis. Stat. § 971.04(1) (g) that the judge and the defendant both be at the same location.

¶ 26. Pronouncement of judgment demonstrates the State's power to require compliance with the criminal code and to hold accountable those who do not comply. Accordingly, another purpose served by the requirement that the defendant be present in a courtroom when judgment is pronounced is to effectively display the State's power. At pronouncement of judgment, the power of the State resides in the court, then personified by the circuit court judge. That state power is more forcefully exercised when the defendant and the judge are in the same courtroom, rather than having the defendant in a courtroom and the judge in a remote location.

¶ 27. Furthermore, the Wis. Stat. § 971.04(1) requirement that "the defendant shall be present" applies to multiple paragraphs of § 971.04(1), such as (l)(b), "[a]t trial," (l)(c), "[d]uring voir dire of the trial jury," and (l)(f), "[w]hen the jury returns its verdict." One would expect that the judge would be present in the same courtroom as the defendant when a trial is ongoing, when the jury is being questioned prior to their selection, and when the verdict is returned. It would be contrary to the plain meaning of "present" to conclude that the term had different meanings for different paragraphs of subsec. (1) that employ a common introductory statement. Accordingly, we conclude that under § 971.04(l)(g), Soto had a statutory right to be present in the same courtroom as the judge when he made his guilty plea because the judge accepted Soto's plea and pronounced judgment in regard to the crime to which Soto pled.

¶ 28. Wisconsin Stat. § 971.04(1) has been mentioned in several Wisconsin opinions, but none of them involved circumstances similar to those presented herein. For example, in Vennemann, we considered whether a convicted defendant was required to be present for a postconviction motion hearing. Vennemann, 180 Wis. 2d at 85. Vennemann was in prison and the hearing was conducted with a telephone hookup between the court and Vennemann, pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 967.08. Id. Therefore, communications between the judge and the defendant had no video component. In addition, the audio component faded in and out, with the defendant often being unable to hear at all. Id. at 91-92. We concluded that § 971.04(l)(d) did not apply to postconviction evidentiary hearings, id. at 93, and that a patchy telephone connection from prison was insufficient under § 967.08 for the evidentiary issues presented. Id. at 87-88. Therefore, although our decision today does not conflict with our holding in Vennemann, because of the different focus of our discussion therein, we do not rely on Vennemann.

¶ 29. In State v. Koopmans, 210 Wis. 2d 670, 563 N.W.2d 528 (1997), we examined whether a defendant had waived her Wis. Stat. § 971.04(l)(g) right to be present at sentencing. Id. at 672-73. The defendant was out of the country at the time set for sentencing. Id. at 673-74. The circuit court concluded that she had voluntarily absented herself from the sentencing proceedings and by doing so, she had waived her § 971.04(l)(g) right to be present at those proceedings. Id. at 674. The circuit court then sentenced her in absentia. Id. We concluded that being out of the country could not constitute being "present," as that term is used in § 971.04(l)(g). Id. at 677-79. We also concluded that Koopmans had not waived her right to be present at the sentencing. Id. at 677.

¶ 30. However, Koopmans did not examine whether "present" under Wis. Stat. § 971.04(l)(g) could be satisfied by videoconferencing. Our decision in Koopmans did not have the occasion to interpret the term "present" and what conditions may fulfill the statutory directive, as we have done here.

¶ 31. In addition to relying on the term "present" as it is used in Wis. Stat. § 971.04(l)(g), Soto also asserts that his right to be "physically present" under Wis. Stat. § 885.60(2)(a) supports his interpretation of "present" under § 971.04(l)(g). Section 885.60 provides in relevant part:⁶

(1) Subject to the standards and criteria set forth in ss. 885.54 and 885.56 and to the limitations of sub. (2), a circuit court may, on its own motion or at the request of any party, in any criminal case or matter under chs. 48, 51, 55, 938, or 980, permit the use of videoconferencing technology in any pre-trial, trial or fact-finding, or post-trial proceeding.

