Sebelius v. Cloer , 133 S. Ct. 1886 ( 2013 )


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  • (Slip Opinion)              OCTOBER TERM, 2012                                       1
    Syllabus
    NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as is
    being done in connection with this case, at the time the opinion is issued.
    The syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been
    prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.
    See United States v. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co., 
    200 U. S. 321
    , 337.
    SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
    Syllabus
    SEBELIUS, SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
    SERVICES v. CLOER
    CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR
    THE FEDERAL CIRCUIT
    No. 12–236.      Argued March 19, 2013—Decided May 20, 2013
    The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986 (NCVIA or Act) es-
    tablished a no-fault compensation system to stabilize the vaccine
    market and expedite compensation to injured parties. Bruesewitz v.
    Wyeth LLC, 562 U. S. ___, ___–___. Under the Act, “[a] proceeding for
    compensation” is “initiated” by “service upon the Secretary” of Health
    and Human Services and “the filing of a petition containing” specified
    documentation with the clerk of the Court of Federal Claims, who
    then “immediately” forwards the petition for assignment to a special
    master. 42 U. S. C. §300aa–11(a)(1). An attorney may not charge a
    fee for “services in connection with [such] a petition,” §300aa–
    15(e)(3), but a court may award attorney’s fees and costs “incurred
    [by a claimant] in any proceeding on” an unsuccessful “petition filed
    under section 300aa–11,” if that petition “was brought in good faith
    and there was a reasonable basis for the claim for which the petition
    was brought,” §300aa–15(e)(1).
    In 1997, shortly after receiving her third Hepatitis-B vaccine, re-
    spondent Cloer began to experience symptoms that eventually led to
    a multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnosis in 2003. In 2004, she learned of a
    link between MS and the Hepatitis-B vaccine, and in 2005, she filed a
    claim for compensation under the NCVIA, alleging that the vaccine
    caused or exacerbated her MS. After reviewing the petition and its
    supporting documentation, the Chief Special Master concluded that
    Cloer’s claim was untimely because the Act’s 36-month limitations
    period began to run when she had her first MS symptoms in 1997.
    The Federal Circuit ultimately agreed that Cloer’s petition was un-
    timely. Cloer then sought attorney’s fees and costs (collectively, fees).
    The en banc Federal Circuit found that she was entitled to recover
    2                          SEBELIUS v. CLOER
    Syllabus
    fees on her untimely petition.
    Held: An untimely NCVIA petition may qualify for an award of attor-
    ney’s fees if it is filed in good faith and there is a reasonable basis for
    its claim. Pp. 6–13.
    (a) As in any statutory construction case, this Court proceeds from
    the understanding that “[u]nless otherwise defined, statutory terms
    are generally interpreted in accordance with their ordinary mean-
    ing.” BP America Production Co. v. Burton, 
    549 U. S. 84
    , 91. Noth-
    ing in either the NCVIA’s attorney’s fees provision, which ties eligi-
    bility to “any proceeding on such petition” and refers specifically to “a
    petition filed under section 300aa–11,” or the referenced §300aa–11
    suggests that the reason for the subsequent dismissal of a petition,
    such as its untimeliness, nullifies the initial filing. As the term
    “filed” is commonly understood, an application is filed “when it is de-
    livered to, and accepted by, the appropriate court officer for place-
    ment into the official record.” Artuz v. Bennett, 
    531 U. S. 4
    , 8. Apply-
    ing this ordinary meaning to the text at issue, it is clear that an
    NCVIA petition delivered to the court clerk, forwarded for processing,
    and adjudicated in a proceeding before a special master is a “petition
    filed under section 300aa–11.” So long as it was brought in good faith
    and with a reasonable basis, it is eligible for an award of attorney’s
    fees, even if it is ultimately unsuccessful. Had Congress intended
    otherwise, it could have easily limited fee awards to timely petitions.
    The Government’s argument that the 36-month limitations period
    is a statutory prerequisite for filing lacks textual support. First,
    there is no cross-reference to the Act’s limitations provision in its fees
    provision, §300aa–15(e), or the referenced §300aa–11(a)(1). Second,
    reading the provision to provide that “no petition may be filed for
    compensation” late, as the Government asks, would require the Court
    to conclude that a petition like Cloer’s, which was “filed” under that
    term’s ordinary meaning but was later found to be untimely, was
    never filed at all. This Court’s “inquiry ceases [where, as here,] ‘the
    statutory language is unambiguous and “the statutory scheme is co-
    herent and consistent.” ’ ” Barnhart v. Sigmon Coal Co., 
    534 U. S. 438
    , 450.
    The Government’s contrary position is also inconsistent with the
    fees provision’s purpose, which was to avoid “limit[ing] petitioners’
    ability to obtain qualified assistance” by making awards available for
    “non-prevailing, good-faith claims.” H. R. Rep. No. 99–908, pt. 1,
    p. 22. Pp. 6–10.
    (b) The Government’s two additional lines of argument for barring
    the award of attorney’s fees for untimely petitions are unpersuasive.
    First, the canon of construction favoring strict construction of waivers
    of sovereign immunity, the presumption favoring the retention of fa-
    Cite as: 569 U. S. ____ (2013)                    3
    Syllabus
    miliar common-law principles, and the policy argument that the
    NCVIA should be construed so as to minimize complex and costly fees
    litigation must all give way when, as here, the statute’s words “are
    unambiguous.” Connecticut Nat. Bank v. Germain, 
    503 U. S. 249
    ,
    253–254. Second, even if the NCVIA’s plain text requires that special
    masters occasionally carry out “shadow trials” to determine whether
    late petitions were brought in good faith and with a reasonable basis,
    that is not such an absurd burden as to require departure from the
    words of the Act. This is especially true where Congress has specifi-
    cally provided for such “shadow trials” by permitting the award of at-
    torney’s fees “in any proceeding [on an unsuccessful] petition” if such
    petition was brought in good faith and with a reasonable basis.
    §300aa–15(e)(1). Pp. 10–13.
    
    675 F. 3d 1358
    , affirmed.
    SOTOMAYOR, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which ROBERTS,
    C. J., and KENNEDY, GINSBURG, BREYER, ALITO, and KAGAN, JJ., joined,
    and in which SCALIA and THOMAS, JJ., joined as to all but Part II–B.
    Cite as: 569 U. S. ____ (2013)                              1
    Opinion of the Court
    NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the
    preliminary print of the United States Reports. Readers are requested to
    notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of the United States, Wash-
    ington, D. C. 20543, of any typographical or other formal errors, in order
    that corrections may be made before the preliminary print goes to press.
    SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
    _________________
    No. 12–236
    _________________
    KATHLEEN SEBELIUS, SECRETARY OF HEALTH
    AND HUMAN SERVICES, PETITIONER v.
    MELISSA CLOER
    ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF
    APPEALS FOR THE FEDERAL CIRCUIT
    [May 20, 2013]
    JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR delivered the opinion of the Court.*
    The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986
    (NCVIA or Act), 
    100 Stat. 3756
    , 42 U. S. C. §300aa–1
    et seq., provides that a court may award attorney’s fees
    and costs “incurred [by a claimant] in any proceeding on”
    an unsuccessful vaccine-injury “petition filed under sec-
    tion 300aa–11,” if that petition “was brought in good faith
    and there was a reasonable basis for the claim for which
    the petition was brought.” §300aa–15(e)(1). The Act’s
    limitations provision states that “no petition may be filed
    for compensation” more than 36 months after the claim-
    ant’s initial symptoms occur. §300aa–16(a)(2). The ques-
    tion before us is whether an untimely petition can garner
    an award of attorney’s fees. We agree with a majority of
    the en banc Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit that
    it can.
    ——————
    * JUSTICE SCALIA and JUSTICE THOMAS join all but Part II–B of this
    opinion.