(2) (a) Except as may otherwise be provided by law, a defendant in a criminal case and a respondent in a matter listed in sub. (1) is entitled to be physically present in the courtroom at all critical stages of the proceedings, including evidentiary hearings, trials or fact-finding hearings, plea hearings at which a plea of guilty or no contest, or an admission, will be offered, and sentencing or dispositional hearings.

(d) If an objection is made by the defendant or respondent in a matter listed in sub (1), the court shall sustain the objection.

¶ 32. Videoconferencing by its very nature implies that more than one location will be used for a proceeding. Therefore, the statute envisions that the judge and the defendant may not be in the same location. Wisconsin Stat. § 885.60(2)(a) employs the term "physically present" to describe the location of the defendant, rather than the term "present," as Wis. Stat. § 971.04(1) does. Accordingly, it might be argued that what is necessary to satisfy "physically present" may, or may not, be exactly the same as what is required to satisfy "present" under § 971.04(1). However, we note that § 885.60 was fully derived from a Supreme Court rule through a legislative delegation under Wis. Stat. § 751.12. S. Ct. Order No. 07-12, 2008 WI 37, 305 Wis. 2d xli (issued May 1, 2008, eff. July 1, 2008). Section 751.12 prohibits the supreme court from abridging, enlarging or modifying the substantive rights of any litigant when creating a Supreme Court rule under § 751.12(1). Accordingly, § 885.60(2)(a) cannot enlarge or diminish a defendant's statutory right established by § 971.04(l)(g).

¶ 33. In the case before us, Soto expressly consented to the use of two locations. The court questioned him thoroughly about the use of videoconferencing and whether he agreed to the use of videoconferencing for his plea. Soto repeatedly assured the court that the videoconferencing equipment was working well and that he could see, speak to and hear the judge and that he agreed to proceed by videoconferencing. He made no Wis. Stat. § 885.60(2)(d) objection of any type. Therefore, we conclude that § 885.60 has no relevance to whether Soto's plea was lawfully accepted during the videoconferencing used for his plea hearing.

¶ 34. Returning now to Wis. Stat. § 971.04(1)(g) and applying the principles we have discussed to Soto's plea hearing, we conclude that Soto had a statutory right to be present in the same courtroom as the presiding judge when he pled guilty and the judge accepted his plea and pronounced judgment in regard to the crime to which he pled. However, that is not the end of our discussion because Judge Lister was diligent in acknowledging and questioning Soto about the use of videoconferencing.

C. Waiver

¶ 35. The State contends, and we agree, that Soto affirmatively waived his statutory right to be present in the same courtroom as the presiding judge during the plea hearing. We begin by clarifying that this is not a case of forfeiture. We recently examined the distinction between forfeiture and waiver in State v. Ndina, 2009 WI 21, ¶¶ 28-31, 315 Wis. 2d 653, 761 N.W.2d 612. Therein, we stated the distinction between the triggering of each theory as grounded in the existence of a volitional act: " 'Whereas forfeiture is the failure to make the timely assertion of a right, waiver is the intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.'" Id., ¶ 29 (quoting United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733 (1993)).

¶ 36. One distinction between the two theories of relinquishment lies in the importance of the right being relinquished and the procedural efficiency of imposing an earlier final determination of the relinquishment of the right. See id., ¶¶ 30-31. Rights that are subject to forfeiture are typically those whose relinquishment will not necessarily deprive a party of a fair trial, and whose protection is best left to the immediacy of the trial, such as when a party fails to raise an evidentiary objection. See id., ¶ 30. Forfeiture promotes expediency and efficiency in proceedings leading up to and including trial, wherein the threat of immediately losing the right encourages diligent preparation and attention so as to avoid forgoing such rights as may be forfeited. See id. The mutual consolation of forfeiture is that each party can be confident that a right forfeited by the other will not be relitigated in some subsequent appeal or proceeding. See id.