    2                    SEBELIUS v. CLOER
    Opinion of the Court
    I
    A
    The NCVIA “establishes a no-fault compensation pro-
    gram ‘designed to work faster and with greater ease than
    the civil tort system.’ ” Bruesewitz v. Wyeth LLC, 562 U. S.
    ___, ___ (2011) (slip op., at 3) (quoting Shalala v. White-
    cotton, 
    514 U. S. 268
    , 269 (1995)). Congress enacted the
    NCVIA to stabilize the vaccine market and expedite com-
    pensation to injured parties after complaints mounted
    regarding the inefficiencies and costs borne by both in-
    jured consumers and vaccine manufacturers under the pre-
    vious civil tort compensation regime. 562 U. S., at ___–___
    (slip op., at 2–3); H. R. Rep. No. 99–908, pt. 1, pp. 6–7
    (1986) (hereinafter H. R. Rep.).
    The compensation program’s procedures are straight-
    forward. First, “[a] proceeding for compensation under the
    Program for a vaccine-related injury or death shall be
    initiated by service upon the Secretary [for the Depart-
    ment of Health and Human Services] and the filing of a
    petition containing the matter prescribed by subsection (c)
    of this section with the United States Court of Federal
    Claims.” 42 U. S. C. §300aa–11(a)(1). Subsection (c) pro-
    vides in relevant part that a petition must include “an
    affidavit, and supporting documentation, demonstrating
    that the person who suffered such injury” was actually
    vaccinated and suffered an injury. §300aa–11(c)(1). Next,
    upon receipt of an NCVIA petition, “[t]he clerk of the
    United States Court of Federal Claims shall immediately
    forward the filed petition to the chief special master for
    assignment to a special master.” §300aa–11(a)(1). This
    special master then “makes an informal adjudication of
    the petition.” Bruesewitz, 562 U. S., at ___ (slip op., at 3)
    (citing §300aa–12(d)(3)). A successful claimant may re-
    cover medical costs, lost earning capacity, and an award
    for pain and suffering, 42 U. S. C. §300aa–15(a), with
    compensation paid out from a federal trust fund supported
    Cite as: 569 U. S. ____ (2013)                     3
    Opinion of the Court
    by an excise tax levied on each dose of certain covered
    vaccines, see 
    26 U. S. C. §§4131
    , 4132, 9510; 42 U. S. C.
    §300aa–15(f)(4)(A). But under the Act’s limitations provi-
    sion, “no petition may be filed for compensation under the
    Program for [a vaccine-related] injury after the expiration
    of 36 months after the date of the occurrence of the first
    symptom or manifestation of onset or of the significant
    aggravation of ” the alleged injury. §300aa–16(a)(2).
    The Act also includes an unusual scheme for compensat-
    ing attorneys who work on NCVIA petitions. See §300aa–
    15(e).1 “No attorney may charge any fee for services in
    connection with a petition filed under section 300aa–11 of
    this title.” §300aa–15(e)(3).2 But a court may award
    attorney’s fees in certain circumstances. In the case of
    successful petitions, the award of attorney’s fees is auto-
    matic. §300aa–15(e)(1) (“In awarding compensation on a
    petition filed under section 300aa–11 of this title the
    special master or court shall also award as part of such
    compensation an amount to cover . . . reasonable attor-
    neys’ fees, and . . . other costs”). For unsuccessful peti-
    tions, “the special master or court may award an amount
    of compensation to cover petitioner’s reasonable attorneys’
    ——————
    1 The  relevant paragraph provides:
    “(1) In awarding compensation on a petition filed under section
    300aa–11 of this title the special master or court shall also award as
    part of such compensation an amount to cover—
    “(A) reasonable attorneys’ fees, and
    “(B) other costs,
    “incurred in any proceeding on such petition. If the judgment of the
    United States Court of Federal Claims on such a petition does not
    award compensation, the special master or court may award an
    amount of compensation to cover petitioner’s reasonable attorneys’
    fees and other costs incurred in any proceeding on such petition if the
    special master or court determines that the petition was brought in
    good faith and there was a reasonable basis for the claim for which
    the petition was brought.” §300aa–15(e).