¶ 37. In contrast to forfeiture, waiver typically applies to those rights so important to the administration of a fair trial that mere inaction on the part of a litigant is not sufficient to demonstrate that the party intended to forgo the right. See id., ¶ 31. Rights subject to waiver require some affirmative relinquishment on the part of the holder. See id. Rights subject to waiver include constitutional protections such as the right to trial by jury, the right to counsel, and the right to refrain from self-incrimination. State v. Huebner, 2000 WI 59, ¶ 14, 235 Wis. 2d 486, 611 N.W.2d 727. Additionally, certain statutory rights have been deemed sufficiently important as to require the affirmative relinquishment demanded by the doctrine of waiver.⁷ See State v. Shirley E., 2006 WI 129, ¶¶ 35-39, 53-54, 298 Wis. 2d 1, 724 N.W.2d 623 (explaining that a parent has a statutory right to counsel at the dispositional phase of a termination of parental rights proceeding that is subject to waiver).

¶ 38. Therefore, when determining whether a right is subject to forfeiture or waiver, we look to the constitutional or statutory importance of the right, balanced against the procedural efficiency in requiring immediate final determination of the right. Accordingly, even where a right is not constitutionally protected, but where it is one of clear importance to the fair administration of justice, we will hold that the right is subject to waiver, rather than forfeiture. See Huebner, 235 Wis. 2d 486, ¶¶ 11, 14-15.

¶ 39. Other courts and commentators have recognized that waiver is an important component of substantive rights. See Michael E. Tigar, Foreword: Waiver of Constitutional Rights: Disquiet in the Citadel, 84 Harv. L. Rev. 1 (1970). Indeed, the implied right to waive substantive rights, whether constitutional or statutory, affords criminal defendants a valuable bargaining chip at various stages of the proceedings. See id. at 8 ("It is waiver of rights that permits the system of criminal justice to work at all."). Indeed, the applicability of waiver is demonstrated by the near-ubiquity of allowing waiver in criminal procedure. See Daniel E Blank, Plea Bargain Waivers Reconsidered: A Legal Pragmatist's Guide to Loss, Abandonment and Alienation, 68 Fordham L. Rev. 2011, 2012-13 (2000). The policy underlying allowing waiver of important constitutional and statutory rights supports our conclusion that the defendant's right to be present under Wis. Stat. § 971.04(l)(g) is subject to waiver.

¶ 40. We conclude that a defendant's right to be present in the same courtroom as the presiding judge at the proceedings listed in Wis. Stat. § 971.04(l)(g) is particularly important to the actual or perceived fairness of the criminal proceedings. Therefore, if this right is to be relinquished, it must be done by waiver, the "intentional relinquishment of a known right." See Brunton v. Nuvell Credit Corp., 2010 WI 50, ¶ 37, 325 Wis. 2d 135, 785 N.W.2d 302 (concluding that proper venue could be waived by an appearance and conduct evincing the intentional relinquishment of the right to proper venue).

¶ 41. Our conclusion on the applicability of waiver must consider our holding in Koopmans. As explained earlier, in Koopmans, we examined whether a defendant who had voluntarily absented herself from a scheduled sentencing hearing could be deemed to have waived her right to be present.⁸ It is important to note that contrary to the circumstances herein presented, Koopmans did not participate personally in the sentencing hearing in any fashion. We held that Koopmans' absence did not demonstrate that she had waived the right to be present. Koopmans, 210 Wis. 2d at 679-80. Accordingly, we held that resentencing was necessary. Id. at 680.

¶ 42. Despite Koopmans' potentially broad statement that waiver was not available under Wis. Stat. § 971.04(l)(g) for a defendant who voluntarily absents herself from the sentencing proceeding, we conclude that the language of § 971.04(l)(g) and the policy of allowing waiver of many important constitutional and statutory rights requires that the right to be present in the same courtroom as the presiding judge also includes the corresponding right to waive that right and proceed by videoconferencing.