    2 For simplicity, we refer to attorney’s fees and costs as simply attor-
    ney’s fees.
    4                   SEBELIUS v. CLOER
    Opinion of the Court
    fees and other costs incurred in any proceeding on such
    petition if the special master or court determines that the
    petition was brought in good faith and there was a reason-
    able basis for the claim for which the petition was
    brought.” Ibid. In other words, “[a]ttorney’s fees are
    provided, not only for successful cases, but even for unsuc-
    cessful claims that are not frivolous.” Bruesewitz, 562
    U. S., at ___ (slip op., at 4).
    B
    Respondent, Dr. Melissa Cloer, received three Hepatitis-
    B immunizations from September 1996 to April 1997.
    Shortly after receiving the third vaccine, Dr. Cloer began
    to experience numbness and strange sensations in her left
    forearm and hand. She sought treatment in 1998 and
    1999, but the diagnoses she received were inconclusive.
    By then, Dr. Cloer was experiencing numbness in her face,
    arms, and legs, and she had difficulty walking. She in-
    termittently suffered these symptoms until 2003, when
    she began to experience the full manifestations of, and
    was eventually diagnosed with, multiple sclerosis (MS).
    In 2004, Dr. Cloer became aware of a link between MS and
    the Hepatitis-B vaccine, and in September 2005, she filed
    a claim for compensation under the NCVIA, alleging that
    the vaccinations she received had caused or exacerbated
    her MS.
    Dr. Cloer’s petition was sent by the clerk of the Court of
    Federal Claims to the Chief Special Master, who went on
    to adjudicate it. After reviewing the petition and its sup-
    porting documentation, the Chief Special Master concluded
    that Dr. Cloer’s claim was untimely because the Act’s
    36-month limitations period began to run when she first
    experienced the symptoms of MS in 1997. Cloer v. Secre-
    tary of Dept. of Health and Human Servs., No. 05–1002V,
    
    2008 WL 2275574
    , *1, *10 (Fed. Cl., May 15, 2008) (opin-
    ion of Golkiewicz, Chief Special Master) (citing §300aa–
    Cite as: 569 U. S. ____ (2013)           5
    Opinion of the Court
    16(a)(2) (NCVIA’s limitations provision)). Relying on
    Federal Circuit precedent, the Chief Special Master also
    rejected Dr. Cloer’s argument that the NCVIA’s limita-
    tions period should be subject to equitable tolling. Id., at
    *9 (citing Brice v. Secretary of Health and Human Servs.,
    
    240 F. 3d 1367
    , 1373 (2001)). A divided panel of the Fed-
    eral Circuit reversed the Chief Special Master, concluding
    that the NCVIA’s limitations period did not commence
    until “the medical community at large objectively recog-
    nize[d] a link between the vaccine and the injury.” Cloer
    v. Secretary of Health and Human Servs., 
    603 F. 3d 1341
    ,
    1346 (2010).
    The en banc court then reversed the panel’s decision,
    Cloer v. Secretary of Health and Human Servs., 
    654 F. 3d 1322
     (2011), cert. denied, 566 U. S. ___ (2012), and held
    that the statute’s limitations period begins to run on “the
    calendar date of the occurrence of the first medically
    recognized symptom or manifestation of onset of the injury
    claimed by the petitioner.” 
    654 F. 3d, at
    1324–1325. The
    Court of Appeals also held that the Act’s limitations provi-
    sion was nonjurisdictional and subject to equitable tolling
    in limited circumstances, overruling its prior holding in
    Brice. 
    654 F. 3d, at
    1341–1344. The court concluded,
    however, that Dr. Cloer was ineligible for tolling and that
    her petition was untimely. 
    Id.,
     at 1344–1345.
    Following this decision, Dr. Cloer moved for an award of
    attorney’s fees. The en banc Federal Circuit agreed with
    her that a person who files an untimely NCVIA petition
    “assert[ing] a reasonable limitations argument” may re-
    cover fees and costs so long as “ ‘the petition was brought
    in good faith and there was a reasonable basis for the
    claim for which the petition was brought.’ ” 
    675 F. 3d 1358
    , 1359–1361 (2012) (quoting §300aa–15(e)(1)). Six
    judges disagreed with this conclusion and instead read the
    NCVIA to bar such awards for untimely petitions. Id., at
    1364–1368 (Bryson, J., dissenting). We granted the Gov-
    6                    SEBELIUS v. CLOER
    Opinion of the Court
    ernment’s petition for writ of certiorari.    568 U. S. ___
    (2012). We now affirm.
    II
    A
    As in any statutory construction case, “[w]e start, of
    course, with the statutory text,” and proceed from the
    understanding that “[u]nless otherwise defined, statutory
    terms are generally interpreted in accordance with their
    ordinary meaning.” BP America Production Co. v. Burton,
    
    549 U. S. 84
    , 91 (2006). The Act’s fees provision ties eligi-
    bility for attorney’s fees broadly to “any proceeding on
    such petition,” referring specifically to “a petition filed
    under section 300aa–11.” 42 U. S. C. §§300aa–15(e)(1), (3).
    Section 300aa–11 provides that “[a] proceeding for com-
    pensation” is “initiated” by “service upon the Secretary”
    and “the filing of a petition containing” certain documen-
    tation with the clerk of the Court of Federal Claims who
    then “immediately forward[s] the filed petition” for as-
    signment to a special master. §300aa–11(a)(1). See supra,
    at 2.
    Nothing in these two provisions suggests that the rea-
    son for the subsequent dismissal of a petition, such as its
    untimeliness, nullifies the initial filing of that petition.
    We have explained that “[a]n application is ‘filed,’ as that
    term is commonly understood, when it is delivered to, and
    accepted by, the appropriate court officer for placement
    into the official record.” Artuz v. Bennett, 
    531 U. S. 4
    , 8
    (2000). When this ordinary meaning is applied to the text
    of the statute, it is clear that an NCVIA petition which is
    delivered to the clerk of the court, forwarded for pro-
    cessing, and adjudicated in a proceeding before a special
    master is a “petition filed under section 300aa–11.” 42
    U. S. C. §300aa–15(e)(1). And so long as such a petition
    was brought in good faith and with a reasonable basis, it
    is eligible for an award of attorney’s fees, even if it is
    Cite as: 569 U. S. ____ (2013)                   7
    Opinion of the Court
    ultimately unsuccessful. Ibid. If Congress had intended
    to limit fee awards to timely petitions, it could easily have
    done so. But the NCVIA instead authorizes courts to
    award attorney’s fees for those unsuccessful petitions
    “brought in good faith and [for which] there was a reason-
    able basis.” Ibid.3
    The Government argues that the Act’s limitations provi-
    sion, which states that “no petition may be filed for com-
    pensation” 36 months after a claimant’s initial symptoms
    began, §300aa–16(a)(2), constitutes “a statutory prerequi-
    site to the filing of a petition ‘for compensation under the
    Program,’ ” Brief for Petitioner 16. Thus, the Government
    contends, a petition that fails to comply with these time
    limits is not “a petition filed under section 300aa–11” and
    is therefore ineligible for fees under §300aa–15(e)(1). See
    675 F. 3d, at 1364–1366 (Bryson, J., dissenting).
    The Government’s argument lacks textual support.
    First, as noted, there is no cross-reference to the Act’s
    limitations provision in its fees provision, §300aa–15(e), or
    the other section it references, §300aa–11(a)(1). When
    these two linked sections are read in tandem they simply
    indicate that petitions filed with the clerk of the court are
    eligible for attorney’s fees so long as they comply with the
    other requirements of the Act’s fees provision. By its
    terms, the NCVIA requires nothing more for the award of
    attorney’s fees. A petition filed in violation of the limita-
    tions period will not result in the payment of compensa-
    tion, of course, but it is still a petition filed under §300aa–
    11(a)(1).4
    ——————
    3 The en banc dissent reasoned that a dismissal for untimeliness does
    not constitute a judgment on the merits of a petition. See 
    675 F. 3d 1358
    , 1365 (CA Fed. 2012) (opinion of Bryson, J.). That argument is
    not pressed here by the Government, which acknowledged at oral
    argument that dismissals for untimeliness result in judgment against
    the petitioner. Tr. of Oral Arg. 12–13.