¶ 43. The question underlying the appeal in Koopmans, whether waiver was shown by the facts of that case, should not be extrapolated to mean anything more than the right to be present cannot be forfeited by mere absence. Understood in this light, Koopmans established the precursor for our holding today that waiver, rather than forfeiture, is the appropriate doctrine under which a criminal defendant may relinquish his right to be present in the same courtroom as the presiding judge when judgment is pronounced.

¶ 44. Therefore, in accordance with Koopmans, Ndina and our interpretation of Wis. Stat. § 971.04(l)(g), we conclude that a defendant in a criminal proceeding where judgment is pronounced may waive, but not forfeit, the right to be in the same courtroom as the presiding judge during those proceedings. We also note, however, that the showing necessary to demonstrate waiver of a right differs, depending on the right that is at issue.

¶ 45. As we have explained, even where waiver is required, different types of rights require different showings to demonstrate that the waiver is knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. For example, in State v. Denson, 2011 WI 70, 335 Wis. 2d 681, 799 N.W.2d 831, we concluded that a circuit court is "not required to conduct an on-the-record colloquy" to determine whether a defendant is knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waiving his or her right not to testify. Id., ¶ 63; see also Rao v. WMA Sec., Inc., 2008 WI 73, ¶ 22, 310 Wis. 2d 623, 752 N.W.2d 220 (concluding that a party may waive the Wisconsin Constitution Article I, Section 5 right of trial by jury by failing to assert the right timely or by failing to pay a required jury fee). Although a formal colloquy is often employed to show waiver, it is not the only way in which waiver may be shown. See Denson, 335 Wis. 2d 681, ¶¶ 63-67.

¶ 46. When videoconferencing is proposed for a plea hearing at which it is anticipated that judgment will be pronounced, the judge should enter into a colloquy with the defendant that explores the effectiveness of the videoconferencing then being employed. In that regard, the judge shall ascertain whether the defendant and his attorney, if represented by counsel, are able to see, speak to and hear the judge and that the judge can see, speak to and hear the defendant and counsel. The judge shall also ascertain, either by personal colloquy or by some other means, whether the defendant knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily consents to the use of videoconferencing. In so doing, questions should be asked to suggest to the defendant that he has the option of refusing to employ videoconferencing for a plea hearing at which judgment will be pronounced.

¶ 47. In the case before us, Judge Lister carefully questioned Soto and counsel:

THE COURT: Can everyone hear me all right there?

MS. MARSOLEK: Yes.

MR. KRONER: Yes.

THE COURT: And can everyone see me all right?

MS. MARSOLEK: Yes.

MR. KRONER: Yes.

THE COURT: All right. Mr. Kroner, are you satisfied with appearing at this plea hearing by video teleconferencing?

MR. KRONER: Yes, Your Honor.

THE COURT: And, Mr. Soto, is it all right with you that we are doing this plea hearing by video teleconferencing?

THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

THE COURT: And, Mr. Soto, do you wish to enter a plea today?

THE DEFENDANT: Yes.

.... (lengthy plea colloquy held)

THE COURT: Mr. Soto, again, do you still wish to plead guilty?

THE DEFENDANT: Yes, Your Honor.

THE COURT: Is there anything at all, Mr. Soto, about what's happening that you don't understand or that you would like to ask me or Mr. Kroner?

THE DEFENDANT: No.

¶ 48. Based on the record presented in this case, we conclude that Soto waived his Wis. Stat. § 971.04(l)(g) right to be present in the same courtroom as Judge Lister during his plea hearing when judgment was pronounced. Judge Lister's colloquy was sufficient to demonstrate that Soto and his attorney could see, speak to and hear Judge Lister and the judge could see, speak to and hear Soto and his counsel. The colloquy demonstrated that the videoconferencing was functioning properly.