    4 The Government suggests that giving the words of their statute
    8                        SEBELIUS v. CLOER
    Opinion of the Court
    When the Act does require compliance with the limita-
    tions period, it provides so expressly. For example,
    §300aa–11(a)(2)(A) prevents claimants from bringing suit
    against vaccine manufacturers “unless a petition has been
    filed, in accordance with section 300aa–16 of this title [the
    limitations provision], for compensation under the Pro-
    gram for such injury or death.” (Emphasis added.) We
    have long held that “[w]here Congress includes particular
    language in one section of a statute but omits it in another
    section of the same Act, it is generally presumed that
    Congress acts intentionally and purposely in the disparate
    inclusion or exclusion.” Bates v. United States, 
    522 U. S. 23
    , 29–30 (1997) (internal quotation marks omitted). The
    absence of any cross-reference to the limitations provision
    in either the fees provision, §300aa–15(e)(1), or the in-
    structions for initiating a compensation proceeding,
    §300aa–11(a)(1), indicates that a petition can be “filed”
    without being “in accordance with [the limitations provi-
    sion].” Tellingly, nothing in §300aa–11(a)(1) requires a
    petitioner to allege or demonstrate the timeliness of his or
    ——————
    their plain meaning would produce incongruous results; notably, it
    might indicate that “a failure to comply with the limitations provision
    would not even bar recovery under the Compensation Program itself
    because 42 U. S. C. 300aa-13 (‘Determination of eligibility and compen-
    sation’) does not expressly cross-reference the limitations provision.”
    Brief for Petitioner 18. The Government’s argument assumes that both
    sections are equivalently affected by absence of a cross-reference. This
    is incorrect. The Government is right that because “the law typically
    treats a limitations defense as an affirmative defense,” John R. Sand &
    Gravel Co. v. United States, 
    552 U. S. 130
    , 133 (2008), a failure to apply
    the limitations provision to the section outlining the conditions under
    which compensation should be awarded would be “contrary to [the
    Act’s] plain meaning and would produce an absurd result,” Milavetz,
    Gallop & Milavetz, P. A. v. United States, 
    559 U. S. 229
    , 252 (2010). In
    contrast, giving the Act’s fees provision its plain meaning would pro-
    duce no such absurd result. It would simply allow petitioners to recover
    attorney’s fees for untimely petitions.
    Cite as: 569 U. S. ____ (2013)                     9
    Opinion of the Court
    her petition to initiate such a proceeding.5
    Second, to adopt the Government’s position, we would
    have to conclude that a petition like Dr. Cloer’s, which was
    “filed” under the ordinary meaning of that term but was
    later found to be untimely, was never filed at all because,
    on the Government’s reading, “no petition may be filed for
    compensation” late. §300aa–16(a)(2) (emphasis added).
    Yet the court below identified numerous instances
    throughout the NCVIA where the word “filed” is given its
    ordinary meaning, 675 F. 3d, at 1361, and the Govern-
    ment does not challenge this aspect of its decision. In-
    deed, the Government’s reading would produce anomalous
    results with respect to these other NCVIA provisions.