¶ 49. Judge Lister also ascertained that Soto was knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily agreeing to the use of videoconferencing for the plea hearing. Judge Lister asked Soto and his attorney whether proceeding via videoconferencing was acceptable, and each responded affirmatively. His questions indicated that Soto did not have to agree to the use of videoconferencing, and the plea colloquy proceeded as it would have if all the parties and the judge were in the same courtroom. After Judge Lister ascertained that Soto was making a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary plea, he offered Soto yet another opportunity to object to the use of videoconferencing. Judge Lister proceeded correctly. Soto affirmatively waived his statutory right to be present in the same courtroom as the judge during the plea hearing where judgment was pronounced.

III. CONCLUSION

¶ 50. We conclude that Wis. Stat. § 971.04(l)(g) provides a criminal defendant the statutory right to be in the same courtroom as the presiding judge when a plea hearing is held if the court accepts the plea and pronounces judgment. However, we also conclude that this statutory right may be waived and that Soto waived it prior to pleading and the court's pronouncement of judgment. We so conclude because Soto appeared in a courtroom in the Trempealeau County courthouse; both his attorney and the prosecuting attorney also appeared in the same courtroom; through videoconferencing, the judge was able to see, speak to and hear Soto and Soto was able to see, speak to and hear the circuit court judge; the judge explained that videoconferencing would be used for the plea hearing if Soto chose to enter a plea that day; and Soto expressly consented to the use of videoconferencing for the plea hearing. Accordingly, we affirm the circuit court's order denying Soto's motion to withdraw his guilty plea.

By the Court. — The order and judgment of the circuit court are affirmed.

1 All subsequent references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2009-10 version unless otherwise indicated.

2 The Honorable Thomas E. Lister presided.

3 Different sources abbreviate the process of videoconferencing as "VCT" or "VTC," presumably meaning "videoconference technology" and "video teleconference," respectively. Wisconsin Stat. §§ 885.50-.64 use the term "videoconferencing technology" to refer to the process of communicating using "interactive technology that sends video, voice, and data signals over a transmission circuit so that two or more individuals or groups can communicate with each other simultaneously using video monitors." Wis. Stat. § 885.52(3). In accordance with the statutes' terminology, we use the term "videoconferencing."

4 We note at the outset of our discussion that Soto does not assert that a constitutional right was abridged by the manner in which the plea hearing was conducted. Although Soto's challenge was initially based in part on an alleged deprivation of due process, he has abandoned his constitutional challenge in this court.

5 It may be possible to have a plea accepted, but not have the court pronounce judgment. As these are not the facts before us, we do not address this potential further.

6 Wisconsin Stat. § 885.60(2)(a) was amended in 2011, and no longer lists a plea hearing in which a guilty plea is offered. Instead, the amended § 885.60(2)(a) provides that a defendant "is entitled to be physically present in the courtroom at all trials and sentencing or dispositional hearings." 2011 Wis. Act 32, § 3492r. We confine our analysis and decision to the provision as it read at the time of Soto's plea hearing.

7 We have previously acknowledged the imprecision in labeling certain scenarios subject to the "waiver rule," as that phrasing was often used to refer to forfeiture rather than true waiver. See State v. Huebner, 2000 WI 59, ¶ 11 n.2, 235 Wis. 2d 486, 611 N.W.2d 727.

8 Soto argues that Koopmans stands for a broad rule that the right to be present absolutely cannot be waived. In light of the narrow question presented in that case, we do not read Koopmans as necessarily stating such a sweeping rule. Instead, we conclude that the case should be read to hold that a defendant who absents herself from sentencing, without more, has not sufficiently demonstrated waiver of her right to be physically present. See State v. Koopmans, 210 Wis. 2d 670, 675, 563 N.W.2d 528 (1997) (phrasing the issue as "[wlhether a defendant may waive the right to be present at sentencing by knowingly[, intelligently] and voluntarily absenting himself or herself').