    Consider §300aa–12(b)(2), which provides that “[w]ithin
    30 days after the Secretary receives service of any petition
    filed under section 300aa–11 of this title the Secretary
    shall publish notice of such petition in the Federal Regis-
    ter.” If the NCVIA’s limitations provision worked to void
    the filing of an untimely petition, then one would expect
    the Secretary to make timeliness determinations prior to
    publishing such notice or to strike any petitions found to
    be untimely from the Federal Register. But there is no
    indication that the Secretary does either of these things.6
    The Government asks us to adopt a different definition
    of the term “filed” for a single subsection so that for fees
    ——————
    5 If the NCVIA’s limitations period were jurisdictional, then we might
    reach a different conclusion because the Chief Special Master would
    have lacked authority to act on Dr. Cloer’s untimely petition in the first
    place. But the Government chose not to seek certiorari from the
    Federal Circuit’s en banc decision holding that the period is nonjuris-
    dictional, see Cloer v. Secretary of Health and Human Servs., 
    654 F. 3d 1332
    , 1341–1344 (2011), and the Government now acknowledges that
    the NCVIA contains no “clear statement” that §300aa–16’s filing
    deadlines carry jurisdictional consequences. See Reply Brief 7 (discuss-
    ing Sebelius v. Auburn Regional Medical Center, 568 U. S. ___ (2013)).
    6 Dr. Cloer’s petition was published, and remains, in the Federal Reg-
    ister. See 
    70 Fed. Reg. 73011
    , 73014 (2005).
    10                   SEBELIUS v. CLOER
    Opinion of the Court
    purposes, and only for fees purposes, a petition filed out of
    time must be treated retroactively as though it was never
    filed in the first place. Nothing in the text or structure of
    the statute requires the unusual result the Government
    asks us to accept. In the NCVIA, the word “filed” carries
    its common meaning. See Artuz, 
    531 U. S., at 8
    . That “no
    petition may be filed for compensation” after the limita-
    tions period has run does not mean that a late petition
    was never filed at all.
    Our “inquiry ceases [in a statutory construction case] if
    the statutory language is unambiguous and the statutory
    scheme is coherent and consistent.” Barnhart v. Sigmon
    Coal Co., 
    534 U. S. 438
    , 450 (2002) (internal quotation
    marks omitted). The text of the statute is clear: like any
    other unsuccessful petition, an untimely petition brought
    in good faith and with a reasonable basis that is filed
    with—meaning delivered to and received by—the clerk of
    the Court of Federal Claims is eligible for an award of
    attorney’s fees.
    B
    The Government’s position is also inconsistent with the
    goals of the fees provision itself. A stated purpose of the
    Act’s fees scheme was to avoid “limit[ing] petitioners’
    ability to obtain qualified assistance” by making fees
    awards available for “non-prevailing, good-faith claims.”
    H. R. Rep., at 22. The Government does not explain why
    Congress would have intended to discourage counsel from
    representing petitioners who, because of the difficulty of
    distinguishing between the initial symptoms of a vaccine-
    related injury and an unrelated malady, see, e.g., Smith v.
    Secretary of Dept. of Health and Human Servs., No. 02–
    93V, 
    2006 WL 5610517
    , *6–*7 (Fed. Cl., July 21, 2006)
    (opinion of Golkiewicz, Chief Special Master), may have
    good-faith claims with a reasonable basis that will only
    later be found untimely.
    Cite as: 569 U. S. ____ (2013)           11
    Opinion of the Court
    III
    The Government offers two additional lines of argument
    for barring the award of attorney’s fees for untimely peti-
    tions. It first invokes two canons of construction: the
    canon favoring strict construction of waivers of sovereign
    immunity and the “ ‘presumption favoring the retention of
    long-established and familiar [common-law] principles.’ ”
    Brief for Petitioner 32 (quoting United States v. Texas, 
    507 U. S. 529
    , 534 (1993)). Similarly, the Government also
    argues that the NCVIA should be construed so as to min-
    imize complex and costly fees litigation. But as the Gov-
    ernment acknowledges, such canons and policy arguments
    come into play only “[t]o the extent that the Vaccine Act is
    ambiguous.” Brief for Petitioner 28. These “rules of
    thumb” give way when “the words of a statute are unam-
    biguous,” as they are here. Connecticut Nat. Bank v.
    Germain, 
    503 U. S. 249
    , 253–254 (1992).
    Second, the Government argues that permitting the
    recovery of attorney’s fees for untimely petitions will force
    special masters to carry out costly and wasteful “shadow
    trials,” with no benefit to claimants, in order to determine
    whether these late petitions were brought in good faith
    and with a reasonable basis. We reiterate that “when [a]
    statute’s language is plain, the sole function of the
    courts—at least where the disposition required by the text
    is not absurd—is to enforce it according to its terms.”
    Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co. v. Union Planters Bank,
    N. A., 
    530 U. S. 1
    , 6 (2000) (internal quotation marks
    omitted). Consequently, even if the plain text of the
    NCVIA requires that special masters occasionally carry
    out such “shadow trials,” that is not such an absurd bur-
    den as to require departure from the words of the Act.
    This is particularly true here because Congress has specif-
    ically provided for such “shadow trials” by permitting the
    award of attorney’s fees “in any proceeding [on an unsuc-
    cessful] petition” if such petition was brought in good faith
    12                       SEBELIUS v. CLOER
    Opinion of the Court
    and with a reasonable basis, 42 U. S. C. §300aa–15(e)(1)
    (emphasis added), irrespective of the reasons for the peti-
    tion’s failure, see, e.g., Caves v. Secretary of Health and
    Human Servs., No. 07–443V, 
    2012 WL 6951286
    , *2, *13
    (Fed. Cl., Dec. 20, 2012) (opinion of Moran, Special Mas-
    ter) (awarding attorney’s fees despite petitioner’s failure to
    prove causation).
    In any event, the Government’s fears appear to us exag-
    gerated. Special masters consistently make fee deter-
    minations on the basis of the extensive documentation
    required by §300aa–11(c) and included with the petition.7
    Indeed, when adjudicating the timeliness of a petition, the
    special master may often have to develop a good sense of
    the merits of a case, and will therefore be able to deter-
    mine if a reasonable basis exists for the petitioner’s claim,
    including whether there is a good-faith reason for the
    untimely filing. In this case, for example, the Chief Spe-
    cial Master conducted a “review of the record as a whole,”
    including the medical evidence that would have supported
    the merits of Dr. Cloer’s claim, before determining that
    her petition was untimely. Cloer, 
    2008 WL 2275574
    , *1–
    *2, *10.
    The Government also argues that permitting attorney’s
    fees on untimely petitions will lead to the filing of more
    untimely petitions. But the Government offers no evi-
    dence to support its speculation. Additionally, this argu-
    ment is premised on the assumption that in the pursuit of
    fees, attorneys will choose to bring claims lacking good
    faith or a reasonable basis in derogation of their ethical
    duties. There is no basis for such an assumption. Finally,
    the special masters have shown themselves more than
    ——————
    7 See, e.g., Wells v. Secretary of Dept. of Health and Human Servs., 
    28 Fed. Cl. 647
    , 649–651 (1993); Rydzewski v. Secretary of Dept. of Health
    and Human Servs., No. 99–571V, 
    2008 WL 382930
    , *2–*6 (Fed. Cl.,
    Jan. 29, 2008) (opinion of Moran, Special Master); Hamrick v. Secretary
    of Health and Human Servs., No. 99–683V, 
    2007 WL 4793152
    , *2–*3,
    *5–*9 (Fed. Cl., Nov. 19, 2007) (opinion of Moran, Special Master).
    Cite as: 569 U. S. ____ (2013)                 13
    Opinion of the Court
    capable of discerning untimely claims supported by good
    faith and a reasonable basis from those that are specious.
    Supra, at 12.
    *     *    *
    We hold that an NCVIA petition found to be untimely
    may qualify for an award of attorney’s fees if it is filed in
    good faith and there is a reasonable basis for its claim.
    The judgment of the Court of Appeals is affirmed.
    It is so ordered.
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 12–236.

Citation Numbers: 185 L. Ed. 2d 1003, 133 S. Ct. 1886, 2013 U.S. LEXIS 3840, 569 U.S. 369, 24 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 207, 81 U.S.L.W. 4322, 2013 WL 2149791

Judges: Sotomayor

Filed Date: 5/20/2013

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 10/19/2024

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